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8 Fallacies

This document defines and provides examples of several logical fallacies: - Dicto Simpliciter treats general rules as universally true regardless of circumstances. - Hasty Generalization makes claims based on insufficient evidence from just one or two examples. - Post Hoc Fallacy assumes that because B follows A, A caused B. - Contradictory Premises draws conclusions from inconsistent premises. - Ad Misericordiam appeals to emotion rather than reason. - False Analogy claims two things alike in one way must be alike in another. - Hypothesis Contrary to Fact treats hypothetical past/future scenarios as facts. - Poisoning the Well aims to discredit a target

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Zain Mehmood
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104 views2 pages

8 Fallacies

This document defines and provides examples of several logical fallacies: - Dicto Simpliciter treats general rules as universally true regardless of circumstances. - Hasty Generalization makes claims based on insufficient evidence from just one or two examples. - Post Hoc Fallacy assumes that because B follows A, A caused B. - Contradictory Premises draws conclusions from inconsistent premises. - Ad Misericordiam appeals to emotion rather than reason. - False Analogy claims two things alike in one way must be alike in another. - Hypothesis Contrary to Fact treats hypothetical past/future scenarios as facts. - Poisoning the Well aims to discredit a target

Uploaded by

Zain Mehmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dicto Simpliciter:

              Dicto Simpliciter is a fallacy in which a general rule or observation is treated as universally true regardless
of the circumstances or the individuals concerned.It is an argument based on an unqualified generalization.

Example:

 Exercise is Good.Therefore everybody should exercise.


 The STORK with one leg.

Hasty Generalisation:

          It is sometimes the over-generalization fallacy.It is basically making a claim based on evidence that it just
too small.Essentially,you can’t make a claim and say that something is true if you have only an example or two as
evidence.

Example:
 When one makes a Hasty Generalisation ,he applies a belief to a larger populationthan he should based
on the information that he has.
 Sometimes teenagers in our community recently vandalized the park downtown.Teenagers are so
irresponsible and destructive.

Post Hoc Fallacy:

         The fallacy is generally referred to by the shorter phrase,”post hoc”.It means “after this,therefore because
of this”.

Example:
 Our soccer team was losing until I bought new shoes.
 Every time that rooster crows,the sun comes up.That rooster must be very powerful and important!
Contradictory Premises:
Contradictory premises involve an argument (generally considered a logical fallacy) that draws a conclusion from
inconsistent or incompatible premises. Essentially, a proposition is contradictory when it asserts and denies the
same thing.

Examples:
 My sister is jealous of me because I'm an only child. 
 Nobody goes to that restaurant because it’s too crowded.
Ad Misericordiam:
Ad misericordiam is an argument based on a strong appeal to the emotions. Also known as argumentum ad
misericordiam or appeal to pity or misery.
When an appeal to sympathy or pity is highly exaggerated or irrelevant to the issue at hand, ad misericordiam is
regarded as a logical fallacy.
Examples:
 You should not find the defendant guilty of murder, since it would break his poor mother's heart to see
him sent to jail

False Analogy:
A type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which the fact that two things are alike in one respect leads
to the invalid conclusion that they must be alike in some other respect.

Examples:
 People who cannot go without their coffee every morning are no better than alcoholics.
 The private school down the street has better teachers and children get a better education because 100%
of their seniors get into a college. (Reality: The private school only has to accept some students, not all.)

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact:


Offering a poorly supported claim about what might have happened in the past or future, if (the hypothetical part)
circumstances or conditions were different.  The fallacy also entails treating future hypothetical situations as if they
are fact.

Examples:
 John, if you would have taken a shower more often, you would still be dating Tina.
 If you took that course on CD player repair right out of high school, you would be doing well and gainfully
employed right now.

Poisoning the Well:


Poisoning the well (or attempting to poison the well) is a type of informal fallacy where adverse information about
a target is preemptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing something that
the target person is about to say.

Examples:
 In a political campaign, candidate 2 presents negative information about candidate 1 (true or false) so that
anything that candidate says will be discounted.

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