Mathematics 10 Learning Activity Sheet

Union and Intersection of Events

Expectations:
Illustrates events, and union and intersection of events.

In a six-sided die experiment,

A represents the event that the number is even.
B represents the event that the number is a multiple of 3, and
C represents the event that the number is a multiple of 5.
Below is the representation using the Venn diagram.

1
A B C

2
6 3 5
4

In a die experiment, the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 since the

die has six faces. The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called
Sample space denoted by S. Therefore, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
How many elements are there in set S? There are 6 elements in set S, this
can be written as n(S) = 6 which is called the cardinality of a set.
In the Venn diagram, there are three events A, B, and C. Each event
consists of elements. The elements of the three events including the elements
outside the events is a universal set. Universal set denoted by (U) is a set
consisting of elements in the totality of all sets under consideration, therefore U =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
The elements of events A, B, and C are in U. In other words, events A, B,
and C are subsets of U.
What are the elements that are not in event A?
The elements 1, 3, and 5 are not in event A but it is in the universal set,
therefore they are the complement of event A denoted by A’ (read as A
complement). This can be written as A’ = {1, 3, 5}

What is the common element of events A and B?

The two events have a common element which is 6. It is the intersection of
the two events A and B, written as A ∩ B = {6}, a set of elements common to both
events A and B.
The intersection of events A and B is the set of all sample points in the sample
space that are in A and B. The intersection of events A and B is denoted as A ∩ B.
In other words, A ∩ B is the event that both events A and B occur.
A B

A ∩ B = { x|x ∈  A and x ∈  B}

What is A ∪ B?
The union of two events A or B, written as A  ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, the set of
elements that are found in event A, or event B, or both A and B.
Examples:
1. There are 10 chips numbered from 1 to 10 in a bag. A chip is drawn at
random from the bag. Let A be the event that the number is multiple of 3, B
be the event that a number is a prime number. Find the following:
a) A ∩ B
b) A  ∪ B
c) A’  ∪ B’
Solution:
A = {3, 6, 9}, B = {2, 3, 5, 7}

a) A ∩ B = {3, 6, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7} = {3}

b) A  ∪ B = {3, 6, 9}  ∪ {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9}
c) A’  ∪ B’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}  ∪ {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10} = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10}

2. Given: Q = {x: x is an even number, x <15} and T = {x: x is a multiple of 5, x

< 20}. Find the following:
a) Q ∩ T
b) Q  ∪ T
Solution:
Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} T = {5, 10, 15}

a) Q ∩ T = {10}
b) Q  ∪ T = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15}

3. The Venn diagram on the right shows the number of elements in set A and
B. If n(A  ∪ B) = 25, n(A ∩ B) = 7, and n(B) = 10. Find the value of x and y a)
n(A)
Solution:
A B
a) n(B) = 10 n(A ∪ B) = x + 7 + y
n(B) = 7 + y 25 = x + 7 + y x 7 y
10 = 7 + y 25 = x + 7 + 3
y=3 25 = x +
10
x = 15
Therefore, x = 15 and y = 3.

ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Answer the following:
Given: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, and C = {1, 6, 7}.
1. A ∩ B = ________________
2. B’ ∩ C’ = ________________
3. A U B = ________________
4. B’  ∪ C’ = ________________
5. (A  ∪ B)  C = ____________
 ACTIVITY 2:
Directions: Find the value of x and y in the given Venn diagram.

Simple Probability
Expectations
1. Define Probability
2. Find the probability of simple events

One of the oldest board games known, backgammon, is a two-player game

where each player has 15 checkers that move between 24 triangles according to the
roll of two dice. If you roll doubles in this game, you get to roll again. What is the
chance that you will roll doubles?
The table shows all the possible outcomes.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

There are 6 doubles out of the 36 possible outcomes. These are {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3),
(4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}. If the dice are fair, each outcome is equally likely to occur. What is the
chance that the double number will appear when dice are rolled? Notice the table has 6
doubles out of 36 possible outcomes. The chance of double number is or which is the
ratio of the favorable outcome over the possible outcome. The ratio of the favorable over
the possible outcomes is the process of getting the probability of an event.
 In a finite sample space S where each outcome is equally probable, the probability
of an event E, denoted by P(E), is given by;

The probability of the event of getting doubles when 2 dice are rolled is;

P(doubles) = =
Recall that the probability that an event will happen is between 0 and 1 inclusive.

A probability of 0 means that an event is impossible to happen.

Probability of 1 means that an event is certain to happen.
The closer a probability to 1, is the more likely to happen.
 2. A committee of two is to be chosen at random from a group of 5 students
consisting of 3 boys and 2 girls. What is the probability that a committee.
a) of two boys will be chosen? b) consisting of 1 boy and 1 girl will be chosen?

3. There are x red balls, 12 blue balls, and 2x + 4 white balls in a box. One ball is
selected at random from the box. If the probability that the selected ball is red is

equal to , what is the value of x? The selected ball is then put back into the box
and another ball is then selected. Find the probability that the selected ball will be
a) blue
b) not red

Activity 1:
Directions: Match the situation A with its probability in B
A B
(Situation) (Probability)

1. A sure event a)
2. A 50% chance b) 0
3. A chance of 75 out of 100 c)
0.01
4. An impossible event d) 1
5. A chance of 1 out of 100 e)
0.75
ACTIVITY 2:
Directions: Answer each of the following.

1. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of cards. Find the probability of drawing
a) a King c) a face card
b) a heart d) not a King
2. Three coins are tossed, what is the probability of each of the following events?
a) Three tails showing. c) No tails showing
b) At least one tail is showing e) No heads showing
3. One letter of the name “EXTRA” is selected at random. Find the probability that
the letter selected is
a) X c) a vowel
b) R d) a consonant
4. There are six ₱20 peso-bills, one ₱50 peso-bill, and three ₱100 peso-bills in a
wallet. If a peso bill is drawn from the wallet at random, find the probabilities of
the following events happening.
a) A ₱20 banknote is drawn
b) The face value of the banknote drawn is more than ₱40.

Probability of Two Events

Expectations:
1. Illustrates the probability of a union of two events.
2. Finds the probability of (A U B).

LESSON Oh no! I need

a 5 or 6!
I got 4!
Bobby and Chris are
playing a scrabble game. To
determine w ho will play first, they
decided to roll a die. Whoever gets
the higher number will put the
word first. Both players roll a die,
and Bobby rolls a 4. What is the
probability that Chris will play
first?

From the situation presented, let us find P(E) where E is the event that “the die shows
either 5 or 6”.
Let A be the event that the die shows a 5.
Let B be the event that the die shows a 6.
What is the probability of A?
What is the probability of B?
What is the probability of A and B? A or B?
 The probability of A is since there is only one 5 in the sample space of die,
same with the probability of 6 since there is only one 6 in the sample of a die.
How about the probability of A and B? A or B? When the events connected by
the conjunctions and or or, the events A and B are said to be a compound event.
A compound event consists of two or more simple events that are connected by
conjunctions and or or.
The probability of two events is found by adding the probability of each event.
P(A or B) = P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
If A and B are events in the same sample space, then the probability of A or B
occurring is:
P(A or B) = P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
If A and B is an empty set, then the probability of A or B occurring is:
P(A or B) = P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
So, from the situation the probability that “the die shows either 5 or 6” is:

P(A or B) = P(A∪B) = +

= or
Examples:
1. A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. Find
the probability that the card is
a) An Ace or a King
b) A heart or a queen
c) Neither a King nor a Queen

2. The probabilities of three teams, A, B, and C winning a volleyball competition

are , , and respectively. Assuming only one team can win, calculate the
probability that;

a) either A or B wins b)neither A nor C wins

 3. If there is a 30% chance of rain on Saturday, a 70% chance of rain on
Sunday, and a 21% chance of rain on Saturday and Sunday, what is the
probability that it will rain on either Saturday or Sunday?
Solution:
P(Saturday) = 0.30 and P(Sunday) = 0.70
P(Sat and Sun) = 0.21
P(Sat or Sun) = P(Sat) + P(Sun) – P(Sat and Sun)
= 0.30 + 0.70 – 0.21
= 1 – 0.21
= 0.79 or 79%
Therefore, the probability that it will rain during the weekend is 79%.

ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Consider the situation below and answer the questions that follow.
A bowl contains 15 chips numbered 1 to 15. If a chip is drawn randomly from
the bowl, what is the probability that it is

1. 7 or 15?
2. 5 or a number divisible by 3?
3. An even number or divisible by 3?
4. A number divisible by 3 or divisible by 4?
5. An odd or prime number?

ACTIVITY 2:
Directions: Find the probability of the given situations.

1. A box of miniature cars contains 6 red cars, 5 blue cars, and 7 black cars.
One car is drawn at random. What is the probability that it will be either
blue or black?
 2. Dario puts 44 marbles in a box in which 14 are red, 12 are blue, and 18 are
yellow. If Dario picks one marble at random, what is the probability that he
selects a red marble or yellow marble?

3. Rhian likes to wear colored shirts. She has 15 shirts in the closet. Five of
these are blue, four are in different shades of red, and the rest are of
different colors. What is the probability that she will wear a blue or a red
shirt?

4. Mario has 45 red chips, 12 blue chips, and 24 white chips. What is the
probability that Mario randomly selects a red chip or white chip?

Mutually Exclusive Events

Expectations:
1. To illustrate mutually exclusive events.
2. Find the probability of mutually exclusive events.

Could the two events A and B in the following situations can happen at the
same time? If yes, put a check (✓) in the box. If no, put a cross (x).

1) Event A: toss a coin and get “heads”.

Event B: toss a coin and get “tails”.

2) Event A: roll a dice and get a “1”.

Event B: roll a dice and get a “6”.

3) Event A: roll a dice and get a “2”.

Event B: roll a dice and get an even number.

4. A bag contains 2 yellow balls and 3 blue balls. A ball is drawn

from it.
Event A: You get a yellow ball.
Event B: You get a blue ball.

5) One student is selected as the class monitor.

Event A: John is selected as the monitor.
Event B: Peter is selected as the monitor.
In numbers 1, 2, 4, and 5 the two events cannot happen at the same time
since when you toss a coin you can only get head or tail but not both, while in
rolling a die you can only get 1 or 6 but not both, in getting a ball in a bag, you can
only get yellow or blue but not both, in choosing a class monitor, you can only
choose John or Peter but not both.

But in number 3, getting a 2 and an even number can happen at the same time.
Since 2 is an even number, if you get 2 you also get an even number.

Two events may or may not happen at the same time. Two events that cannot
happen at the same time is called Mutually Exclusive Events.
What is a Mutually Exclusive Event?
 Two events are Mutually Exclusive if both events cannot happen at the same time.
These events have no common elements.
Examples:
1. Illustrate and identify if the following events are mutually exclusive or not.

a. A card is drawn from a deck of standard playing cards.

Event A: An ace is drawn.
Event B: A king is drawn.

Solutions: A B

Events A and B are mutually exclusive since you can only get an ace or a king
but not both and there is no element in common.

b. A card is drawn from a deck of standard playing cards.

Event A: A heart is drawn.
Event B: A king is drawn.

Solutions: A B

Events A and B are not mutually exclusive or NON- mutually exclusive since
the king of hearts is common to both hearts and kings.
2. Find the indicated probability.

a. P(A) = 0.65, P(B) = 0.30, P(AUB) = 0.75, P(A B) = ?

P(A) = 0.55, P(B) = 0.35, P(A B) = 0.15, P(AUB) = ?

Solutions:
a. P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B) formula
0.75 = 0.65 + 0.30 - P(A B) substitution
0.75 = 0.95 - P(A B) simplifying
0.75 – 0.95 = - P(A B) APE
-0.20 = - P(A B) simplifying
0.20 = P(A B)
MPE
b. P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B) formula
= 0.55 + 0.35 – 0.15 substitution
= 0.75 simplifying
3. In a hospital, there are 9 nurses and 4 physicians. Five nurses and one
physician are males. If a person is selected from the staff, what is the
probability that the person is a nurse or female?
 Solutions:
Staff Females Males Total
Nurses 4 5 9
Physician 3 1 4
Total 7 6 13

Based on the table, we see that there are 9 nurses and 7 females. Some staffs
(4) are both nurses and females.
P(nurse or female)= P(nurse) + P(female) – P(nurse and female)
= + -
=

4.16 people study French, 21 study Spanish and there are 30 altogether.
Find the probability of people who study French only.

Solutions:

This is an example of non-mutually exclusive events since you can study French
and Spanish at the same time. Let b be the number of students who study French
and Spanish. French only will be 16 – b, Spanish only will be 21 – b.
French Spanish

16 -b b 21 -b

ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Write (ME) if the given pair of events are mutually exclusive and write (I)
if it is Non-Mutually Exclusive.
__________1. Drawing a 5 or 8 from a standard deck of cards.
__________2. Getting a grade of 90 in Math and a grade of 90 in English.
__________3. A person works in Davao and an Ilongo.
__________4. A person is watching TV and sleeping.
__________5. Rolling a fair die and getting an even number or a multiple of 6.
 ACTIVITY 2:
A. Directions. For numbers 1 and 2. Events A and B are mutually exclusive. Find
the missing probability.
__________1. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A or B) = ?
__________2. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A or B) = ?
__________3. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A or B) = , P(A and B) = ?
__________4. P(A) = , P(A or B) = , P(A and B) = , P(not B) = ?
__________5. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A or B) = , P(A and B) = ?

B. Directions: Consider each problem below. Determine whether the events are mutually
exclusive or not mutually exclusive. Then, find the probability.
__________1. Mario has 45 red chips, 12 blue chips, and 24 white chips. What is the
probability that Mario randomly selects a red chip or a white chip?
__________2. Of 240 students, 176 are on the honor roll, 48 are members of the varsity team, and
36 are in the honor roll and are also members of the varsity team. What is the probability that a
randomly selected student is on the honor roll or is a member of the varsity team?