Artificial Intelligence

(0) Course Objectives and Outline

Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud

Faculty of Computers & AI
University of Sadat City
Course Objectives
◼ To understand what is Artificial Intelligence.

◼ To understand the important application

areas of AI.

◼ To understand the AI knowledge

representation languages, such as predicate
calculus, and semantic networks.

◼ To be able to use predicate calculus to

represent and reason about problem
domains.

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❑To understand State-space search
algorithms.

❑To be able to use the state space to

represent reasoning with the predicate
calculus.

❑ To understand the use of predicate

calculus in natural Language processing.

❑ To be able to use PROLOG as a tool for AI

problem solving.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Course Outcomes
After completing this course you will be
able to:
1.Develop AI systems to solve real-world
problems.
2.Use predicate calculus to represent and
reason about problem domains.
3.Use PROLOG as a tool for AI problem
solving.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Course Outline
(1) Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
❑ What is AI?
❑ Knowledge Representation Languages
❑ The characteristics of AI representation languages
(2) Problem Solving as Search
❑ State space search
❑ AI Application Areas
(3) Logic-based knowledge representation
❑ The propositional calculus
❑ The syntax and semantics of the propositional calculus
(4) The predicate calculus
❑ The syntax and semantics of the predicate calculus

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Course Outline ..
(5) Inference Rules and Unification
(6) Structures for State Space Search
❑ Graph Theory Basics
❑ State Space Representation of Problems
(7) Strategies for State Space Search
❑ Data-driven and goal-driven search.
❑ State space search algorithms: Backtrack algorithm,
Depth-first and Breadth-first search.
(8) Using the State Space to Represent Reasoning with
Predicate Calculus
❑ State Space Description of a Logical System
❑ And/Or Graphs
(9) A natural language parser and a sentence generator.
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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Course Outline ..
(10) Production Systems
❑ Definition of Production Systems
❑ Examples of Production Systems
(11) Recursive Search in PROLOG
❑ The knight's tour problem
(12) Production systems implementation in PROLOG
(13) Planning
❑ Introduction to Planning
❑ Planning using STRIPS
❑ A Planning Example
❑ A PROLOG Planner

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
What is AI
◼ Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as: the branch
of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior or the imitation of the
human intelligence.
◼ AI is the study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act.
◼ Making computers that think?
◼ The automation of activities we associate with human
thinking, like decision making, learning ... ?
◼ The art of creating machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed by people ?

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
 Systems that act like humans

?
◼ You enter a room which has a computer terminal.
You have a fixed period of time to type what you
want into the terminal, and study the replies.
◼ At the other end of the line is either a human being
or a computer system.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
If it is a computer system, and at the end of
the period you cannot reliably determine
whether it is a system or a human, then the
system is deemed to be intelligent.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
 AI Problems and Applications today
◼ Natural language processing such as
❑ Natural Language Understanding
❑ Speech Understanding
❑ Language Generation
❑ Machine Translation
❑ Information retrieval and text mining
◼ Motion and manipulation such as
❑ Robotics to handle such tasks as object manipulation and
navigation, with sub-problems of localization (knowing where you
are), mapping (learning what is around you) and motion planning
(figuring out how to get there)
◼ Social and business intelligence such as
❑ Social and customer behaviour modelling

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
AI in Healthcare

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
AI simplifies the lives of patients, doctors
and hospital administrators by performing
tasks that are typically done by humans, but
in less time and at a fraction of the cost.

AI can be used to analyze data throughout

a healthcare system to mine, automate and
predict processes.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
AI can improve clinical workflows and
even pinpoint a patient's risk of hospital-
acquired infections.

More Examples ???

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Intelligent Agent

In AI, an intelligent agent (IA) refers to an

autonomous entity which acts, directing its
activity towards achieving goals (i.e. it is
an agent), upon an environment using
observation through sensors (i.e. it
is intelligent).

An agent is anything that can be viewed as

perceiving its environment through sensors
and acting upon that environment through
actuators.
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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Human agent: eyes, ears, and other organs
for sensors; hands, legs, mouth, and other
body parts for actuators.

Robotic agent: cameras and infrared range

finders for sensors; various motors for
actuators.

An intelligent agent should be skilled in

perception, practical reasoning and have an
ability to take action to achieve its goals.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
The agent utilizes the environment, it operates within, to
both receive input and take action.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
• An agent should strive to "do the right thing",
based on what it can perceive and the actions it
can perform. The right action is the one that will
cause the agent to be most successful.

• Performance measure: An objective criterion for

success of an agent's behavior.

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Some key inputs that feed into an agent and
potentially, which it can draw itself are
current observations about the
environment, prior knowledge about the
environment, past experiences that it can
learn from and the objectives it needs to
achieve.

The agent perceives the environment

through sensors and acts on the
environment through effectors.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Consider, e.g., the task of designing an
automated taxi driver:

Performance measure
Environment
Actuators
Sensors

Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal,

comfortable trip, maximize profits
Environment: Roads, other traffic,
pedestrians, customers

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake,
signal, horn
Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS,
odometer, engine sensors, keyboard

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
 Reasoning and knowledge representation
In AI, reasoning involves manipulation of data
to produce actions.

In information technology a reasoning system

is a software system that generates
conclusions from available knowledge using
logical techniques such as deduction and
induction.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud
Textbook

◼ Artificial Intelligence – Structures and

Strategies for Complex Problem Solving.
Author: George F. Luger.
Publisher: Pearson Education Ltd.

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Artificial Intelligence - Prof. Tarek Moustafa Mahmoud