Avoiding Drug Interactions

Avoiding Drug Interactions
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People often combine foods. For example, chocolate and peanut butter might be
considered a tasty combination. But eating chocolate and taking certain drugs might carry
risks. In fact, eating chocolate and taking monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, such as
Nardil (phenelzine) or Parnate (tranylcypromine), could be dangerous.
MAO inhibitors treat depression. Someone who eats an excessive amount of chocolate
after taking an MAO inhibitor may experience a sharp rise in blood pressure.
Other foods that should be avoided when taking MAO inhibitors: aged cheese, sausage,
bologna, pepperoni, and salami. These foods can also cause elevated blood pressure when
taken with these medications.
There are three main types of drug interactions:
 Drugs with food and beverages

 Drugs with dietary supplements
 Drugs with other drugs
"Consumers should learn about the warnings for their medications and talk with their
health care professionals about how to lower the risk of interactions," says Shiew-Mei
Huang, Ph.D., deputy director of the Office of Clinical Pharmacology in FDA's Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER).
Drugs with Food and Beverages
Consequences of drug interactions with food and beverages may include delayed,
decreased, or enhanced absorption of a medication. Food can affect the bioavailability
(the degree and rate at which a drug is absorbed into someone's system), metabolism, and
excretion of certain medications.
Examples of drug interactions with food and beverages …
Alcohol: If you are taking any sort of medication, it's recommended that you avoid
alcohol, which can increase or decrease the effect of many drugs.
Grapefruit juice: Grapefruit and grapefruit juice is often mentioned as a product that can
interact negatively with drugs, but the actual number of drugs the juice can interact with
is less well-known. Grapefruit juice shouldn't be taken with certain blood pressure-
lowering drugs or cyclosporine for the prevention of organ transplant rejection. That's
because grapefruit juice can cause higher levels of those medicines in your body, making
it more likely that you will have side effects from the medicine. The juice can also
interact to cause higher blood levels of the anti-anxiety medicine Buspar (buspirone); the
anti-malaria drugs Quinerva or Quinite (quinine); and Halcion (triazolam), a medication
used to treat insomnia. To learn more, read Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix.
Licorice: This would appear to be a fairly harmless snack food. However, for someone
taking Lanoxin (digoxin), some forms of licorice may increase the risk for Lanoxin
toxicity. Lanoxin is used to treat congestive heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms.
Licorice may also reduce the effects of blood pressure drugs or diuretic (urine-producing)
drugs, including Hydrodiuril (hydrochlorothiazide) and Aldactone (spironolactone).
Chocolate: MAO inhibitors are just one category of drugs that shouldn't be consumed
with excessive amounts of chocolate. The caffeine in chocolate can also interact with
stimulant drugs such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), increasing their effect, or by
decreasing the effect of sedative-hypnotics such as Ambien (zolpidem).
Drugs with Dietary Supplements
Research has shown that 50 percent or more of American adults use dietary supplements
on a regular basis, according to congressional testimony by the Office of Dietary
Supplements in the National Institutes of Health.
The law defines dietary supplements in part as products taken by mouth that contain a
"dietary ingredient." Dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and
herbs or botanicals, as well as other substances that can be used to supplement the diet.
Examples of drug interactions with dietary supplements …
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): This herb is considered an inducer of liver
enzymes, which means it can reduce the concentration of medications in the blood. St.
John's Wort can reduce the blood level of medications such as Lanoxin, the cholesterol-
lowering drugs Mevacor and Altocor (lovastatin), and the erectile dysfunction drug
Viagra (sildenafil).
Vitamin E: Taking vitamin E with a blood-thinning medication such as Coumadin can

increase anti-clotting activity and may cause an increased risk of bleeding.
Ginseng: This herb can interfere with the bleeding effects of Coumadin. In addition,
ginseng can enhance the bleeding effects of heparin, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. Combining ginseng
with MAO inhibitors such as Nardil or Parnate may cause headache, trouble sleeping,
nervousness, and hyperactivity.
Ginkgo Biloba: High doses of the herb Ginkgo biloba could decrease the effectiveness
of anticonvulsant therapy in patients taking the following medications to control seizures:
Tegretol, Equetro or Carbatrol (carbamazepine), and Depakote (valproic acid).
Drugs with Other Drugs
Two out of every three patients who visit a doctor leave with at least one prescription for
medication, according to a 2007 report on medication safety issued by the Institute for
Safe Medication Practices. Close to 40 percent of the U.S. population receive
prescriptions for four or more medications. And the rate of adverse drug reactions
increases dramatically after a patient is on four or more medications.
Drug-drug interactions have led to adverse events and withdrawals of drugs from the
market, according to an article on drug interactions co-authored by Shiew-Mei Huang,
Ph.D., deputy director of FDA's Office of Clinical Pharmacology. The paper was
published in the June 2008 issue of the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
However, market withdrawal of a drug is a fairly drastic measure. More often, FDA will
issue an alert warning the public and health care providers about risks as the result of
drug interactions.
Examples of drug interactions with other drugs …
Cordarone (amiodarone): FDA issued an alert in August 2008, warning patients about
taking Cordarone to correct abnormal rhythms of the heart and the cholesterol-lowering
drug Zocor (Simvastatin). Patients taking Zocor in doses higher than 20 mg while also
taking Cordarone run the risk of developing a rare condition of muscle injury called
rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to kidney failure or death. "Cordarone also can inhibit or
reduce the effect of the blood thinner Coumadin (warfarin)," said Huang. "So if you're
using Cordarone, you may need to reduce the amount of Coumadin you're taking."
Lanoxin (digoxin): "Lanoxin has a narrow therapeutic range. So other drugs, such as
Norvir (ritonvair), can elevate the level of Lanoxin," says Huang. "And an increased level
of Lanoxin can cause irregular heart rhythms." Norvir is a protease inhibitor used to treat
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Antihistamines: Over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines are drugs that temporarily

relieve a runny nose, or reduce sneezing, itching of the nose or throat, and itchy watery
eyes. If you are taking sedatives, tranquilizers, or a prescription drug for high blood
pressure or depression, you should check with a doctor or pharmacist before you start
using antihistimines. Some antihistamines can increase the depressant effects (such as
sleepiness) of a sedative or tranquilizer. The sedating effect of some antihistamines
combined with a sedating antidepressant could strongly affect your concentration level.
Operating a car or any other machinery could be particularly dangerous if your ability to
focus is impaired. Antihistamines taken in conjunction with blood pressure medication
may cause a person's blood pressure to increase and may also speed up the heart rate.
Tips to Avoid Problems
There are lots of things you can do to take prescription or over-the-counter (OTC)
medications in a safe and responsible manner.
 Always read drug labels carefully.

 Learn about the warnings for all the drugs you take.
 Keep medications in their original containers so that you can easily identify them.
 Ask your doctor what you need to avoid when you are prescribed a new
medication. Ask about food, beverages, dietary supplements, and other drugs.
 Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking an OTC drug if you are
taking any prescription medications.
 Use one pharmacy for all of your drug needs.
 Keep all of your health care professionals informed about everything that you
take.
 Keep a record of all prescription drugs, OTC drugs, and dietary supplements
(including herbs) that you take. Try to keep this list with you at all times, but
especially when you go on any medical appointment.

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Avoiding Drug Interactions

There are three main types of drug interactions:

 Drugs with food and beverages

Drugs with Food and Beverages

Examples of drug interactions with food and beverages …

Drugs with Dietary Supplements

Examples of drug interactions with dietary supplements …

Vitamin E: Taking vitamin E with a blood-thinning medication such as Coumadin can

Drugs with Other Drugs

Examples of drug interactions with other drugs …

Antihistamines: Over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines are drugs that temporarily

 Always read drug labels carefully.

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