Waste Management xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

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Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Integrated bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste

Anjani Devi Chintagunta a, Samuel Jacob b, Rintu Banerjee b,⇑
a
Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
b
Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Disposal of potato processing waste and the problem of pollution associated with it is a vital issue that is
Received 1 May 2015 being faced by the potato processing plants. The conventional peeling methods presently followed in the
Revised 23 July 2015 processing plants for removing the potato peel, also result in the loss of some portion of the mash which
Accepted 10 August 2015
is rich in starch. Indiscriminate discharge of the waste causes detrimental effects in the environment, so
Available online xxxx
this problem can be resolved by successful utilization of the waste for the generation of value added
products. Hence, the present work focuses on integrated production of bioethanol and biomanure to uti-
Keywords:
lize the waste completely leading to zero waste generation. The first part of the work describes a com-
Bioethanol
Biomanure
parative study of ethanol production from potato peel and mash wastes by employing co-culture of
Potato waste Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at various incubation time (24–120 h) instead of application
Solid state fermentation of enzymes. The solid state fermentation of potato peel and mash inoculated with co-culture, resulted in
bioethanol production of 6.18% (v/v) and 9.30% (v/v) respectively. In the second part of the work, the resi-
due obtained after ethanol production was inoculated with seven different microorganisms (Nostoc mus-
corum, Fischerella muscicola, Anabaena variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Cylindrospermum muscicola,
Azospirillium lipoferum, Azotobacter chroococcum) and mixture of all the organisms in equal ratio for nitro-
gen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) enrichment. Among them, A. variabilis was found to enrich N,
P and K content of the residue by nearly 7.66, 21.66 and 15 fold than that of the initial content, ultimately
leading to improved N:P:K ratio of approximately 2:1:1. The application of simultaneous saccharification
and fermentation (SSF) for the conversion of potato waste to ethanol and enrichment of residue obtained
after ethanol production with microorganisms to be used as manure envisages environmental
sustainability.
Ó 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction et al., 2009). The processing loss during production must be

reduced by employing efficient peeling methods to obtain maxi-
Changing life style and craving for processed foods are factors mum economic returns and at the same time the disposal problem
responsible for the significant growth of global food processing needs to be addressed by converting the waste into value added
industries. Among several varieties of processed foods, the prod- products.
ucts from potatoes are in great demand. Potato is a starchy tuber Production of consumable alcohol from the food waste can be
with carbohydrates constituting as much as of 13–30% with a little an impressive alternative. Growing per capita spirit consumption
protein (0.7–4.6%) (Puttongsiri et al., 2012). The production of and escalating demand for premium brands are motivating the
potato in India for the year 2012–13 was reported to be 45.3 mil- growth of global spirits manufacturing market. Although the
lion tonnes from 1.99 million hectares of land with an yield of industry was hit hard by the economic downturn during 2009, it
22,763.1 kg/ha (Agricultural statistics at a glance, 2013). The has picked up slowly with an average growth rate of 2.2% annually
potato processing industry has multiplied in India owing massive upto 2013. In 2013, global market revenue rose to 9.5% and
potato production and a booming demand for its products in the expected to attain 9.8% by 2018 (Mynews desk, 2013). Kawa-
market. Potato peeling is the initial step in any potato processing Rygielska et al. (2012) reported the utilization of by-products gen-
industry and losses caused during this stage may range from 15% erated during potato granule processing as feedstock for ethanol
to 40% according to the method followed for peeling (Arapoglou production. Ethanol production from starchy biomass generally
involves various steps like liquefaction, saccharification and fer-
⇑ Corresponding author. mentation (Pervez et al., 2014). In the present study, coculture of
E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Banerjee).
A. niger and S. cerevisiae were used to obtain improved ethanol pro-

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0956-053X/Ó 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Please cite this article in press as: Chintagunta, A.D., et al. Integrated bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste. Waste Management (2015),
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2 A.D. Chintagunta et al. / Waste Management xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

duction through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation 2.3. Methods

process. Ado et al. (2009a) reported that the synergistic metabolic
interactions between A. niger and S. cerevisiae in a starch medium Moisture, protein, reducing sugar, cellulose and starch content
enhances amylolytic activity and total ethanol yield by preventing of potato wastes were determined by following standard methods
accumulation of inhibitory concentrations of reducing sugar. (AOAC, 1965; Lowry et al., 1951; Miller,1959; Updegraff, 1969;
The solid residue obtained after ethanol production still con- Hodge and Hofreiter, 1962). The estimation of N, P and K content
tains certain amount of nutrients which upon further enrichment in the potato waste was done by Kjeldahl, spectrophotometric
can be effectively utilized as biomanure, an efficient way of con- and flame photometric methods (Scan test method, 1986;
trolling the solid waste accumulation in the environment. The Chapmann and Pratt, 1961; Hegedus and Pungor, 1955) respec-
enriched residue is an excellent organic manure containing all tively. The reducing sugar and ethanol content were estimated
the essential nutrients vital for plant growth and humus to develop by dinitrosalicylic acid and potassium dichromate method respec-
the soil structure (Bhattacharyya and Banerjee, 2007). tively (Miller, 1959; Seo et al., 2009).
The deficiency of nitrogen is usually met by supplementing the
soil with the chemical fertilizers, whose long term application
2.4. Experimental setup for bioethanol production
leads to soil degradation and other environmental issues. The
import of the chemical fertilizers as percentage value of consump-
Solid state fermentation process was established with two sub-
tion for the year 2012–2013 was estimated to be Rs.( ) 4,04,120
strates i.e., potato peel and mash and ethanol production from both
million (Chemicals and Petrochemicals Statistics at a Glance,
the substrates was observed by employing co-cultures. The exper-
2014). In the present study, an attempt has been made to enrich
imental set up with each substrate consists of 5 treatments each
the waste by using blue green algae which are capable of fixing
containing 100 g (wet weight) of substrate mixed with 20 ml of
nitrogen, an essential element for plant growth. Ananya et al.
modified Czapekdox medium. A. niger (1%, v/w) containing
(2014) reported excretion of vitamins, amino acids and hormones
2.5  106 spores/ml was added to all the 5 treatments. S. cerevisiae
like auxin, gibberellin etc. by algae which involve in promoting
(10%, v/w) (Ado et al., 2009b) was inoculated to the first treatment
plant growth. The administration of biomanure is not only a cost
after 24 h of A. niger addition. To second treatment, S. cerevisiae
effective way of enriching soil but also a better solution for envi-
(10%, v/w) was inoculated after 48 h so on and fifth one after
ronmental problems caused by the excessive usage of chemical
120 h respectively and incubated at 37 °C (Fig. 1). Inoculum free
fertilizers.
substrate was used as control. Small aliquots were drawn from
Thus, the present work focuses on a comparative study of etha-
each treatment at specific time intervals (24–168 h) and cen-
nol production from potato peel and mash wastes through simul-
trifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. The clear supernatant was col-
taneous saccharification and fermentation employing co-culture
lected and analyzed for ethanol content.
of A. niger and S. cerevisiae followed by treatment of mixed solid
residue with different nutrient enriching microorganisms for its
utilization as biomanure. 2.5. Experimental setup for biomanure production

After bioethanol production, the liquid portion containing the

2. Materials and methods ethanol was separated from the solid content of both the sub-
strates by squeezing through a cheese cloth. The solid residue (peel
2.1. Substrate and mash) was collected, mixed, characterized and employed for
nutrient (N, P, K) enrichment to convert into biomanure. A set of
Potato peel and mash waste generated during processing of eight treatments, each containing 100 g of mixed residue was
potato products were collected from the local plants based in arranged and 10% (v/w) inoculum of each organism like N. musco-
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. rum, F. muscicola, A. variabilis, A. fertilissima, C. muscicola, A. lipo-
ferum, A. chroococcum was added individually and as a mixture in
equal proportion and incubated at 25–27 °C. A control was also
2.2. Microorganisms maintained without the addition of inoculum. The residue was
checked for NPK enrichment weekly upto 13 weeks. The schematic
2.2.1. Inoculum for bioethanol production representation of integrated production of bioethanol and bioma-
Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures were nure was shown in Fig. 1.
obtained from Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Process-
ing Lab, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. A. niger was maintained
on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at pH 5.6 ± 0.2 and 25 °C 3. Results and discussion
whereas S. cerevisiae was grown in medium containing glucose
(2%, w/v) and yeast extract (0.5%, w/v) at pH 6.5 and 37 °C. 3.1. Characteristics of potato peel and mash wastes

The moisture, starch, cellulose, reducing sugar and protein con-

2.2.2. Inoculum for biomanure production tent of potato peel and mash wastes are presented in Table 1. It has
The blue green algae viz., Nostoc muscorum, Fischerella musci- been observed that potato peel and mash wastes have considerable
cola, Anabaena variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Cylindrospermum starch content (28.52% ± 0.17 and 49.78% ± 1.2 (w/dry weight)),
muscicola selected for N, P and K enrichment studies were procured cellulose content (5.69% ± 1.6 and 2.31% ± 1.2 (w/dry weight)),
from Vishwabharathi University, Kolkata and cultured in BG11 meagre fermentable reducing sugar (0.073% ± 0.0043 and
medium as reported by Rippka et al. (1979) at pH 7.5 and 25– 1.33% ± 0.10 (w/dry weight)) and protein content (0.082% ± 0.002
28 °C excluding nitrate or ammonium source as they generate and 0.16% ± 0.001 (w/dry weight)) respectively. The reducing sugar
heterocysts in the nitrogen deficient medium (Pankaj, 2008; content in the potato peel was in accordance with that reported by
Pereira et al., 2005; Saville et al., 1987). Azospirillium lipoferum Khawla et al. (2014) but varied in starch and protein content. The
and Azotobacter chroococcum were cultured in nutrient broth med- probable reason for such variation could be due to the influence of
ium at pH 7.3 ± 0.2 and 35–37 °C. climatic conditions, methods adopted for potato processing etc.

Please cite this article in press as: Chintagunta, A.D., et al. Integrated bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste. Waste Management (2015),
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 A.D. Chintagunta et al. / Waste Management xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of efficient utilization of solid potato wastes.

Table 1
Characteristics of potato waste.

Parameter Units Potato peel Potato mash

Moisture (%, w/w)a 86.5 ± 0.01 76.8 ± 0.02
Starch (%, w/w)b 28.52 ± 0.17 49.78 ± 1.2
Cellulose (%, w/w)b 5.69 ± 1.6 2.31 ± 1.2
Reducing sugar (%, w/w)b 0.073 ± 0.004 1.33 ± 0.10
Protein (%, w/w)b 0.082 ± 0.002 0.16 ± 0.001
a
Wet weight.
b
Dry weight.

3.2. Comparison of ethanol production between potato peel and mash

The ethanol production profile of potato peel and mash waste

inoculated with co-culture of A. niger and S. cerevisiae is shown
in Fig. 2. The ethanol production in co-culture inoculated peel
and mash started within 24 h of incubation time. Significant etha-
nol production of 6.18% (v/v) was obtained in 120 h of incubation
time from the first treatment of peel in which S. cerevisiae was
inoculated after 24 h of A. niger addition. Arapoglou et al. (2010)
reported 7.58 g/L of ethanol production from potato peel waste
by enzymatic saccharification and fermentation using S. cerevisiae.
Itelima et al. (2013) reported ethanol yield of 10.08 (%, v/v) from
corn cobs after 7 days of fermentation with co-culture of A. niger
and S. cerevisiae inoculated simultaneously. The maximum ethanol
Fig. 2. Ethanol production profile in co-culture inoculated (a) peel and (b) mash.
production of 9.30% (v/v) was obtained in 72 h of incubation time
from the second treatment of mash.
The ethanol yield and average ethanol productivity rate from
potato peel was found to be 48.76 g/L and 0.406 g/L/h respectively duced by the A. niger for effective conversion of starch to
whereas in mash it was observed to be 73.4 g/L and 1.02 g/L/h reducing sugar which was thereby used up by the yeast for ethanol
respectively. Approximately, 80.62% and 83.78% of starch hydroly- production. It was reported that solid state fermentation holds
sis was observed in the co-culture inoculated peel and mash tremendous potentials for the production of amylase by A. niger
respectively. Significant starch hydrolysis in the co-culture inocu- (Suganthi et al., 2011) which have contributed to the effective
lated peel and mash depicts an efficient action of amylase pro- starch hydrolysis in co-culture inoculated substrate.

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4 A.D. Chintagunta et al. / Waste Management xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

3.3. Nutrient enrichment of residual potato wastes Table 3

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of potato waste during enrichment
process.
The residual potato wastes after bioethanol production was col-
lected, mixed and analyzed for initial N, P and K content (Table 2). Organism Week N% (w/w) P% (w/w) K% (w/w)
The potato peel and mash wastes were mixed to enhance the nutri- Anabaena variabilis 1 0.17 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.016
ent content of the residue which upon action of NPK enriching 2 0.23 ± 0.07 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02
microorganisms, can be efficiently used for soil enrichment and 3 0.29 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.03
4 0.38 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02
fertility (Lehto et al., 2005). Though the enrichment studies were 5 0.89 ± 0.3 0.49 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.04
carried out for 13 weeks, the data has been presented only upto 6 1.30 ± 0.3 0.68 ± 0.05 0.8 ± 0.02
6 weeks (Table 3) as there was no remarkable enrichment Aulosira fertilissima 1 0.16 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
observed beyond that. 2 0.18 ± 0.06 0.05 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
The pattern of N, P and K enrichment varied depending on the 3 0.23 ± 0.08 0.06 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01
organism used. Among the various organisms N. muscorum, F. mus- 4 0.26 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02
5 0.84 ± 0.3 0.32 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.03
cicola, A. variabilis, A. fertilissima, C. muscicola, A. lipoferum, A.
6 0.72 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02
chroococcum and mixture considered in the present work, maxi-
Nostoc muscorum 1 0.20 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
mum nitrogen (1.3%, w/w) and significant P (0.68%, w/w) and K
2 0.49 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.08 0.08 ± 0.03
(0.8%, w/w) enrichment were found in residue inoculated with A. 3 0.78 ± 0.3 0.15 ± 0.07 0.21 ± 0.02
variabilis as compared to other organisms. A. variabilis was found 4 0.79 ± 0.2 0.33 ± 0.05 0.40 ± 0.06
to have high potential in enriching the potato waste which 5 0.93 ± 0.4 0.58 ± 0.2 0.68 ± 0.3
increased N, P and K by 7.66, 21.66 and 15 fold respectively 6 1.20 ± 0.3 0.74 ± 0.1 0.82 ± 0.5

(Fig. 3). It was reported that in Anabaena PCC7120, the vegetative Cylindrospermum 1 0.18 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
cells supply glutamate to heterocysts, which convert it to glu- muscicola 2 0.26 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
3 0.34 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.012
tamine and other amino acids and in return vegetative cells obtain 4 0.34 ± 0.08 0.12 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.04
fixed nitrogen in the form of amino acids from heterocysts (Kumar 5 0.46 ± 0.09 0.18 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02
et al., 2010) which might be the plausible reason for nitrogen 6 0.58 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.07 0.29 ± 0.05
enrichment. The phosphorous enrichment in the substrate inocu- Fischerella muscicola 1 0.16 ± 0.08 0.05 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.02
lated with the cyanobacteria is due to the conversion of inorganic 2 0.28 ± 0.05 0.05 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.01
phosphorous present in the substrate to soluble form of phospho- 3 0.33 ± 0.07 0.05 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02
4 0.58 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.01
rous by the action of organic acids (Hariprasad and Niranjana,
5 0.60 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.06
2009) released from the phosphorous solubilizing cyanobacteria. 6 0.61 ± 0.07 0.14 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.06
Similar results were reported in other gram negative phosphorous
Azospirillum lipoferum 1 0.15 ± 0.08 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02
solubilizing bacteria by Ranjan et al. (2013). Conversion of immo- 2 0.2 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
bilised potassium into soluble form by the action of organic acid 3 0.23 ± 0.1 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.013
formed by microflora may contribute for the potassium enrich- 4 0.50 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.015
ment of the potato waste. This is in accordance with that reported 5 0.56 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.04
6 0.50 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02
by Anthoni (2000) and Rani et al. (2013) in which Bacillus sp. was
employed for solubilization of soil potassium. Azotobacter chroococcum 1 0.15 ± 0.08 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
2 0.17 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01
A. fertilissima, F. muscicola and Azospirillum lipoferum inoculated 3 0.39 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.07 0.11 ± 0.02
residue showed maximum enrichment in the 5th week and mix- 4 0.46 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
ture inoculated residue in the 4th week. Thus, maximum NPK 5 0.67 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.05
enrichment was observed in the potato waste within 6 weeks of 6 0.70 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.03
incubation period. The less encouraging enrichment of residue Mixture 1 0.15 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02
treated with mixed culture after 4 weeks is due to the negative 2 0.17 ± 0.03 0.065 ± 0.03 0.105 ± 0.04
3 0.18 ± 0.08 0.072 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.05
allelopathic interaction among various cyanobacteria in the mix-
4 0.19 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.07 0.12 ± 0.02
ture. For instance, nostocyclamide produced by Nostoc was identi- 5 0.17 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.08 0.11 ± 0.05
fied as an efficient anticyanobacterial metabolite (Riley and 6 0.14 ± 0.03 0.074 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.06
Chavan, 2007) which had a pronounced effect on the morphology
of Anabaena. Nostoc spongiaeforme produces a violet pigment nos-
tocine A, which inhibits the growth of many cyanobacteria
(Hirata et al., 1996; Maheep, 2014). The secondary metabolite fis-
cherellin (FsA), isolated from F. muscicola, strongly inhibited the
electron flow in photosystem II in other cyanobacteria (Gantar
et al., 2008).
The N:P:K in A. variabilis enriched residue was found to be
approximately 2:1:1. It was reported that cyanobacterial nitrogen
fixation is essential in the cultivation of rice and for rice-field fer-
tility (Anand and Pereira, 2011). According to NAAS Report

Fig. 3. Increase in nutrients before and after enrichment (mediated by Anabaena

variabilis).
Table 2
Biochemical characteristics of potato waste before enrichment process.

Parameters Content in potato waste

(2009), the N:P:K recommendation for rice, potato, sorghum, cot-
Nitrogen (% TS) 0.15 ± 0.05 ton and wheat field is about 4:2:1 to 4:2:2. Biomanure from potato
Potassium (% TS) 0.05 ± 0.01
waste can be specifically used for enrichment of alluvial and lateri-
Phosphorous (% TS) 0.03 ± 0.001
tic soils which needs an adequate supplementation of nitrogen.

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 A.D. Chintagunta et al. / Waste Management xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 4. Rough estimate of bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste (based on the data obtained from a: Agricultural statistics at a glance, 2013; b: Pandey
et al., 2009; c: Guttormsen and Carlson, 1969; d: Data from present study; e: Average value of solid utilized for ethanol production from peel and mash).

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tial of ethanol and manure production from the available potato Arapoglou, D., Varzakas, T.H., Vlyssides, A., Israilides, C., 2010. Ethanol production
from potato peel waste (PPW). Waste Manage. 30, 1898–1902.
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Israilides, C., 2009. Alternative ways for potato Industries waste utilisation. In:
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Please cite this article in press as: Chintagunta, A.D., et al. Integrated bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste. Waste Management (2015),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.010