elasSMAte

Date
Page

ftltex -
PtLeting is achieNedb palSiVe_CDmpouw
Ond HALAe Cpmpouents whe
utdUih
OPAP foras an a VC filtee
the gain ConstO
F i e maintain beLow
Or above Dr inbetwen the Cut off
Quencit and boued on tAS the
Oze catsieid as
OLow palsfiltet_
(2 Band pausfut

Low PassfiLter HughPase filted

TtpaAseu the Co w req I tp.aLsAA the hightque

Lency nd OLEtenuo CM OUkFenu tes the
the igh AuencC
It_meauns hat it mean Sthou 1t m ain -

maint0ins 9ain Constant tains gon Dnstant

in
UtnLy 9onihhigh equen
Ound Cttenu hom Ondourtenu@ion n
9ouininhigh faeQuanty 9oin in low euenc
Teqson

PotS AtHenugaFron Attehuakon pass

10

fc
 Non inYLing tow NonInYLEng luiqh.
paLs S u t pas sfitte
N ve
Vo Vi V
V
R
ve
Ra R

RI
R

R2 Ra
AAA-
+ve
RL

Vo
M
ve
4

A- 1+ R2
A- 1+ R2 Ri
Ri

fc
fc 2T RCC
2 T RC

between o./ UF-

wuiledesiqning- agsume C
FC
O-001uE a n d
catculate R Uing
IK-IOK ound CalcuLate
AssAssume Ra beEw{en

R_ubnq A
 Vouage fouo we Vottaae ouDw

|+ve |V

6 Vo
www.

ve R -ve

OFc fc L
2T RC 2TT RC

A-

D1a 0 Coo pal ULe to pz od uce urofe

requenty12 KHZ_cuith a qain_ef ISS

Snce9ain DegoiveCoe houve to duign

LP in inyking Cons9uTObon.

-A

R
6
Vo
-ve
fCE 12 KHz E 12x10 120oo
lA-IS
FCE A R2
2TT RC RI

Assume Ro25
-1S 2
RI
 RF
S

RiE O-133 2
FC
2TT Po C

C
2T Ra x fC 23.14) x2x 12 x IDx ib
6-63 x LD x 10

Fc 12kH2

Draw ndn inyiing LP.f FcE 2kHz

A 15,
Sanu90in s +ve e have t0 daLw
hon inYtAing LP.F

AAA

L2 te

A- 1+R2 Ec
2TT RC s9
R

R2 2K C ber1en_oi1 UE t o O-001Uf
ASsume
Calcuate RL uing A

A- I+ R2
RI

15 1+2
Ri
R 2
1S

RI 1-33 k-

fc
2TT RC YCx(ur

RE
2T FcxC 2x3-14 x 1216xo1xIb-6

R 132. 69 k .

fc12KHZ

R A--15

fe60oHZ
C

Vo

A-C -O
C2

Fc -
2TT RC

ASSumne C2
O-1 UF
Calcuae C & R3 Tom O &
om D
 Date
Page

A= C TT
C2

C -A. C2
15x O. UE
C S uf
GOin
from
bR -15

2x Ecox I07
band
V
toooxIo 2-6 k
200TT
HOSl Fc Goo Hz

* Banc Pass
IE iSthe et tolucu pouse a band of
L en cie thCLt me ns Qain is Conttant
in a baudof eque niee and the two
CutOFE P quen utL OTe known ou Cowet
cuto FE tquency and upp
CutOFF!requenc
Arma
D.o7
Apna PL-a*pA00HXTEC

F2

Fi towU CongtCE Cut OfF_ptquene

Lpp1& Cong t ant Cur OFF frequency
AA

Mw-
VI
Vo
 Page

2TTR2 Cz

27T RI C

Conne Cted
1mpedeMU

olepeudon

The Qain
in the teinal
Ousuwe
Ous'uMe cz
C l Cz
TO odegn the ciYCut OlCuwate
cuU ate RI & Ra
RL &Ra
o.001uf Cal
OLAf to
pOvide.
poU 5EeL to pooide
D u t g n a baMo do HT
Do Hz to
to
TOYM4
of friQuenci
band of-1O
Of-10
hoo KHz _with a 9 a i n
fiyoOHT
F24ODRHz
Ro yo0 ep
A-Ob AAA-

C2 O1UME
2RnLHeon

bno

27T RC
A l O 6

RI
2TTA ACr 2TTX H OO O o-106 2 5 1 e
A C 3.9go x l0 2
= 3. 9g kA

Re
2TT Pa C2 f 1
Ama

2TTx 4DO x 1 x O)xic

S6
0-7 07
Ama
6
lo -3 C xIOX 10
2s1 2
271 x 4O
k
3.91212 XI R2
3.912
 AEC- Unt 5

Basic DACTechmiq us

di Sse

n-bit DAC Vo
binaauyy On
dn se)

ig O Schemaiic a DAC
h e inbut to ho
he OAC us a n-bzt binaauy Oord D
Lshese digit e d d , da, d4 Li-c. D=d,,d,-- dn]
Cund Combined Loith a uleaence Ve io give
Voltagee
an analop oP Stynal
he olp. a ISAC Can be either a Vottoge Ceesenl
he analoq l e Velbage i
No = k Vrs l3, 2 + d, 22 + d s 2 +

Lohese, R Scoing tactor wsuallu adjusted to Grd

ull`cale oi
ole Voltage
d= Hosi Sigrcart bit LNsej Lih a Loeghd
Ves l'2
dn Loash, Bigrilart bit Lse LOth a. Loerght
Ves/n

eihted Kesistos DAC DBinaa LIeighled Rstster DAC

Pe
wwM-

In 2 29e glR Ne No
dn da
Dse
-oVe
fia A Siple Loeighked sezien AC
he DAC Useb n 6urmn@ng op-amp Loith: a binaae
LOeighle3 SesiatotH 'R, 2R 2R,- 2 e a3 BhoLon

*Tthas n-eledaoric euoitthes d,, dz, -

Centaolled by tho binae Ilp Lootd Thase 6toiBhes
ane ngle pole doukble thaouw LSPOT) e
h e bfnaauy înput to a pascdicuo Boitch us 1,
it Conneels the SusisBance do tho 2alaence Volage -ve.

*Ttha mbut bik is OD, he Btoitch Connecte tha

Susistoi o the qound
Faom the olP Ceraent Jo Por an Tdead
a
op-amb Can be Laaten as
To =
T+ T2 +Ts + -

To Va d+ Y dz t3R ds +--
2R 22R T2R
Lshene d, da - ,dn. may be erthe O
en da,
,

1 depending the binosu inbuf wotd.

lo Ve | d,27+ d, 27 + dn OD

Ole Yottage

Vo To R
Bub &a, Tn Cq

No Veee1[ d, 2%--
R=R
No Ve Ia, 2+ d*+ - - - + dn 2"J|
Por 3-blt DAC
Oigital TIP Analog Olp
Vo
O
1 Vel8
2/8 Ve
318 NR
O Hle Ve
5l8 Ve
6lg Ve
4l Ve

Analog
oIP

lgNe
Sieve
4ieVe
NM
21elet
eVe
ODO CoI O10 o Otoo olor Ouo o
Drqfkal TlP Cole
 R-2R Lodder OAC
ith a
Sketëh, cxplotn he LOothfng R-2R
ladde DAC

R-2R Jadder DAC Tune-10, 8

Tane-0, Sm
R
remn

wwww.-
2R 2 R 2R
LSG 2R
MSB
d=t

-Ne
hg s R-2R ladaes DAC
R-2R laddex DAC vodletes
Sesiste1 and hence t ses onuy too
is easyo JobaRcote all rassölo
en a
Ch LIC].
The pfcol Yalue Ronges om 2 25kalo
e 1Ok
Sesistoys [R-2R) ane So aaanged as
toom a
Jadder retiwok shocon n g
o Bmblicili,, Censicer
o -bit OAC as Shown în
Lha digital npt e a -bu binaay
Loerd 9ven os D IOO.

d i l , da =O and da -
O

The Boitch pesiions aae as shoon in g and the

Ct s Secocuon beloc.
2R
wwwwM
R R

2R 2R 2R

bve
Ptg
 To Calaudote
equtualent Velbag to
he
e
e
ot node 3CV
lelt
Calcclale the
node a
3
2.R

2P .
e 2Ru25
R+R =2R
2R I12R R
T R R = 2R

Equccdent eesistancet the let ncde s1s 2R

he nueSlied cei Ts
fe Shoon
as
Tn-9 ©.
23

ja
ig
The Yotioge ad ode s ven

Ve R_
2R+2R

= -Ve

Rg is Siedaason belouo.

Fig i I N V ornpslager and a t ole Voltage is

9fuen by
 Vo =

Vo2RYR

Vo Ve
2
Since, NeVr
No Ves [Ves-ullSale olp V]
In generod, Oiqibal IP riolog OP
di da da V

2la Ve
ajg Ve
Slg Ne
61g Ye
48 Ve
ojP

Sioy

41get

O10 O O100 1o f1O

i Dtgitnl IP Code
 Analog do diqudal Corveatero CROC]
slot Eoc

d MSB
da
Pinadog
IIP Va HDC oP

TVe
fhg : Fincionol diagaam o_ROC-
RDC. TL acetile
Frg O Shotos the block Schenalic
and oduces an Olp
CEn anci m p voltage Va -»
ERnaaey ooid dn Eo h a t ,

+dn2
D-d2 d2 d 2
bt Cs and
LShee di o the mest Eqritcord
dn 19 tha Jeast SigniEcant bat Lse

*An ADC has

uoo additiona Conbe
Jines
o tl +ha ADC aen o slant
TTha START inpud
he Couers+on Ond
unounces vohen the
fu The Eoc LEnd o ConeesSi on] olp
Cenvesien i s Ceanplcte

Clossf l7Codtien o AOCS

AACs QUne ed boady,
laretied booad echrãque gaoup
îrtoevo
theit Conversin
Occetding To

Dined ype
2Trdeznotarng pe Rocs.

a ghven anode stgnal

* Dioect i p e AOCG Coebaae
LOith the
the Srdexrnalle genexcaled quivoderd sqndl.
Ames Cre
Some the diaec pe.
FROC
Flosh p e Convealex posallel Compaaates
2Countx bype orveio
LaockËng Seavo Cerneile
Euccessive appoImalisn
ipe Corvesles ate
 Idoqodn

Cenve ROCE +he aanoleg nbut sgna

eateà
ERme, and -hR Jineo un ien
Tnto a
digiial Code Bbsequseri

Cemvenercs
OtaelkP used vikegaaling agpe
2
Chaage bolanc?g ROC
Da
Lope ROC.

uCCeeiue oppaoxmadierz ADG

*Fapla~n the openalion . successtue atpaoxindi
RDC sfng a tpligeà Bock dfaganm.Tan-l, 6na)
sing

A euccesive ápproämation Ato Comueste is bazed

n a vey el{ecieri Code Seaachfng 8lkategy Called
bfnaa geasch
The Seaschêrg oce senq
The tas, a -bit
fn
onvesion betrg Completed -clock ly eiods
Lonveuion betng
 SoC
Clock IN REoc
Compasatet
SAR
Anoteg e
d d do

dn CLGe
oIP DAC do
DAC

i g : Block diagaam SuccesSwe appaoEmation

AlO Conveate

igO Shouas he block diagaam of &uccessive aPpacximatio

RDC
TConsiste DAC
Ti] Compaaátei
Trt Successive Appaomction Pagistos CenR)
The
>he etenal cloc IIP 3 t the ntenal timfnq
s.amefers The Boc Signal atoabs the paoce>s Converzien
ond
Ond the acdiated EOCBignad announces he end
CeveaSion pAocess

Opesation
Sh Sc Signal inilioles the paocess gnal.
Seosch he SAR Sals the MeB d , = l , a s Soen as
the START 8ignol asuives, and all othen Eb aae
Set to O, 01the Conveater G O B-brt ComVealerr
o 2 i a Bdttaq o o l d be LOo0o0o0.
The olP DAC oi ths r a l Code i e
Compcked 9ith hhe anolega Tle v T thhe analoq IP
than t h e OAC OlP C-e,W a ] , t
he J i a l Code LOOOOooo Jass han
Hhe Cenect drgtdo aepeteriotion V. The M9B a

bit Lett
ect
ct
ot
and
and
thre m e n t
the
Duoer 6ignzTcard
te 1, poioce TS ebeodeá.
On he
other
he
the DAC OP
OLP Na,
WA
har TiP V is Jess
Trnpltes hot 4he bias Code he
thod
10000000 s gpeslerr than tha Ceinect drgttal ebrezen
tatzen . In Such an event, the S B i 8et
'o he nend Lones eranitcard but re Bat
to 1 and. he peces i npealed. lie010000o0
 above ce Coponaten epesied
Lirne iunkl al
osition fave been J t e d
We Compaaáler Changes the,. stole Konenexres
OP
the
Guese 4Es ackawcdas f e 5OC
Comnand

Conect digita SRR oIP VA ot

Cemposatot
Rpacbeidotion daenerd Stoges oLP

101100Lo 10000OOO.
11000cO00
101 00000
1bI10000
10Ll0oo
10t1OL00
10LtoolO
104 o l

Comboswatet olP atlc Composing all -bit-l0t loo1O=

Otgdal Subaeecdction o analo IIP
naadice, hoioeues, an additierna i s e 1s
Teeded o oad the ole acgislen and aerr tialize the
Cs
TPeJime Suequêned o ene Cenversion om anoloq
fo dgdol depends en both he Rts Ckock þeslod
and he numbest bits n'.

T TCn+1D
Lohexe Te dens the Convenalen dime
Advantages:
1 Conversion time is very small.

2 Conversion time is constant and independent of the amplitude of the analog input signal VA.

Disadvantages:
1 Circuit is complex.

2 The conversion time is more compared to flash type ADC.

 al lope Onc
Trtegaoto dpe AC
Aual
une-O9,5M
The
dual Blope DAC is an
rdegraten type to A
CorVelèr Tt accuRacysquite
quile louo
high, even though he
peed operadion on
epeed

Tn dual Slope 0nc, tha analog ntd volbage

ano
a uNeaence Voltage Qaa bolh Cenveted Rrlo ume
periods
by eans an ntegaol, and as hen
eosued by maans a Courlery

Binsr
nbe grata
Compa rwo
CLOGIK

LSSH M5a
eupul

ag1
-

M-- SIope
Vokage Sope

RC

nC.
F 1- ef Auol alope
doagaam
the block
8heras
g
The
ange
Fntenaotes
erdt e
Boit
betuoeen
Le>ence
Cenbroil e
be n a g d v e

he
ied
Ceiooe
Celtoge nbegc
p
oler pud Euoite
+he
Hee te ve oltage
Fha CAn
l h e n

ferneel Boteb i s an
binanu Couritee
h h theinpd
Lohih 4
htch en
LohEch
the
Vollaastih appliea
doser
nd he,vottage
Soitch cleses en
OpexaLion
SLoitch CLose
ss apted
anole9
tunvteaf altage
4he Trilegsotot
n J oool
Cnicaaatet p Ppied od. he Te

do S 3ttCollags gven
=

The
Coxnpooalet - Tndegrto
ha
OtP
Votta9
the g e
Corpasale
an å ho
te Peliea
hrgh T t enablas
goez
e e z áeath tha Couaiter
the end peEcda, the S3 h

Courdex 9oes igh This osez the OIP he PPP

thodt the 'analeg3
D a k i n 1L positien 2 , and ConerBe
exence the Trgaer INV 3aron~nal
e

hegodire
Swsnioneo eltag
Ssleaere Vetaae
btnca eOlP Counte
ahich
the
mou
SAezat

foitngaatot
as h e TpD

Io he ntriolei
Lineasr
ocxea bes ewe, th Conpaaote Orp
Lonen eacke He NDrelis d e
goes oo and Caase
e 2coch
hhe c i e k piulaes
the Counlese- Couri Cemespending
a lime
at a
he Cou+lex* stop
nlewol
i e h g e loltoge
Chosge Voltoge

a ace. Hee

Ve -
T above eguo 1 sto he a l ebre
it-The
aopedionat
eamre

a
daedly
b e n c e

ootbog Cena
 e Countese alao
-
pmepodional Ao tha
tta arelog
arelog
Ogta otp o the
Coundan- a t eec]
Pavandages
T posesses
ts chaoP
a .high degaeee

Pexor ance
actnoeg
Chore not aGnzeley aqu.ctca

18.121 Single Slope AlD C

A single slope ADC is also called as single ramp ADC. The block diagram is
as shown in fig. 19.49.
1 MH7 clock

VN D-

Ramp Reset ControlRese Binary

8OUrce clrauit counter

T
Start Digital output
ADC
Fig. 19.49 : Single slope
 ltconsists of comparator, AND gate, counter, Ramp
&control
source &control
When start signal is applied to control circuit Vin analog input voltage is
1n
The control circuit resets Ramp source & binary counter. After reset
reset the
the
applrampied
comparo p
will
voltage will go on rising linearly from 0V. The comparator analog
voltage output ofcomms
nput with ramp voltage, as V is greater than ramp Comparato
will be +Vent: which will enable AND gate & will pass clock pulses to count
unter&
counter will start counting pulses.
of 1 V/ms & V = 2V, The output of comna,
If we select a ramp source parator
will be high for & after that ramp source will
2 ms
2V&
be greater than
2V &so
disable AND gate & clock
lock Dule
output of comparator will be V sat which will
-
pulses
are stopped from reaching counter.
In 2 ms with 1 MH clock source 2000 clock pulses will reach counter, if we
We
will be available
properly adjust the decimal point the analog input voltage in

digital form at output.

The change in output of comparator will be sensed by control circuit & wil
counter & ramp source.
generatea signal to take out the digital data, reset
The sensitivity of above method is dependent on ramp source, which varies
with temperature, time & input source. So instead of single slope a dual slope
technique is preferred.