Shielding for Multislice CT

Scanners Site Planning for CT

Donna M. Stevens, MS

• Location, room dimensions

Imaging Physics Department
Diagnostic Imaging Division
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

• Equip type
• Electrical
• HVAC
… and one or two
• Water
$$$$$$
• Structural loading
AAPM Summer School
St John’
John’s University
Collegeville, MN • Shielding
27 July 2007
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The Shielding Problem Project Planning

• An administrator’
administrator’s office is adjacent to a CT scan • Neighboring spaces
room. The administrator sits 4m from the scanner.
How much shielding is required? – Adj occup factors if needed
– Dist of closest approach, ≥ 0.3m
• Design goals or limits
:FJCQW
9C – Public, Controlled, Pregnant worker
7G – Adjust if needed
6Q

3 mm Pb -UGE CUJFQH • Workload estimate

If only it were this easy!!!
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Neighboring spaces
MECHANICALMechanical

Preliminary Information
CT Control

• Architectural drawings (Plan view) of exam

room,
floor above, and floor below CT Scan

– Elevation sections for floor and ceiling

– Occupancy factors for floors above and below
– Two rooms away or across hall (remote areas
may be more sensitive than adjacent) Tech Corridor

• Composition of walls, ceilings and floors

– Materials and thickness
• Scanner placement from vendor
– Distance to protected areas beyond barriers
• Scatter contributions from other rooms/floors
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 N
N

2
1 '
2
'

Scanner Location

Workload Estimates Multi-

Multi-Slice Helical CT Shielding

• Number procedures per week • Thinner slice protocols may require more
– 3 patients per hour dose – create more scatter
– More photons needed to generate adequate
– 1 to 5 procedures per patient photon statistics per slice
• Body% and Head% (smaller voxels, higher noise)
– Environmental radiation levels typically
• Contrast and non-
non-contrast scans increase with increase in beam width
– However, fewer rotations are needed to produce
• 120kVp vs other kVp the scan
• Scan parameters of protocol
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Multi-
Multi-Slice Helical CT Shielding Barrier Determination
• Over-
Over-scan at ends of volume add scatter
• NCRP 147, section 5.6, pg 94

• CTDI method
• DLP method
• Scatter plots

– Worst with widest beams

• Ceiling and floor deserve close scrutiny

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 CTDI Method CTDI Method

Unshielded weekly exposure calculation:

• What we need to know: Secondary exposure per procedure at one meter K
1
s

Pitch = table/beam 2
L Scan kV
Beam width: Tb or (nT
(nT)) =к x
p
x mAs/Rotation x CTDI100, peripheral /mAs x
CTDI kV
Rotation time
Where:
Peripheral CTDI100 к is the scatter fraction at one meter per cm scanned.
L is the length of the scanned volume.
– measure (can scale by kVp2) p is pitch.

– Look on ImPACT website К (head) 9x10-5 cm-1

К (body) 3x10-4 cm-1

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CTDI Method NCRP 147 DLP Method

DLP (Dose-
(Dose-Length Product)
• ImPACT (the UK’
UK’s CT – CTDIW = 1/3 ctr CTDI100 + 2/3 Surf CTDI100
evaluation center)
– CTDIVOL = CTDIW / Pitch
• measured axial and – DLP = CTDIVOL * L
peripheral CTDI100
– L = Scan length for average series (cm)
• for most scanners on
the market – Units of mGy-cm
• Excel format – From scanner display … verify these values!

www.impactscan.org DLP = [1/3 CTDI100, Center + 2/3 CTDI100, Surface ] * L/p

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NCRP 147 DLP Method Scatter plot Method

• Weekly Air Kerma at 1m (K1sec) • Assume an isotropic exposure distribution w/
the vendor-
vendor-supplied scatter distribution plots
K1sec (head) = кhead * DLP (max is approx. 45o to the scanner axis).
K1sec (body) = 1.2 * кbody * DLP
Factor of 1.2 assumes peripheral CTDI100 = 2*Center CTDI100 for Body
• Overestimates shielding for gantry shadows
• W, in mA*min
mA*min per week !
кhead = 9x10-5 cm-1
кbody = 3x10-4 cm-1 • Determine weekly exp at shielded point
• Pay attention to
Use inverse square to find unshielded weekly – Beam width
exposure at barrier from K1sec
– kVp and mAs
– phantom
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 2.1 m

0.396mR per 100mAs at 2.3m

(convert to kerma @ 1m)

! Use Caution with Scatter Plots Question

• Choice of plot (Head vs Body)
• Normalization of data
– kVp of plot vs clinical Do I really need to put lead in
– mAs per scan the ceiling of a 64-slice CT
– Beam width of plot vs clinical scan room?
• Total mAs per scan
– Pitch, rotation, total beam-
beam-on time
– Accounts for scan acquisition time for diff
beam width
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Method Example
• 180 Procedures/week
• Calculate the unshielded weekly
exposure rate at 0.5 m beyond the – 150 Abdomen & Pelvis L= 60cm + 0.4*30cm

floor above – 30 Head L= 1.4 * 15cm

– Find the maximum weekly exposure at 1 m • 40% w&w/o contrast

from isocenter and inverse-
inverse-square this • 13.0’
13.0’ (4.2 m) ceiling height (finished floor to
out to the occupied area beyond the barrier. finished floor) Dsec= 3.7m
• Perform barrier thickness calculations • GE LightSpeed 16
– Occupancy, permissible dose, attenuation • Ignores overscan at ends!
of concrete, etc. – Effect Worsens with wider beams (64-
(64-slice)

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 Protocols NCRP 147 DLP Method
CTDIVol DLP
Procedure Scan Length
(mGy) (L, cm) (mGy-cm)
kVp mA Time Pitch Beam Table
(sec) (mm) (mm/rot) Head 60 20 1200
Head 120 240 1.0 1.375 10 13.75 Body 15 35 525

Body 120 265 0.8 0.938 20 18.75 Abdomen

Pelvis
25
25
! 25
20
625
500
Body
(Chest, Abdomen, 550
or Pelvis)
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Unshielded Weekly Exposure at Unshielded Weekly Exposure at

Barrier Barrier
• Average Air Kerma/procedure at 1m (K1sec) • Weekly Air Kerma (K
(Ksec) at Ceiling:
– 40% w&w/o contrast – 30 head procedures/wk
– 150 body procedures/wk
K1sec (head) = 1.4 * кhead * DLP – Dsec= 4.2 m + 0.5 m – 1 m = 3.7 m
= 1.4 * 9x10-5 cm-1 * 1200 mGy-cm
Ksec (head) = 30 * 0.15 mGy * (1m/3.7m)2
= 0.15 mGy
= 0.33 mGy
K1sec (body) = 1.4 * 1.2 * кbody * DLP
Ksec (body) = 150 * 0.28 mGy * (1m/3.7m)2
= 1.4 * 1.2 * 3x10-4 cm-1 * 550 mGy-cm = 3.04 mGy
= 0.28 mGy
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Unshielded Weekly Exposure at

Barrier Required Transmission (B)
• Weekly Air Kerma (K
(Ksec) at Ceiling:
P
Ksec (Total) = Ksec (head) + Ksec (body) B=
Ksec * T
P = Maximum permissible weekly exposure
Ksec (Total) = 0.33 mGy + 3.03 mGy T = Occupancy Factor

0.02 mGy
Ksec (Total) = 3.37 mGy = = 5.9x10-3
3.37 mGy * 1

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 Total Shielding Required Existing Shielding
Use Simpkin curve fit equations or look up on published • Determine attenuation of existing barriers with
attenuation diagrams (NCRP 147 Fig. A- A-2)
Tc-
Tc-99m source and Na-
Na-I detector
Transmission of CT Scanne r Se condary Radiation
Through Le ad (120 kV) • Determine lead-
lead-equivalence of barrier
1.00E+00
• Floors and ceilings
1.00E-01
– Find lead equivalence from documentation of
concrete thickness.
Transmission

1.00E-02 – If necessary, Find thickness by drilling a test

5.9x10-3
hole and measuring.
1.00E-03
– Always assume light weight concrete, unless
proven otherwise (30% less dense than standard
1.00E-04
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
1.37 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 density, coefficients used in NCRP 147)
mmThickness (mm)
Lead
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Transmission of CT Scanner Secondary Radiation

Through Concrete (120 kV)
3” light concrete = 2.1” std concrete
1.00E+00 = 53 mm std concrete

1.00E-01
B = 9x10-2
= 0.45 mm Pb-equivalent
Existing Shielding
9x10-2
• Subtract existing lead-
lead-equivalence from total
Transm ission

1.00E-02

required
1.00E-03

• Convert to 1/32 inch multiples (round up)

1.00E-04
0.0 50.0
53 mm
100.0 150.0
Concre te (mm)
200.0 250.0
• Total lead to add = (Total required) – (Existing)
Transmission of CT Scanne r Se condary Radiation

1.00E+00
Through Le ad (120 kV)
= 1.37 mm– 0.45 mm
= 0.9 mm
1.00E-01
9x10-2
Round up to 1/16”
1/16” Pb
Transmission

1.00E-02

1.00E-03

1.00E-04
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
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0.45 mm Lead Thickness (mm) MDACC Imaging Physics

Answer: Comparison of Methods

DLP CTDI100 Scatter plot
NCRP 147

YES!!! K1sec @ 1m
Weekly
Head Body Head Body Head

4.5 42 2.0 101 2.9

Body

95

kerma 3.37 7.53 7.11

@ 3.7m
Total Barrier 1.4 1.7 1.7
(mm Lead)

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 Acceptable exposures
outside of this line

Ceiling Considerations 0.5 m aff

8th floor

Lead Lead

• Pb mounting in ceiling is manually applied and trè

très
cher!
cher! (very expensive!) Drop Ceiling
Lead Lead

• Isotropic distribution is conservative, but not so

realistic 12'

9’

• Consider % of scans helical w/o gantry tilt (tilted axials

usually for Head only)
• Smaller area of ceiling to cover = smaller cost … 7th floor

THIS time
• Additional cost possibly incurred in future renovation

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Led
7th floor

1/8” Lead in Floor

1/8” Lead Wall-to-wall
Lead in Ceiling –
see attached diagram

6 Feet AFF (below)

Acceptable exposures 6’ 1/8”

outside of this line
Lead

6th floor

1/16” lead 7’ AFF

To lead in ceiling

1/16” lead
@ 11’ AFF

Custom support frames

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 Pb behind penetrations

Watcha Gonna Do? #1 Watcha Gonna Do? #2

• Attended waiting • CT room on 3rd

floor, exterior wall,
room adjacent to standard windows
Lab space
CT room Attended
CT waiting • Lab area across
• New PET-
PET-CT to driveway
be installed on • Current kerma in
Driveway
floor below labs OK, but close
New PET-CT to limit
Existing CT New PET-CT
• New PET-
PET-CT to be
added adj to
existing CT
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Thank you!

Acknowledgements:
Jeff Shepard
Bud Wendt

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