NAME Aneela Aftab

CMS ID 49583

SEMESTER Third

SUBJECT fiber science

SUBMITTED TO DR.Muhammad Qasim

DATED 11 Jan 2021

 FTIR
INTRODUCTION
 FT-IR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared, the preferred method of infrared
spectroscopy. In infrared spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through a sample. Some
of the infrared radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of it is passed through
(transmitted). The resulting spectrum represents the molecular absorption and
transmission, creating a molecular fingerprint of the sample. Like a fingerprint no two
unique molecular structures produce the same infrared spectrum. This makes infrared
spectroscopy useful for several types of analysis.

OBJECTIVE:

It can identify unknown materials

It can determine the quality or consistency of a sample

It can determine the amount of components in a mixture.

WORKING OF FTIR:

FTIR analysis measures the range of wavelengths in the infrared region that are
absorbed by a material. This is accomplished through the application of infrared
radiation (IR) to samples of a material. The sample’s absorbance of the infrared light’s
energy at various wavelengths is measured to determine the material’s molecular
composition and structure.

Unknown materials are identified by searching the spectrum against a database of

reference spectra. Materials can be quantified using the FTIR materials characterization
technique as long as a standard curve of known concentrations of the component of
interest can be created.

FTIR Analysis can be used to identify unknown materials, additives within polymers,
surface contamination on a material, and more. The results of the tests can pinpoint a
sample’s molecular composition and structure.
A simple device called an interferometer is used to identify samples by producing an
optical signal with all the IR frequencies encoded into it. The signal can be measured
quickly.

Then, the signal is decoded by applying a mathematical technique known as Fourier

transformation. This computer-generated process then produces a mapping of the
spectral information. The resulting graph is the spectrum which is then searched against
reference libraries for identification.

With the microscope attachment, samples as small as 20 microns can be analyzed.

This allows quick and cost effective identification of unknown particles, residues, films or
fibers.  FTIR testing can also measure levels of oxidation in some polymers or degrees
of cure in other polymers as well as quantifying contaminants or additives in materials.

Testing Process

 Step 1: Place sample in FTIR spectrometer. The spectrometer directs beams of

IR at the sample and measures how much of the beam and at which frequencies the
sample absorbs the infrared light. The sample needs to be thin enough for the
infrared light to transmit through, or a thin slice of the material must be removed.
Reflectance techniques can be used on some samples and no damage is done to
the sample.  Samples conducive to reflectance are residues, stains or films on a
fairly flat reflective surface or somewhat pliable materials that are thin enough to fit
 under the microscope using the attenuated total reflectance attachment to the
microscope.

 Step 2: The reference database houses thousands of spectra, so samples can

be identified. The molecular identities can be determined through this process.

FTIR Sampling
Samples as small as 10 microns can be evaluated using FTIR analysis. The tiny sample
size allows for cost effective identification of particles, residues, films or fibers. FTIR
analysis can also measure levels of oxidation or degrees of cure in some polymers as
well as measuring the level of contaminants or additives.

PARTS OF FTIR EQUIPMENT:

Common FTIR spectrometer consists of a source, interferometer, sample
compartment, detector, amplifier, A/D convertor, and a computer. The source

Generates radiation which passes the sample through the interferometer and reaches

the detector. Then the signal is amplified and converted to digital signal by the
amplifier and analog-to-digital converter, respectively. Eventually, the signal is
transferred to a computer in which Fourier transform is carried out.

Figure 22. Block diagram of an FTIR

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spect
roscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/How_an_FTIR_Spectrometer_Operates#:~:text=FTIR
%20Spectrometers-,The%20Components%20of%20FTIR%20Spectrometers,interferometer
%20and%20reaches%20the%20detector.

FTIR RESULT ANALSIS OF COTTON AND NYLON:

Table 1
https://www.slideshare.net/88azmir/fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometry-
ftir-and-textile

COTTON

BY the help of below chart we are able to identify unknown materials, the quality or
consistency of a sample, and the amount of components in a mixture.  in the region of
3000–4000 cm−1 the absorbance bands are much wider and more intensive. In
this wavenumber region, the O–H and N–H stretching bands are found.  As in
reflectance mode the extent of light penetration into the sample is smaller, it
was hypothesized that these wider and more intensive peaks are due to the
humidity on textile surface (water strongly absorbs in the region of 3000–
4000 cm−1). See table 2 for further explanation.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ATR-FTIR-spectrum-of-the-cotton-fiber_fig8_299589785
 Table 2
https://www.slideshare.net/88azmir/fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometry-ftir-and-textile

NYLON
 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2011/626589/fig3/

The present study deals with the characterization of the polymeric materials viz., nylon-66 and
30% glass fibre reinforced nylon-66 (GF Nylon-66) by employing FTIR and thermal
measurements. The complete vibrational band assignment made available for nylon-66 and GF
nylon-66 using FTIR spectra confirm their chemical structure. FTIR spectroscopy provides
detailed information on polymer structure through the characteristic vibrational energies of the
various groups present in the molecule. The thermal behavior of nylon-66 and GF nylon-66
essential for proper processing and fabrication was studied from TGA and DTA thermograms.
The thermal stability of the polymers was studied from TGA and the activation energy for the
degradation of the polymeric materials was calculated using Murray-White plot and Coats-
Redfern plot. The polymer with high activation energy is more thermally stable. GF nylon-66 is
found to be more thermally stable than nylon-66. The major thermal transitions such as
crystalline melting temperature (Tm) and degradation temperature (Td) of the polymers were
detected from DTA curves. The melting behavior of the polymer depends upon the specimen
history and in particular upon the temperature of crystallization. The melting behavior also
depends upon the rate at which the specimen is heated. The various factors such as molar mass
and degree of chain branching govern the value of Tm in different polymers.
 Comments
 Qualitative analysis of textile fiber by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) By FTIR we only know
the name of fiber is identified. By this technique we can identify the exact composition of fiber
like 80 % polyester 20 % cotton. Fiber polymer identification is made by comparison of the fiber
spectrum with reference spectra. Fiber samples may be prepared and mounted for
macroscopical infrared analysis by a variety of techniques. It is used to determine the chemical
formula for the textile fiber. We can identify textile fiber qualitatively to see the FTIR spectra.
Infrared spectra of fibers are obtained using an IR spectrophotometer coupled with an IR
microscope. When infar- red radiation is composed of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths
between 1 and 15 µm, it is passed through a material. It is most highly absorbed at certain
characteristic frequencies. By using an infar-red spectrometer, the variation in absorption can
be found and plotter against wavelength, or, more commonly, its reciprocal, the wave-number.

REFERENCES:

 https://www.innovatechlabs.com/newsroom/672/stuff-works-ftir-analysis/
 https://www.slideshare.net/arpitpandya7/evaluation-seminar-mpa
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_M
aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibratio
nal_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/How_an_FTIR_Spectrometer_Operates#:~:text=
FTIR%20Spectrometers-,The%20Components%20of%20FTIR
%20Spectrometers,interferometer%20and%20reaches%20the%20detector.
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0040517518790976
 https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-019-0337-z?
fbclid=IwAR0Pz3n3orma76-BmXyY1hASTu-PMgELxCs4VkvnFnTwgTg7hfva5w2_ZpY
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ATR-FTIR-spectrum-of-the-cotton-
fiber_fig8_299589785
 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/6/1/299
 https://www.slideshare.net/88azmir/fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometry-ftir-and-
textile
 https://jascoinc.com/applications/analysis-automotive-polymers-using-ftir-atr-sample-
measurement/
 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2009/909017/