APA Referencing

th th
Style 5 & 6
Edition

By: Mr. Jesserie O. Parabacuel, MPA

DPA Student – University of Mindanao
References:

■ Massey University. (n.d.). APA 5th vs. 6th edition. Retrieved from
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-5th-vs-6th-edition.php
■ University College of Learning. (2017). A Guide to APA Referencing Style: 6th Edition.
Retrieved from
http://student.ucol.ac.nz/library/onlineresources/Documents/APA_Guide_201 7.pdf
HISTOR
YAPA means
■ American Psychological
Association
■ The Style originated in 1929, when of
psychologist, anthropologist and
business managers convened and
sought to establish a simple set of
procedures, or style rules, that would
codify the many components of
scientific writing to increase the ease
of reading comprehension.
- apa.org
 HISTOR
■ In
Y
late 2009, the American
Psychological Association (APA)
publisged a revised style guide: the
6th edition of the publication
manual. This edition contains few
minor changes to APA referencing
style.
- apa.org
 Why reference?
■ Using the standardize style to acknowledge the
source of information used.
■ It is important (morally and legally) to acknowledge
someone else’s ideas or words used. In academic
writing paraphrasing is used. Paraphrasing is
re-wording something you have read into your own
words.
■ Referencing correctly enables the marker or reader to
locate the source of information.
 Why reference?
■ Referencing allows you to retrace
your steps and locate information
you have used and discover further
views or ideas discussed by the
author.
■ By referencing clearly and
correctly, it demonstrates you have
undertaken research on the topic
and located relevant information.
 Very important Tip
■Everything you have cited in
text appears in your reference
and likewise everything that
appears in your reference list
will have been cited in text!
How to reference using APA format
1. In text Citations – One or two authors

■ Even though you have put someone else’s ideas or

information in your own words (i.e. paraphrased),
you still need to show where the original idea or
information came from. This is all part of the
academic writing process.
■ When citing in text within an assignment, use the
author/s (or editor/s) last name followed by the year
of publication.
 How to reference using APA format
1. In text Citations – One or two authors
EXAMPLES:
■ Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients a body
needs to function, it requires more water each day than any other nutrient
(Whitney & Rolfes, 2011).
■ Whitney and Rolfes (2011) state the body requires many nutrients to function but
highlight that water is of greater importance than any other nutrient.
■ Water is an essential element of anyone’s diet and Whitney and Rolfes (2011)
emphasize it is more important than any other nutrient.

Reference list entry:

Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. (2011). Understanding nutrition (12th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
 How to reference using APA format
1.1. In text Citations – three, four or five
authors
■ If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5)
authors, cite all authors the first time and
from then on include only the last name of
the first author followed by the words et al.
(‘et al.’ is Latin for ‘and others’)
 How to reference using APA format
1.1 In text Citations – three, four or five
authors
EXAMPLES:
■ Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating
new knowledge or a way to verify existing knowledge
(Watson, McKenna, Cowman & Keady, 2008).
■ Deciding on a research method demands the researcher
consider carefully the problem or area of investigation being
researched (Watson et al., 2008).
Reference list entry:
Watson, R., McKenna, H., Cowman, S., & Keady, K. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing
research: Designs and methods. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone
Elsevier.
Note: The people were identified as the editors, hence ‘(Eds.)’ is a shortened version of Editors.
 How to reference using APA format
1.2 In text Citations – six or seven
authors
■ If a work has six (6) or more authors, cite only the last name of
the first author followed by et al. each time you refer to this
work.
Example:
■ (Mikosch et al., 2010)
Reference list entry:
Mikosch, P., Hadrawa, T., Laubreiter, K., Brandl, J., Pilz, J., Stettner, H., & Grimm, G. (2010). Effectiveness of
respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 66(5), 1101-1110.
*When a source has up to seven (7) authors, include all names in the reference list.
 How to reference using APA format
1.3 In text Citations – eight or more
authors
■ When there are eight (8) or more authors, cite only the last
name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ each time you
refer to this work.
Example:
■ (Vissing et al., 2004)
*Note in the reference list: When there are eight (8) or more authors, include the first six (6)
authors’ names and then use ellipsis points (...) before concluding with the last author’s name.

Reference list entry:

Vissing, K., Brink, M., Lonbro, S., Sorensen, H., Overgaard, K., Danborg, K., ... Aagaard, P. (2008).
Muscle adaptations to plyometric vs. resistance training in untrained young men. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1799-1810.
 How to reference using APA format
1.4 In text Citations – Group as authors
■ The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations,
associations, government agencies) are usually written in full each
time they appear in a text citation. The names of some group
authors (e.g., associations, government agencies) are spelled out in
the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to
abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that
you need to give enough information in the text citation for the
reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty.
Some groups are recognised by an abbreviation (e.g., WHO for
World Health Organisation).
■ First text citation: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007).
■ Second & subsequent citations: (MOH, 2007).
Reference list entry:
■ Ministry of Health. (2007). Looking at long-term residential care in a rest home or
hospital: What you need to know. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
 How to reference using APA format
1.4 In text Citations – Group as authors NO
■ ABBREVIATION
New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee. (2007, August)
Inquiry into obesity and type 2 diabetes in New Zealand: Report presented to
the House of Representatives. Retrieved from
http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/47F52D0D-0132-42EF-A297-
6AB08980C0EA/61821/DBSCH_SCR_3868_5335.pdf

■ In text citation:
(New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee, 2007).
 How to reference using APA format
1.5 In text Citations – Similar Information referred to by more than one
■author
There may be occasion to refer to more than one source in
relation to similar information. In this case, list the sources in
alphabetical order within the brackets, separated by a
semi-colon.
EXAMPLE:
Resilience is seen as the ability to overcome adversary, combat stress and bounce back
from hardship (Dawson, 2006; Overton, 2005).

Reference list entry:

■ Dawson, L. (2006). Wise up!: How to be fearless and fulfilled in midlife.
Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
■ Overton, A. (2005). Stress less: Make stress work for you not against you.
Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
 How to reference using APA format
1.6 In text Citations – Same author and same date
■ If a work has the same author and same date, differentiate
between them by assigning lowercase letters a, b, c, etc. They
are listed in the reference list alphabetically by title (excluding
A or The).
EXAMPLE:
Eyes are susceptible to melanoma, even though it is rare (Cancer Society of New
Zealand, 2013a).
According to the Cancer Society of New Zealand (2013b) the rate of…

Reference list entry:

■ Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2013a). Ocular melanoma: Information sheet.
Retrieved from http://www.cancernz.org.nz/information/cancer-types/
■ Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2013b). Reducing your cancer risk. Retrieved
from http://www.cancernz.org.nz/reducing-your-cancer-risk/
 How to reference using APA format
1.7 In text Citations – One work by one author, when the author
is cited more than once in a paragraph

■ The rules for this are quite complex, mostly because there is one
rule for citations in brackets (parenthetical) and other rules for
citations that are part of the narrative. ‘Part of the narrative’
means that the reference is part of a sentence, and not in
brackets.
■ Examples
o If a citation is part of the narrative, it looks like ‘According to
Jones (2013)…, or Jones (2013) states that….
o If a citation is parenthetical, it looks like ‘(Jones, 2013)’.
 How to reference using APA format
1.7 In text Citations – One work by one author, when the author
is cited more than once in a paragraph

Citations in brackets (parenthetical)

■ One rule, very straightforward. The APA manual states that the year
should be included in all citations that are in brackets. “Do include the
year in all parenthetical citations” (APA, 2010, p. 174)
■ This applies irrespective of the style (part of the narrative, or parenthetical) of the
first citation.
■ Example from APA manual (2010, p. 174)
❖ Among epidemiological samples, Kessler et al. (2003) found that early onset social
anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. ….The study also
showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence
and major depression (Kessler et al., 2003).
 How to reference using APA format
1.7 In text Citations – One work by one author, when the author
is cited more than once in a paragraph
Citations that are part of the narrative
■ There are two rules for this style of citing. Not so simple. If the
first citation is part of the narrative, do not include the year in
subsequent references that are in the narrative. APA states “you
need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical
[emphasis added] references….” (APA, 2010, p. 174).
■ Example from APA manual (2010, p. 174)
❖ Among epidemiological samples, Kessler et al. (2003) found that early onset social
anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Kessler et al. also
found….
 How to reference using APA format
1.7 In text Citations – One work by one author, when the author
is cited more than once in a paragraph
Citations that are part of the narrative
■ If the first citation is in brackets, the year is to be
included in subsequent citations* within the
paragraph. (*this applies whether they are in the
narrative or parenthetical)
■ Example from APA manual (2010, p. 175)
❖ Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course
(Kessler et al., 2003). Kessler et al. (2003) also found…
 How to reference using APA format
2. Direct Quotes
■ Quoting directly from a work should be done sparingly,
in order to emphasis or stress a point in your essay.
When using a quote, it must be copied exactly as written
in the original work including any punctuation or
incorrect spelling. When using a quote, include the
author’s last name, year of publication and page
number/s where the quote appears.
 How to reference using APA format
2.1 Direct Quotes – Short quote (less than 40 words)
■ To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words),
enclose the quotation within double quotation
marks.
EXAMPLE:
“Self-directed learning is also a term with which you will
become familiar as you study in Australia or New
Zealand. Students are expected to take responsibility for
their own learning and organise their own study” (Hally,
2009, p. 7).
 How to reference using APA format
2.2 Direct Quotes – Longer quote (40 words or more)
■ For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in your essay as a
freestanding piece of text or block form and do not use the quotation
marks. Double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote, include
the author’s name, year of publication and page number/s after the full
stop.
EXAMPLE:
Principle-based teaching and principle-based learning are important in nursing, particularly as they relate

to clinical skills. Clinical skills are usually taught according to principles, and this means that the student

learns key principles associated with the skill, and then applies those principles to the actual performance

of the skill. (Hally, 2009, p. 6)

Reference list entry:

Hally, M. B. (2009). A guide for international nursing students in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier.
 How to reference using APA format
2.3 Direct Quotes– from online resources that do not provide page
■numbers
The APA manual (2010, p. 171-172) states when using direct
quotes from online material provide the author, year and page
number within brackets ( ). If the page number is not known,
use a paragraph number.
■ If the paragraph number could confuse the reader, consider
including a section heading e.g. discussion section.
■ EXAMPLE:
“The WTN exists to "encourage serendipity" -- the happy accidents of colliding ideas
and new relationships that cause the biggest breakthroughs for individuals and
institutions” (World Technology Network, 2014, para. 3).
Reference list entry:
■ World Technology Network. (2014). About the World Technology Network.
Retrieved from http://www.wtn.net/about
 How to reference using APA format
3. The Reference list
■ All references or information sources cited in any written work
(i.e. essays, reports, research papers, etc.) need to be listed in a
reference list on a separate page at the end of your assignment,
headed ‘References’ or ‘Reference List’.
■ The reference list provides all the details necessary for the
person reading and/or marking the assignment to locate and
retrieve any information source cited.
■ An accurate and properly constructed reference list provides
credibility to the written work it accompanies.
 How to reference using APA format
3. The Reference list
■ Basic rules
o The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the
authors’ last names.
o If there is more than one work by the same author, order them by
publication date – oldest to newest (therefore a 2004 publication
would appear before a 2008 publication).
o If there is no author the title moves to that position and the entry
is alphabetised by the first significant word, excluding words
such as “A” or “The”. If the title is long, it may be shortened
when citing in text.
o Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a
source.
 How to reference using APA format
3. The Reference list
■ Basic rules
o The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified,
while all subsequent lines are consistently indented.
o Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if
there is one, plus any proper names – i. e. only those words that
would normally be capitalized.
o Italicize the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the
title of the web document.
o Do not create separate lists for each type of information source.
Books, articles, web documents, brochures, etc. are all arranged
alphabetically in one list.
 How to reference using APA format
3.1 The Reference list - Books
■ Basic rules
o Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed
by initials (Bloggs, J.).
o Year of publication in brackets (2010).
o Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first word of the title
and the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Italicise the title. Use
a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
o Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the
title or subtitle (3rd ed.) or (Rev. ed.). Note: No full stop, after
the title, if there is an edition.
 How to reference using APA format
3.1 The Reference list - Books
■ Basic rules
o Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state
code when published inside the USA, and the city & country, if
published outside the USA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New
Zealand or Benalla, Australia or Weybridge, England). If there
are two or more places included in the source, then use the first
one listed.
o Publisher’s name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use
terms such as Publishers, Co., or Inc. but include the words
Books & Press. When the author and the publisher are the same,
use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
 How to reference using APA format
3.2 The Reference list – Book with One Author
Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale,
New Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand.
3.3 The Reference list – Book (Place of Publication)
Note: always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the USA, and city & country
if published outside the USA.

Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic

brand identities. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Stein, R. (2001). Rick Stein’s seafood. London, England: BBC.
 How to reference using APA format
3.4 The Reference list – Book (Editor)
Aspinall, V. (Ed.). (2014). Clinical procedures in veterinary
nursing (3rd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.
3.5 The Reference list – Book (Author and Publisher are the same)
MidCentral District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan
2008/09. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.
 How to reference using APA format
3.6 The Reference list – Chapter in an edited Book
Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues.
In C. Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society
(2nd ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.
McKinney, C., & Smith, N. (2005). Te Tiriti o Waitangi or The Treaty of
Waitangi: What is the difference? In D. Wepa (Ed.), Cultural safety in
Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 39-57). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson
Education New Zealand.
 How to reference using APA format
3.7 The Reference list – Serial/Journal Articles
■ Basic rules
o Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by
initials.
o Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
o Title of article. Capitalise only the first word of the
title and the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Use a
colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
o Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
 How to reference using APA format
3.7 The Reference list – Serial/Journal Articles
■ Basic rules
o Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before
the number.
o Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after
the volume number but not italicized.
o Month, season or other designation of publication if
there is no volume or issue number.
o Include all page numbers.
o Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].
 How to reference using APA format
3.8 The Reference list – Serial/journal article (print)
Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai
Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 16(7), 26.

3.9 The Reference list – Serial/journal article - more than one

author (print)
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and
injury during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583
 How to reference using APA format
3.10 The Reference list – Serial/journal article (On line from a data
base)
The database name and retrieval date are no longer required.
Include the home page of the journal. This may require a quick
web search to locate the URL
Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of
children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-1067

Otherwise, simply reference the journal article as per the print

version (check with your lecturer to ensure this is acceptable)
Huy, C., Becker, S., Gomolinsky, U., Klein, T., & Thiel, A. (2008). Health, medical risk factors and
bicycle use in everyday life in the over-50 population. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 16(4),
454-464.
 How to reference using APA format
3.11 The Reference list – Serial/journal article (more than one author in
online-DOI)
The 6th ed. of the APA manual emphasises the use of DOI (Digital Object
Identifiers). Many publishers, databases and online journals use DOIs.
They are alpha-numeric codes that usually appear on the first page of the
article. Copy the DOI exactly as it appears.
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional
rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007
If the article has no DOI:
Consider providing the home page URL of the journal. If you are accessing the article
from a database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL. It is not
necessary to include the name of the database. No retrieval date is necessary for content
that is not likely to be changed or updated. These are DOI resolver / locator sites:
http://dx.doi.org/ and http://www.crossref.org/
 How to reference using APA format
3.12 The Reference list – Serial/journal article (8 or more authors-on line –
no DOI)
Reference List:
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers, S., … Jorgensen, P.
(2010). Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical
Journal, 123(1327). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123- 1327/4469/
In text citation:
(Crooks et al., 2010)
 How to reference using APA format
3.13 The Reference list – Internet Sources

Where possible, include similar information, in the same order, as you would for other
types of information and other sources (who, when, what) and then add the electronic
retrieval information required for people to locate the material you cited (where).
o Author/s of the document or information – individual or organisation/corporate
author.
o Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).
o Title of the document or webpage in italics.
o Complete & correct web address/URL.
Note: APA 6th ed. does not require a retrieval date for most online information, although, the APA
manual states to include a retrieval date for material that may change over time (e.g. Wikis) (p.192).
 How to reference using APA format
3.14 The Reference list – Internet – No author, no Date

When using information from the Internet consider carefully the origins of
the information. Is it credible, valid and reliable? Sometimes it is not clear
who (author) wrote it or when (date) it was written.
Reference List:
Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-therapy.htm

In text citation:
(Pet therapy, n.d.).
 How to reference using APA format
3.14 The Reference list – Internet – Organization/Corporate Author
Reference List:
Ministry of Health. (2014). Ebola: Information for the public. Retrieved from
http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases-
and-illnesses/ebolainformation-public
In text citation:
First time cited: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2014).
Second and subsequent citations: (MOH, 2014).
SPCA New Zealand. (2011). Your dog may be dying from the heat [Press release].
Retrieved from http://www.rnzspca.org.nz/news/press-releases/360-your-
dog-may-be-dying-from-the-heat
In text citation:
(SPCA New Zealand, 2011).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.1 ACT (STATUTE/LEGISLATION)
Reference List:
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. (2013, December 16). Retrieved from
http://www.legislation.govt.nz

Note: The date in brackets is the date on the Act indicating the latest
update or reprint.
In text citation:

(Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, 2013).

 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.2 BLOG POST
Reference List:
Stefanie. (2014, October 8). What a tangled web: Website versus webpage [Blog
post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/10/what-a-
tangled-web-website-versus-webpage.html
Note: The title of the blog post is not italiciZed – who knows why not? The
vagaries of APA! Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 215. The APA
manual uses the technical term [Web log post] as the descriptor but we
have used the common terminology [Blog post]
In text citation:

(Stefanie, 2014).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES

4.3
BROCHURE/PAMPHLET
Reference List:
Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki hauora
[Brochure]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care (Whakapai Hauora)
Charitable trust.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES

4.4 BROCHURE/PAMPHLET (NO AUTHOR)

Reference List:
Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009a). Wellington, New
Zealand: Ministry of Health.
In text citation (for print brochure):
(“Ageing well,” 2009a).

Same brochure accessed online:

Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009b). Retrieved from
https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/ageing-well-how-be-best-you-can-be
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.5 CLICK VIEW (SEE DVD/VIDEO/MOTION PICTURE
4.6 CONFERENCE PAPER
Reference List:
Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the learning
experiences of the mature age student. In J. Terrell (Ed.), Making the links:
Learning, teaching and high quality student outcomes. Proceedings of the 9th
Conference of the New Zealand Association of Bridging Educators (pp. 104-116).
Wellington, New Zealand.
IN TEXT CITATION:
(Williams & Seary, 2010)
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.7 CONFERENCE PAPER (ON LINE)
Reference List:
Cannan, J. (2008). Using practice based learning at a dual-sector tertiary institution: A
discussion of current practice. In R. K. Coll, & K. Hoskyn (Eds.), Working together: Putting
the cooperative into cooperative education. Conference proceedings of the New Zealand
Association for Cooperative Education, New Plymouth, New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.nzace.ac.nz/conferences/papers/Proceedings_2008.pdf
MacColl, F., Ker, I., Huband, A., Veith, G., & Taylor, J. (2009, November 12-13).
Minimising pedestriancyclist conflict on paths. Paper presented at the Seventh New Zealand
Cycling Conference, New Plymouth, New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://cyclingconf.org.nz/system/files/NZCyclingConf09_2A_MacColl_PedCy
cleConflicts.pdf
IN TEXT CITATION: First time cited: (MacColl, Ker, Huband, Veith & Taylor,
2009).
Second and subsequent citations: (MacColl et al., 2009).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.8 DICTIONARY (PRINT)
Reference List:
Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Bailliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health care
workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

4.9 DICTIONARY (ONLINE)

Reference List:
Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/

In text citation:
(Cambridge dictionaries online, 2011).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.10 SPECIFIC ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY (NO AUTHOR OR
EDITOR)
Reference List:
Acquiescence. (2011). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/acquiescence

In text citation:
(Acquiescence, 2011).

4.11 SPECIFIC ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY

(EDITOR)
Reference List:
Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.oed.com/
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.12 DVD/VIDEO/MOTION PICTURE (INCLUDING CLICK VIEW &
YOUTUBE)
Reference List:
Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), & Waititi, T. (Director). (2010). Boy: Welcome to my
interesting world [DVD]. New Zealand: Transmission.
In text citation:
(Gardiner, Curtis, Michael & Waititi, 2010).

Reference list:
Ahmed, A. (Producer), & Breitenmoser, K. (Director). (2012). Job seeker Q&A: Planning your search
[ClickView DVD]. Bendigo, Australia: VEA.
Competenz NZ. (2014, October 16). The tattooed baker [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gr1IaBVXkI&list=UUfkO7pVdIaH2ROyw0pzvryg
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.13 E-BOOK (INCLUDING SAFARI AND GOOGLE BOOKS)

Reference List:
Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from http://safaribooksonline.com

Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the max (2nd ed.) [e-book].
Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
From Google Images- Find the original source by selecting the image then select ‘Visit
page’. Reference this page i.e. go to where Google located the image.
In text Citation (Who and When)
(Zimbio, 2013)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Zimbio. (2013). NZFW A/W 2013: Charlie Brown – Backstage[Image]. Retrieved from http://www.zimbio.com/
pictures/ZIL6dIX5VQT/NZFW+W+2013+Charlie+Brown+Backstage
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
From book (or a journal article) – Include the page number in the in text citation.
In text Citation (Who and When)
(Evans, 2000, p. 45)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Evans, J. (2000). Waka taua: The Maori war canoe. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
From a database – e.g. Britannica Images Quest or SMART Imagebase.
Note: No Who (author) is obvious, therefore the What (title) is used.
In text Citation (Who and When)
(Heart, 2012)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Heart [Image]. (2012). Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest database.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
Unpublished – in a personal collection i.e you created the figure and it is not published.
In text Citation (Who and When)
Douglas Channel, Canada, 2009 (Personal Collection)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Not in the ‘Reference List’ as it has not been published.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
Art Works – In the caption the details you consider to be relevant about the art work
e.g. Artist, Title, Year Created. This is followed by the text citation which is giving
details about where the figure was published.
In text Citation (Who and When)
Figure 1. Manet, River at Argenteuil, 1874 (Pool, 1973, p. 134)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Pool, P. (1973). Impressionism. London, England: Thames & Hudson.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
Clip Art – Check with your lecturer – do they want you to reference Clip Art or not?
In text Citation (Who and When)
(Child’s footprint, n.d.)

References list (Who. (When). What. Where from.)

Child’s footprint. [Image]. (n.d.). Microsoft Word Clip Art.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.14 FIGURES (IMAGES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS,
CHARTS)
You do not need to get copyright permission if you are using the
figure for educational purposes. The New Zealand Copyright Act
(1994) allows the free use of figures for educational purposes but
they must be referenced. If you plan to sell or exhibit your work
you will need to get copyright permission for figures used. The
Copyright Council of New Zealand provides useful information at
http://www.copyright.org.nz/infosheets.php
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.15 MAGAZINE

Reference List:
White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.
Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.

In text citation:

(Ng, 2011).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.16 MOODLE

Note: It is advisable to check with your lecturer prior to referencing

information from Moodle. Some lecturers may not permit it. Provide
enough details to clearly show where you retrieved the information.
Reference List:
Darragh, L. (2012). Professional and cultural practice 513: Consent: Patient care in
professional and cultural practice [Moodle]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: UCOL.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.17 MUSIC RECORDING (WHOLE
ALBUM)
Reference List:
Midler, B. (2010b). Memories of you [CD]. London, England: Warner Music UK.

In text citation: (Midler, 2010b).

Reference List:
Nga Pihi. (2011b). Taki mei ao: Maori songs for children [CD]. Porirua, New Zealand:
Universal Children’s Audio.
In text citation:
(Nga Pihi, 2011b)
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.18 MUSIC RECORDING (SONG FROM ALBUM)
Reference List:
Midler, B. (2010a). The folks who live on the hill. On Memories of you [CD]. London,
England: Warner Music UK.
In text citation:
The heartfelt “The folks who live on the hill” provides an ideal vehicle for Midler to showcase her
talents (Midler, 2010a, track 5).
Reference List:
Nga Pihi. (2011a). Korikori. On Taku meiao: Maori songs for children [CD]. Porirua,
New Zealand: Universal Children’s Audio.
In text citation:
The children responded positively to “Korikori” (Nga Pihi, 2011, track 14).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.19 NEWS PAPER ARTICLE

Reference List:

Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously.

Manawatu Standard, p. 4.

In text citation:
(Matthews, 2011).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.20 NEWS PAPER ARTICLE (NO AUTHOR)

Reference List:
Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manawatu Standard, p. 5.

In text citation:
Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks.
(“Little blue penguins”, 2011).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.21 NEWS PAPER (ONLINE)
Reference List:
Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The Dominion Post.
Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-
could-replace-wallets
4.22 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
This refers to letters, including email, interviews, telephone conversations and discussions
on placement or work experience. Personal communications are cited in text only and are
NOT included in the reference list. Refer to APA manual, 2010, p.179.
In text citation:
No-tillage technologies have revolutionized the way arable farmers manage their farming
operation and practices (W.R. Ritchie, personal communication, September 30, 2014).
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.23 POD CAST (AUDIO OR VIDEO)
Reference List:
Radio New Zealand. (2014, December 3). Filmmaker slams corporates for delay tactics on
climate change [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.radionz.co.nz/audio/player/20159538

4.24 SOFTWARE (INCLUDING APPS)

Reference List
UBM Medica. (2010). iMIMS (Version1.2.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.25 TELEVISION SERIES
Reference List:
Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011). 24 hours in A & E
[Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel 4.

4.26 TELEVISION (SINGLE EPISODE FROM A

SERIES)
Reference List
Beaudry, C. (Series producer). (2014). Northland harbours [Television series
episode]. In J. Curran (Executive producer), Our big blue backyard. Dunedin, New
Zealand: Natural History of New Zealand.
Note: If you can locate writer or director for your episode, use them place of series producer.
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.27 THESIS (PRINT)
Reference List:
Johnson, S. (2013). Style strategies (Master’s thesis). UCOL, Whanganui School of Design,
Whanganui, New Zealand.

4.28 THESIS (ONLINE)

Reference List
Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral
dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from
http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704
 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.29 WIKIS (INCLUDING WIKIPEDIA)
Wikis can generally be written and edited by more than one person. Use wiki
information wisely. Wikipedia can be a good starting point to discover background
information on a topic and you can use the citations and links in any entry to verify
information and locate original sources. Check with your lecturer – Are you allowed to
use Wikipedia as a reference source?
Reference List:
Moodle. (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle

4.30 YOU TUBE – see DVD/VIDEO/Motion Picture

 How to reference using APA format
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
4.29 WIKIS (INCLUDING WIKIPEDIA)
Wikis can generally be written and edited by more than one person. Use wiki
information wisely. Wikipedia can be a good starting point to discover background
information on a topic and you can use the citations and links in any entry to verify
information and locate original sources. Check with your lecturer – Are you allowed to
use Wikipedia as a reference source?
Reference List:
Moodle. (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle

4.30 YOU TUBE – see DVD/VIDEO/Motion Picture

References:

■ Massey University. (n.d.). APA 5th vs. 6th edition. Retrieved from
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-5th-vs-6th-edition.php
■ University College of Learning. (2017). A Guide to APA Referencing Style: 6th Edition.
Retrieved from
http://student.ucol.ac.nz/library/onlineresources/Documents/APA_Guide_201 7.pdf