Analogue and Digital Communication Lab

(EL-323)

LABORATORY MANUAL

Dr.Waqas Bin Abbas

Engr. Fakhar Abbas
IMPLEMENTATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATOR
AND DEMODULATOR
(LAB # 02)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2020

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. Fakhar Abbas Version: 2.01

Verified by: Dr. Waqas Bin Abbas Updated: Fall 2020
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
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Lab # 02: IMPLEMENTATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATON
AND DEMODULATION
Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the waveform of Amplitude modulated signal
2. To understand frequency spectrum of Amplitude modulated signal
3. To Analyze modulation percentage
4. To understand the theory of amplitude demodulation
5. To implement the diode detection amplitude demodulation
6. To implement the product detection amplitude demodulation

Equipment Required:
1. ETEK Function Generator Board (Power Supply)
2. ETEK DA-2000-02
3. Function Generator Siglent SDG1010
4. Oscilloscope
Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation (AM), we utilize the amplitude of audio signal to modulate the
amplitude of carrier signal, which means that the amplitude of carrier signal will be varied
with amplitude of audio signal.

Let the audio signal be Amcos(2*pi*fm*t) and carrier signal be Accos(2*pi*fc*t), then the
amplitude modulated signal can be expressed as
u(t) = [ ADC + Amcos(2*pi*fm*t) ] Accos(2*pi*fc*t)

u(t) =ADCAC[ 1 + a*cos(2*pi*fm*t) ]cos(2*pi*fc*t)

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2.1: Signal waveform of Amplitude Modulation

Where
a = Am / ADC
ADC: DC signal magnitude
Am: Audio signal amplitude
Ac: Carrier signal amplitude
fm: Audio signal frequency
fc: Carrier signal frequency
a: Modulation index or depth of modulation.
There is an important parameter “a”. Normally it is represented in percentage so we also
call modulation percentage. The definition is as follows:
a = (Audio signal amplitude / DC signal magnitude) x 100%

a = Am / ADC x 100%

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2.2: Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Signal

Generally the magnitude of DC signal is not easy to measure, therefore we express the
modulation index in another form

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
a= 𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
where
Emax = AC + Am
Emin = AC - Am

We know that at amplitude modulation, the audio signal is hidden in the double sidebands,
so if the double sideband signals are getting stronger, the transmission efficiency is getting
better. Double sideband signals are proportional to modulation index. Thus the larger
modulation index, the better the transmission efficiency. Normally the modulation index is
smaller or equal to 1. If greater than 1, we call it over modulation.

In this experiment, we utilize the balanced modulator MC1496 to implement amplitude

modulator. Follow the variation of input signal frequency, the balanced modulator
(MC1496) can become a frequency multiplier, amplitude modulator or double sidebands
suppressed carrier modulator (DSB-SC Modulator).

Figure 6.3 shows the internal circuit of MC1496, where D1, R1, R2, R3, Q6 and Q8
comprise an electric current source, which can supply DC bias current for Q5 and Q6.
They both comprise a differential combination to drive the dual differential amplifiers
constructed by Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Pin 1 and 4 are thus the inputs of audio signal; pin 8
and 10 are the inputs of carrier signal. Resistor between pin 2 and 3 controls the gain of the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
balances modulator; the resistor on pin 5 determines the magnitude of bias current for
amplifier.

Figure 2.3: Internal circuit diagram of MC1496

Figure below is the circuit diagram of amplitude modulation. We can see the carrier signal
and audio signal belong to single ended point. The carrier signal input form pin 10 and the
audio signal input from pin 1. Therefore R8 determines the gain of overall circuit and R9
determine the magnitude of bias current. If we adjust the variable resistor VR1 or change
the amplitude of audio signal, then we can control the percentage modulation of amplitude
modulation.

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2.4: Circuit diagram of Amplitude Modulation

TASK 01:
1. Refer to ETEK DA-2000-02 module, let J1 and J3 short circuit, J2 and J4 open circuit.
2. At audio signal input port (I/P2), input 600 mV amplitude , 5 KHz sine wave frequency; at
carrier signal input port (I/P1), input 600 mV , 200 KHz sine wave frequency.
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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveform at amplitude modulation signal
output port (O/P).
4. Adjut VR1, until the modulation index reaches 50% , record the measured results of output
signal waveform in table 1.
5. Observe on output signal waveform and record the measured results in table 1.

Vc = 600 mV , fc = 200 KHz , fm = 5 KHz , Vary Vm (600 mV and 300 mV)

Audio Frequency Spectrum Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Signal Percentage
Amplitude

Emax =
Emin =

Emax =
Emin =

TASK 02:
Vm = 600 mV , fc = 200 KHz , fm = 5 KHz , Vary Vc (300 mV, 1200 mV)

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
Carrier Frequency Spectrum Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Signal Percentage
Amplitude

Emax =
Emin =

Emax =
Emin =

Amplitude Demodulation

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
From previous section, we know that amplitude modulation utilizes the amplitude of audio
signal to modulate high frequency carrier signal. Therefore, when we receive the amplitude
modulated signal, we need to rerstore the audio signal. Figure-1 is the theory diagram of
amplitude modulation. Normally detector can be classified as synchronous detector and
asynchronous detector.

Figure 2.5: The theory diagram of Amplitude Demodulation

Diode Detector for Amplitude Demodulation:

Since amplitude modulation utilizes the audio signal to modulate carrier signal, which
means the variation of carrier signal amplitude is followed by the change of audio signal
amplitude. Hence the objective of amplitude demodulator is to take out the variation
envelop detection from amplitude modulation signal.

Figure 2.6: The block diagram of Rectification Demodulation

Figure-2.6 is the block diagram of rectification demodulator. This circuit is a tupical

asynchronous detector. It rectifies the amplitude modulation signal and obtains the positive
half wave signal. After that, the signal will pass through a low-pass filter and obtain an
envelop detection. Then get rid of the DC signal, the audio signal will be recurred.

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2.7: The circuit diagram of Diode Detector

Figure-3 is the circuit diagram of diode detector, in which R1, R2, R3, R4, U1 & U2 form
two groups of inverting amplifiers to amplify the input signal; D1 is the rectifier diode
which can make the amplitude modulation signal become a positive half signal; C2, C3 &
R5 comprise a low-pass filter to remove the envelop detection signal of audio signal which
includes the DC level; then finally the objective of C4 is to block the DC level and we can
obtain a pure audio signal at the output port.

Product Detector for Amplitude Demodulation:

Figure 2.8: MC1496 internal structure circuit diagram

The amplitude can be implemented by utilizing a balanced modulator. We can call this
type of modulator as synchronous detector or product detector. Figure-6.8 is the internal
circuit diagram of MC1496 balanced modulator. Let u(t) be the amplitude modulated
signal, xc(t) be the carrier signal, i.e.:

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
u(t) = ADC[1 + m*cos(2*pi*fm*t) ][Accos(2*pi*fc*t)]

Xc(t) = AC*cos(2*pi*fc*t)

When these two signals input into two differential ports of a balanced modulator, then the
balanced modulator output signal is as follow:

xout(t) = k*xc(t)u(t)

xout(t) = k*ADCAC2 [1 + m*cos(2*pi*fm*t) ] [cos2(2*pi*fc*t)]

kADC A2c kADC A2c *m* cos(2*pi*fm*t) kADC A2c *[1 + m cos(2*pi*fm*t)] cos[2(2*pi*fc*t)]
xout (t)= + +
2 2 2

Where k represents the gain of a balanced modulator. The first term is the DC signal,
second is the audio signal and the third term is the second harmonic of amplitude
modulater signal. If we can take out the second term from xout(t), then we can obtain the
exact amplitude demodulated signal or audio signal.

Figure 2.9: The circuit diagram of Product Detector

Figure-5 is the circuit diagram of product detector. VR1 controls the input magnitude of
carrier signal; VR2 controls the input magnitude of amplitude magnitude signal; then the
output signal of MC1496 is located at pin 12. C7, C9 & R9 comprise a low-pass filter
which can remove the unwanted the third term from xout(t). The DC signal can be blocked
by C10. Then the remaining xout(t) will be:

kADC A2c *m* cos(2*pi*fm*t)

xout (t) =
2

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
These two types of detectors have its own advantages and disadvantages. As for diode
detector, which is asynchronous detector, its circuit is simple but the performances are not
better as product detector. However for product detector, which is a synchronous detector,
it has good performance but the circuit is more complicated than diode detector,
Furthermore it also requires synchronous for both carrier signal & amplitude modulated
signal, otherwise it will affect the quality of output signal.

Experiment 1: Diode detector of amplitude demodulation

6. Utilize the amplitude modulator from lab 4 or refer to ETEK DA 2000-02 module, produce
an amplitude modulated signal as the amplitude modulated signal source in this
experiment.
7. From the input amplitude modulator, adjust the amplitude and frequency of carrier signal
to 600 mV and 200 KHz sine wave, and also adjust the amplitdue and frequency of audio
signal to 600 mV and 5 KHz sine wave.
8. Then adjust the VR1 of amplitude modulator to obtain the largest output amplitude
modulated signal.
9. Connect the output signal of the amplitude modulator to the input port (I/P) of the diode
detector circuit.
10. By using the oscillocsope and switching to DC channel, observe on the amplified signal
waveform and output waveform of diode detection, record the measured results in table-1
below.
11. Change the frequency of audio signal to 10 KHz and 20 KHz, the others remain the same,
and then repeat step 5.
12. From the input of amplitude modulator, adjust the amplitude and frequency of carrier
signal to 1V and 300 KHz sine wave, and also adjust the amplitdue and frequency of audio
signal to 1V and 20 KHz sine wave.
13. Then adjust the VR1 of amplitude modulator to obtain the largest output amplitude
modulated signal.
14. By using the oscillocsope and switching to DC channel, observe on the amplified signal
waveform and output waveform of diode detection, record the measured results in table-2
below.
15. Change the frequency of audio signal to 15 KHz, the others remain the same, and then
repeat step 9.

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
Task 01: (Table-1)
Vc = 600 mV, fc = 200 KHz , Vm = 600 mV , Vary fm (5 KHz, 10 KHz,20 KHz)
Audio Signal Input Signal Waveforms Detector Output Signal Waveforms
Frequencies

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 2:Product detector of amplitude demodulation
1. Utilize the amplitude modulator from lab 4 or refer to ETEK DA 2000-02 module, produce
an amplitude modulated signal as the amplitude modulated signal source in this
experiment.
2. From the input amplitude modulator, adjust the amplitude and frequency of carrier signal
to 600 mV and 200 KHz sine wave, and also adjust the amplitdue and frequency of audio
signal to 600 mV and 5 KHz sine wave.
3. Then adjust the VR1 of amplitude modulator untill the modulation index reaches 50%
4. Connect the output signal of amplitude modulator to the input port (I/P2) of product
detector and connect the same carrier signal from amplitude modulation to the carrier input
port (I/P1) of product detector.
5. By using the oscillocsope and switching to DC channel, observe on the amplified signal
waveform and output waveform of diode detection, record the measured results in table-3
below.
6. Change the frequency of audio signal to 5 KHz and 10 KHz, the others remain the same,
and then repeat step 5.
7. From the input of amplitude modulator, adjust the amplitude and frequency of carrier
signal to 1V and 300 KHz sine wave, and also adjust the amplitdue and frequency of audio
signal to 1V and 20 KHz sine wave.
8. Then adjust the VR1 of amplitude modulator untill the modulation index reaches 50%
9. By using the oscillocsope and switching to DC channel, observe on the amplified signal
waveform and output waveform of diode detection, record the measured results in table-4
below.
10. Change the frequency of audio signal to 15 KHz and 10 KHz, the others remain the same,
and then repeat step 9.

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________

TASK 02: (Table-2)

Vm = 600 mV, Vc = 600 mV , fc = 200 KHz , m = 50%, Vary fm (5 KHz, 10 KHz, 20 kHz)
Audio Signal Input Signal Waveforms Detector Output Signal Waveforms
Frequencies

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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL-323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2020
02
____________________________________________________________________________________
Answer the following questions in detail:
1. Define Conventional AM mathematically and draw its spectrum in case of 50%
modulation index and 100% modulation index?

2. When modulation index is 50%. What is the ratio of Emax and Emin.

3. What are objectives of variable resistor VR1 in balanced modulator.

4. What is the condition of over modulation and what is it’s drawback?

5. What will be modulation index of AM signal 𝑢(𝑡) if all spectral components have same
magnitude, i-e; magnitude of 𝑈(𝑓) at at 𝑓𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 is same.

6. What is the purpose of 𝑅8 in balanced modulator?

7. In balanced modulator, which componets serve the pupose of Electric current sournce.

8. In Figure 2.9, what are the objectives of VR1 and VR2.

9. In Figure 2.9, what are the objectives of R5 and R6, and R9,C7and C9.

10. Can you elaborate the difference between two demolators mentioned above? Which one is
better and why? You can explain by comparing different aspects of the demodulators.

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