SHOCK RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS VIA THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Revision C

By Tom Irvine
Email: [email protected]

November 19, 2010

Introduction
This report gives a method for determining the response of a multi-degree-of-freedom
system to a base excitation shock, where the shock is defined in terms of a Shock
Response Spectrum (SRS).
A finite element model is used to determine the normal modes and frequency response
function of a sample structure. Commercial finite element analysis software is used for
this purpose.
The following steps are done outside the finite element software by using programs
written in C/C++. The source code for these programs is available from the author by
request. See also Appendix C.
The impulse response function is calculated from the frequency response function via an
inverse Fourier transform.
A time history is synthesized to satisfy the SRS. The response time history of the
structure is then calculated via a convolution integral using the synthesized time history
and the impulse response function.

This approach is referred to as the synthesis method in this report. An advantage of this
method is that the impulse response function can be used for numerous time history
inputs. There is no need to rerun the finite element analysis for each input case.

Sample Structure
Consider a circuit board made from G10 material. The modulus of elasticity is 2.00E+06
lbf/in^2. The dimensions of the circuit board are 2 in x 4 in x 0.063 in. The board is fixed
at each corner.
The board has a uniform mass distribution. The total mass is 0.115 lbm. This includes
the G10 board and the electronic components. Assume that the electronic components
do not add any stiffness.
The circuit board is assumed to have an amplification factor of Q=10 for all modes.

Normal Modes
The normal modes are analyzed via the finite element method using FEMAP and
NE/Nastran software. The filename is SRS_plate_normal.nas.

1
The undeformed model is shown in Figure 1. The model consists of 1624 plate
elements and 1711 nodes. The natural frequencies for the first 20 modes are given in
Table 1. The mode shapes for the first twelve modes are given in Figures 2 through 13,
respectively.

Figure 1. Finite Element Model of Circuit Board, Undeformed

The figure has node labels at three locations of interest. The node numbers are 480,
523, and 1423.

2
 Table 1. Circuit Board Natural Frequencies

Modal Modal
Mode fn (Hz) Participation Effective
Factor Mass
1 134 1.546E-02 2.39E-04

2 350 2.289E-09 0.00E+00

3 410 1.613E-09 0.00E+00

4 660 6.376E-03 4.06E-05

5 779 -5.592E-14 0.00E+00

6 893 1.469E-08 0.00E+00

7 1116 2.073E-03 4.30E-06

8 1141 0.000E+00 0.00E+00
9 1322 1.804E-09 0.00E+00
10 1416 1.177E-03 1.39E-06

11 1687 1.149E-09 0.00E+00

12 1916 4.433E-15 0.00E+00

13 2142 -5.880E-10 0.00E+00

14 2348 3.373E-09 0.00E+00

15 2402 -2.177E-03 4.74E-06
16 2537 0.000E+00 0.00E+00

17 2717 0.000E+00 0.00E+00

18 2724 -1.254E-15 0.00E+00

19 2784 0.000E+00 0.00E+00

20 2805 -6.125E-10 0.00E+00

The modal participation factor does not have a unit.

The modal effective mass has a unit of lbf sec^2/in.

Further information about these parameters is given in Reference 1.

3
Figure 2. Mode 1

Figure 3. Mode 2

4
Figure 4. Mode 3

Figure 5. Mode 4

5
Figure 6. Mode 5

Figure 7. Mode 6

6
Figure 8. Mode 7

Figure 9. Mode 8

7
Figure 10. Mode 9

Figure 11. Mode 10

8
Figure 12. Mode 11

Figure 13. Mode 12

9
Frequency Response Functions

The next step is to perform a frequency response analysis. The resulting frequency
response functions give the response to the base input. The response parameter may
be either displacement or acceleration. The base input is in terms of acceleration for the
sample problem.
This analysis is called “SOL SEMFREQ” in Nastran terminology. It is also referred to as
a modal frequency analysis.

The filename is SRS_plate_frf_4k.nas.

The base function is a spectral function with a magnitude of unity, from 0 Hz to 4000 Hz.
This represents acceleration. It is applied at the four corner nodes in the Z-axis, which is
normal to the plane of the board.
The FEMAP software converts the base acceleration to an equivalent force. The force is
applied to a base mass which is much greater than the circuit board mass. The four
corner nodes are attached to the base mass via rigid link elements, as shown in Figure
14.
The force and mass values are adjusted so that the desired spectral acceleration is
applied at the four corner nodes.

The resulting frequency response function magnitudes for the three nodes of interest are
given in Figures 15 through 17, respectively.

Figure 14. Mode with Base Mass and Rigid Links

10
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 480

100

10
MAGNITUDE ( Gout / Gin )

0.1

0.01
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 15. Edge, Midpoint along Length

11
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 523

100

10
MAGNITUDE ( Gout / Gin )

0.1

0.01
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 16. Edge, Midpoint along Width

12
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 1423

100

10
MAGNITUDE ( Gout / Gin )

0.1

0.01
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 17. Center of Board

Impulse Response Functions

The impulse response function for each node is calculated by taking an inverse Fourier
transform of the complex frequency response function. The results for the three nodes
of interest are shown in Figures 18 through 20, respectively.

Note that the impulse response functions presented in this report consist of discrete
coordinate pairs. Each response function must be divided by the total number of
coordinate points. This is done during the convolution integration in this analysis.

Thus, the plotted impulse response functions are not yet normalized by the number of
coordinate points.

13
 ACCELERATION IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 480

1500

1000
AMPLITUDE (Gout / Gin )

500

-500

-1000

-1500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 18. Edge, Midpoint along Length

14
 ACCELERATION IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 523

1500

1000
AMPLITUDE (Gout / Gin)

500

-500

-1000

-1500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 19. Edge, Midpoint along Width

15
 ACCELERATION IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 1423

1500

1000
AMPLITUDE (Gout / Gin )

500

-500

-1000

-1500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 20. Center of Board

16
SRS Synthesis

The SRS specification for the sample problem is given in Table 2. This is the same level
as MIL-STD-810E, Method 516.4, Crash Hazard for Ground Equipment. The test can be
performed using a shaker table.

Table 2. SRS Q=10

Natural Peak
Frequency Acceleration
(Hz) (G)
10 9.4
80 75
2000 75

A time history is synthesized to satisfy the specification, using the wavelet method in
Reference 2.

The resulting time history is given in Figure 21. The corresponding positive and negative
spectra closely match the specification as shown in Figure 22.

The time history is not unique, however.

17
 SYNTHESIZED TIME HISTORY

20

10
ACCEL (G)

-10

-20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 21. Synthesized Time History to Satisfy SRS Specification

18
 SRS Q=10

200
Synthesis Negative
Synthesis Postive
SRS Specification

100
PEAK ACCEL (G)

50

20

10

5
10 100 1000 2000

NATURAL FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 22. Comparison of Spectra

19
Acceleration Response Time Histories

The response time history is calculate using the synthesized time history and the
appropriate impulse response function via a convolution integral.

The acceleration responses for the three nodes of interest are shown in Figures 23
through 25, respectively. The peak values are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Acceleration Results

Peak Absolute
Node Location
Accel (G)
480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 99.0
523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 69.5
1423 Center of Board 99.7

20
 ACCELERATION RESPONSE TIME HISTORY NODE 480

150

100

50
ACCEL (G)

-50

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 23. Edge, Midpoint along Length

21
 ACCELERATION RESPONSE TIME HISTORY NODE 523

150

100

50
ACCEL (G)

-50

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure 24. Edge, Midpoint along Width

22
 ACCELERATION RESPONSE TIME HISTORY NODE 1423

150

100

50
ACCEL (G)

-50

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)
Figure 25. Center of Board

This analysis is repeated for relative displacement in Appendix A.

The results are compared with a separate method in Appendix B.

References

1. T. Irvine, Effective Modal Mass & Modal Participation Factors, Vibrationdata,

2003.
2. T. Irvine, Shock Response Spectrum Testing for Commercial Products, Rev C,
Vibrationdata, 1999.
3. T. Irvine, Shock Response of Multi-degree-of-freedom Systems, Rev C,
Vibrationdata, 2003.

23
 APPENDIX A

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS

Frequency Response Functions

The following frequency response functions relate the relative displacement to the base
input acceleration.

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 480

-2
10

-3
10
MAGNITUDE ( inch / Gin )

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10

-7
10
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure A-1. Edge, Midpoint along Length

24
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 523
-2
10

-3
10
MAGNITUDE ( inch / Gin )

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10

-7
10
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure A-2. Edge, Midpoint along Width

25
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 1423
-2
10

-3
10
MAGNITUDE ( inch / Gin )

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10

-7
10
10 100 1000 4000

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure A-3. Center of Board

26
Impulse Response Functions

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 480

0.2

0.1
AMPLITUDE ( inch / Gin )

-0.1

-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-4. Edge, Midpoint along Length

27
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 523

0.04

0.03

0.02
AMPLITUDE ( inch / Gin )

0.01

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-5. Edge, Midpoint along Width

28
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION NODE 1423

0.2

0.1
AMPLITUDE ( inch / Gin )

-0.1

-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-6. Center of Board

29
Response Time Histories

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE NODE 480

0.10

0.05
REL DISP (INCH)

-0.05

-0.10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-7. Edge, Midpoint along Length

30
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE NODE 523

0.004

0.003

0.002
REL DISP (INCH)

0.001

-0.001

-0.002

-0.003

-0.004
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-8. Edge, Midpoint along Width

31
 RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE NODE 1423

0.10

0.05
REL DISP (INCH)

-0.05

-0.10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

TIME (SEC)

Figure A-9. Center of Board

Table 3. Relative Displacement Results

Peak Absolute
Node Location Relative Displacement
(inch)
480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 0.0562

523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 0.0031

1423 Center of Board 0.0564

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 APPENDIX B

Square Root of the Sum of the Squares

The relative displacement results from Appendix A are compared with the results from
the Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS). The SRSS is an approximation
method, given in Reference 3.

The SRSS equation for the relative displacement z i of node i is

  j q̂ i j D j , max  2
N
 z i max   (B-1)
j1

where

j is the modal participation factor for mode j

q̂ i j is the mass-normalized eigenvector coefficient for node i and mode j
D j is the relative displacement of mode j regarded as a single-degree-of-freedom system

The eigenvectors and participation factors are taken from the finite element analysis.
The participation factors  j are shown in Table 1.

The relative displacement values D j are approximated by dividing the SRS

acceleration by  n
2 at the corresponding natural frequency. Refer to Table 2 for the
SRS specification.

Now model the circuit board with three natural frequencies, at 134, 660, and 1116 Hz.

These frequencies are chosen based on the frequency response functions and on the
modal effective mass values. Refer to Table 1 and to Figures A-1 through A-3.

The SRSS parameters are given in Tables B-1 through B-3.

The SRSS results are given in Table B-4.

33
 Table B-1. Parameters for the f1 = 134 Hz Case

Node Location j q̂ i j D j (inch)

480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 1.546E-02 8.33E+01 0.0408
523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 1.546E-02 4.10E+00 0.0408
1423 Center of Board 1.546E-02 8.34E+01 0.0408

Table B-2. Parameters for the f2 = 660 Hz Case

Node Location j q̂ i j D j (inch)

480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 6.376E-03 -8.48E+01 0.0017
523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 6.376E-03 1.41E+02 0.0017
1423 Center of Board 6.376E-03 -2.71E+01 0.0017

Table B-3. Parameters for the f3 = 1116 Hz Case

Node Location j q̂ i j D j (inch)

480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 2.073E-03 8.07E+01 0.0006
523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 2.073E-03 -4.21E+01 0.0006
1423 Center of Board 2.073E-03 -1.28E+02 0.0006

Table B-4. Relative Displacement Results

Synthesis Difference
Node Location SRSS (inch)
Method (inch)
480 Edge, Midpoint along Length 0.0526 0.0562 6.4%
523 Edge, Midpoint along Width 0.0030 0.0031 3.2%
1423 Center of Board 0.0526 0.0564 6.7%

The synthesis method results are taken from Appendix A. The difference is with respect
to the synthesis results. The synthesis results are considered as nearly exact for the
synthesized pulse.

Some of the error is due to the fact that the synthesized spectra tended to be slightly
higher than the SRS specification as shown in Figure 22.

34
 APPENDIX C

Web Pages

The source and executable codes for the following pre and post-processing programs
are taken from the following pages:

http://www.vibrationdata.com/StructuralFE.htm
http://www.vibrationdata.com/signal.htm
http://www.vibrationdata.com/SRS.htm

FRF Generation

The FEA solver was: NEiNastran version 9.0.1.183

The input file was: srs_plate_frf_4k.nas.

The response file was: srs_plate_frf_4k.out

The response file was input to program: ne_postprocess_all.exe

This program generated a series of output files for each node of interest.

Node 1423 was at the center of the plate.

The output file of interest for this node was: 1423_complex_accelH_double.zz

The output file is a complex, double-sided frequency response function. The amplitude
dimension is (G out / G in) as a function of frequency (Hz). Double-sided means that the
function's upper frequency is equal to the sample rate, which is twice the Nyquist
frequency.

The first z in the filename extension identifies the input axis. The second z identifies the
response axis.

Base Input Synthesis

The synthesized base input time history is: synthesis.txt (Figure 21)

The time history was generated outside of the FEA software.

As an aside, two examples of synthesis programs are:

1. damped_sine_syn.exe
2. wavelet_synth.ese

35
Acceleration Response

The 1423_complex_accelH_double.zz and synthesis.txt files were then applied to

program: blast.exe

This program calculates a response time history from an input time history and a transfer
function where the transfer function is a complex Fourier transform. It uses the
convolution method.

The output file was: 1423_accel.out (Figure 25)

Relative Displacement Response

The relative displacement FRF file was: 1423_complex_rdH_double.zz

The amplitude dimension of the FRF is (inch out / G in).

The 1423_complex_rdH_double.zz and synthesis.txt files were then applied to program:

blast.exe

The resulting relative displacement time history had a peak value of 0.056 inches as
reported in Table B-4.

Alternate Method

The synthesized time history can be applied directly to the FEA model for a "modal
transient analysis."

The following program can be used to prepare the base input time history in a format
suitable for Nastran-type programs: ne_tabled2.exe

Note that some FEA programs may have FRF capability but not modal transient.

36