Performance-Based Design

of Structures
(Pushover Analysis)
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed
Faculty of Engineering at Mataria, Helwan
University
Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian Chinese
University
 OVERVIEW
▪ Introduction
▪ Force-Based Design V.S. Displacement-Based Design
▪ Performance-Based Design
▪ Methods for Earthquake Analysis
• Linear Analysis
Equivalent Static Analysis (single mode method)
Response Spectrum Analysis (multimode method)
• Nonlinear Analysis
Nonlinear Static Push-Over Analysis
Nonlinear Time History Analysis
▪ Overall steps for performance assessment
- Capacity Spectrum Methods (CSM)
- Displacement Coefficient Methods (DCM)
▪ Pushover in software.

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Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 Introduction
• In early days of designing buildings to resist earthquakes, an earthquake-induced lateral force was thought to be the root cause of the
earthquake problem. Designers observed that buildings performed well, if they were designed for lateral forces.

• The first measure of consciously designing for earthquake effects, designers took 10% of the weight of the building and applied it as a
lateral force on the building (distributed along the height), but 10% force was too penalising for taller build|ings).

• Around that time, understanding grew on the ground motions , and it was learnt that different buildings respond differently to the
same ground shaking.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

The design lateral force was now taken as a function of the fundamental natural period T of the building.
𝐶𝑉 . 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑻

This was not sufficient, many buildings showed brittle performance, i.e., collapsed suddenly in
low seismic regions.

This was the beginning of understanding the importance of introducing ductility in buildings. But, the
method of introducing ductility was prescriptive; it was based on limited laboratory tests performed on
structural elements and sub-assemblages.
𝐶𝑉 . 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑹. 𝑇

The above also was found insufficient, when buildings did not collapse, but were rendered not-usable after many strong earthquakes.

Performance of buildings during and after the earthquake came into focus. And, this was the beginning of a displacement-based design of
buildings.

Then, it was clear that imposed lateral displacement was the root cause of the earthquake problem and not any lateral force.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Force-Based Design

▪ The structure is strong enough to resist ▪ The external load act as the demand and the structure
the external loads with elastic behavior. strength act as the capacity.
▪ Provide enough stiffness to satisfy ▪ Check demand vs. capacity at the component level.
serviceability requirements (control ▪ If the force demand < force capacity for all
deflections and vibrations) components, the design is ok.
▪ Use linear analysis to calculate demands.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Earthquake Forces are Different

For a small earthquake:-

A structure will usually be designed to
remain elastic.

For a large earthquake:-

It is uneconomical to design the
structure to remain elastic, and it is
common practice to allow substantial,
inelastic behavior.
The elastic strength demand on a
structure is likely to exceed its strength
capacity.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Displacement-Based Design
▪ Check at the component and structure level.
▪ If deformation demand < deformation capacity for all components, the design is ok.
▪ Deformation demands must be calculated using nonlinear analysis, because the structure can yield.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Performance-Based Design

▪ Conventional design codes do not

explicitly establish a performance level.
▪ It is implied that a design that satisfies
the code will not collapse in strong
earthquake, but this is not explicitly
stated.
▪ Performance based design seeks to The amount of inelastic behavior that is allowed in
provide reasonable assurance that a a structure can depend on the required level of
design will satisfy a specific performance performance; For earthquake resistant design,
level . three commonly used performance levels.
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 Building performance levels and damage states

Immediate Occupancy (IO):

• Little or no damage.
• Only a small amount of inelastic behaviour
is allowed.
• Elastic analysis should be sufficient.
Life Safety (LS):
• Some damage, few or no injuries.
• A larger amount of inelastic behavior is
allowed.
Collapse Prevention (CP):
• More damage, no collapse.
• Substantial inelastic behavior is allowed,
close to the ductile limit.
• Inelastic analysis may be needed.

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Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 Seismic Design Criteria

Design Earthquake Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

(Moderate Earthquake) (Major Earthquake) (Severe Earthquake)
Performance Level No Damage Repairable Damage No Collapse
Column Deformation Elastic Rotation<0.01 radians Rotation<0.02 radians
(FEMA 273 P. 6-20)
Beam Deformation
Elastic Rotation<0.02 radians Rotation<0.025 radians
(FEMA 273 P. 6-19)

Allowable Drift Index 0.005 0.010 0.02

Δ/H
Performance Level Immediate Occupancy Life Safety Collapse Prevention

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Earthquake Level

Level of Earthquake Loads FEMA Qualitative Probability of Returned Period PGA

Description Occurrence in 50 years (years) (g)
Level 1 Occasional 50% 72 0.12
Frequently level
Level 2 Rare 10% 475 0.25
Design intensity level
Level 3 Very rare 2% 2475 0.5
Severity level

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Acceptance Criteria
▪ When a concrete element undergoes large deformations in the post-yield stage, it is assumed that the entire
deformation takes place at a point called “plastic hinge”.
▪ The color of hinges indicate the state of the hinge.

▪ Five points labeled A, B, C, D, and E define the force

deformation behavior of a plastic hinge.
➢ Point A is the origin,
➢ Point B is the yield point,

➢ Point C is the ultimate point and

➢ points D and E are measures of residual strength and

displacement capacity.
▪ Three points labelled Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life Safety
(LS) and (CP) Collapse Prevention are used to define the
acceptance criteria for the plastic hinge as per FEMA and ATC 40.
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 Concept of Energy Stored and Energy Dissipation
The distinction between stored “absorbed” energy and dissipated energy

Elastic Elastic
deformation deformation

Inelastic
deformation

The system remains elastic and all of the strain energy The applied deformation is greater than the elastic
is stored. If the bar were released, all of the energy deformation and, hence, the system yields. The energy shown
would be recovered. in green is stored, but the energy shown in red is dissipated.

If the bar is unloaded, the stored energy

is recovered, but the dissipated energy is
lost.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Pushover Analysis
Elastic-SDOF

Acceleration
Elastic Force
ξ = 5%

U(t)
k

Displacement T Period

Inelastic-SDOF

Acceleration
Force

ξ = 5%
ξ  5%
Displacement
we can solve nonlinear as equivalent U(t)

linear by different damping. T

Hysteretic Loops Period

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Computing Damping Ratio from Damping Force and Elastic Force

𝑈 = 𝑢 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑈ሶ
𝑈ሶ = 𝑢𝜔 cos 𝜔 𝑡 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝑢𝜔 cos 𝜔 𝑡
𝑈ሷ = −𝑢𝜔2 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝑢𝜔 1 − sin2 𝜔 𝑡
𝑈
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝑢𝜔 1 − ( )2
𝑢
𝐹𝐷 2 𝑈2
+ =1
𝐶𝑢𝜔 2 𝑢2

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Elastic-MDOF

Acceleration
Elastic Force
ξ = 5%

U(t)
k

Displacement T Period

Inelastic-MDOF

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 We can create Hysteretic Loops from Monotonic Loading

Base Shear Base Shear

Displacement
demand

Roof Roof
Displacement Displacement

Acceleration

ξ = 5%
ξ  5%
U(t)

T
Period
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Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 loading pattern:
Loading pattern should produce a deflected shape in the structure similar to that it would undergo in
earthquake response.
➢ Inverse triangular

➢ Applying Ground Acceleration

−m4 Ug m4 Ug

−m 3 Ug m3 Ug

−m 2 Ug m2 Ug

− m1 U g m1 U g

Ug − Ug
18

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Load control and displacement control

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Overall Steps for Performance Assessment

• The push over analysis just gives a pushover curve

• For performance evaluation the performance point (target displacement) must be determined.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Overall Steps for Performance Assessment
1- Create a nonlinear computer model of the building:

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

2- Apply gravity loads :

D.L. + ψ L.L.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

3- Apply lateral loads to the structure

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
The color of hinges indicate the state of the hinge.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Performance estimation
Both the ATC-40 and FEMA 356 documents present similar performance-based engineering methods that rely
on nonlinear static analysis procedures for prediction of structural demands. They differ in the technique
used to calculate the global inelastic displacement demand (performance point; target displacement) for a
given ground motion.

Capacity-Spectrum Method The Coefficient Method

(ATC-40) (FEMA 356)
Displacement demand (performance point) is Displacement demand (target
determined from the intersection of a capacity displacement) is calculated by
curve, derived from the pushover curve, with a modifying elastic predictions of
demand curve that consists of the smoothed displacement demand.
response spectrum representing the design
ground motion, modified to account for
hysteretic damping effects.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Capacity Spectrum Method from ATC‐40
1- Capacity curve
▪ Convert the capacity curve (the base shear versus roof displacement relationship) to the capacity
spectrum, ADRS (Sa – Sd relationship) using the dynamic properties of the structure.
▪ To make the transformation. (Refer ATC-40, Volume-1, p-8.9).

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 2- Demand curve
▪ Demand curve is a representation of the earthquake ground motion, it is given by spectral acceleration (Sa) Vs. Time
period (T).
▪ Convert Demand curve (traditional spectrum-Sa Vs T format) into demand spectrum (acceleration displacement
response spectrum-Sa Vs Sd format), so that the capacity curve can be plotted on the same axes as the seismic demand.
▪ In ADRS format, period is represented by radial lines emanating from the origin.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 3- Performance Point
Once the pushover curve and response spectrum are plotted together in ADRS format, iteration is required to
determine the maximum inelastic displacement, called the performance point.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
 Displacement Coefficient Method
from FEMA 356 / ASCE 41
Bilinear Approximation of Push-Over Curve
Most push-over methods use a bilinear approximation
of the actual push-over curve. This figure shows the
FEMA 356 procedure.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Pushover in Software
1) Create the Model

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dimensioning and reinforcement of building elements

The seismic characteristics of the Cairo city

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

2) Define Load Patterns

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

3) Define Load Cases (GRAVITY, PUSH X and PUSH Y)

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 GRAVITY

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 PUSH X

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 PUSH Y

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

4) Assign Auto Plastic hinges to Beams
Select all the beam elements
Select “ASSIGN” → “FRAME” → “HINGES”

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Select all the column elements
Select “ASSIGN” → “FRAME” → “HINGES”

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design
5) Run analysis for PUSH X and PUSH Y and GRAVITY

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

6) Results and discussion

Pushover curve: in X-direction

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Pushover curve: in Y-direction

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Performance point X-direction

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 Performance point Y-direction

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 The overall performance of
Pushover curve, demand spectrum
building acts like CP
and performance point under
applied acceleration of 0.15 g

Pushover result
(x-direction loading)

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

History of formation of plastic hinges under 0.15 g acceleration in x-direction.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

 The overall performance of
Pushover curve, demand spectrum building acts like collapse
and performance point under
applied acceleration of 0.3 g

Pushover result
(x-direction loading)

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

History of formation of plastic hinges under 0.3 g acceleration in x-direction.

The lower columns yields

exceeding collapse condition C

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Performance-Based Design

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed