Analogue and Digital Communication Lab

(EL-323)

LABORATORY MANUAL

Dr. Waqas Bin Abbas

Engr. Fakhar Abbas
Analogue Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation using
Matlab
(LAB # 04)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2019

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. M. Asim, Version: 2.01

Last Edited by: Engr. Fakhar Abbas
Verified by: Dr. Waqas Bin Abbas Updated: Fall 2019
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lab#04: Analogue Amlitude Modulation and Demodulation using Matlab
Learning Objectives:
1. Implementation of different analogue AM modulations Schemes in MATLAB
2. Implementation of different analogue AM demodulations Schemes in MATLAB
3. Comparing the performance of various analog amplitude modulation-demodulation schemes
Equipment Required:
1. PC
2. Matlab

In this lab we will study the performance of various analog amplitude modulation-demodulation schemes,
both in the presence and in the absence of additive noise. Systems studied in this chapter include
amplitude-modulation (AM) schemes, such as DSB-AM, SSB-AM, and conventional AM. Each member of
the class of analog modulation systems is characterized by five basic properties:
1. Time-domain representation of the modulated signal
2. Frequency-domain representation of the modulated signal
3. Bandwidth of the modulated signal
4. Power content of the modulated signal
5. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after demodulation

A)Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation (AM), which is frequently referred to as linear modulation, is
the family of modulation schemes in which the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier ischanged as a function of
the modulating signal. This class of modulation schemesconsists of DSB-AM (double-sideband amplitude
modulation), conventional amplitude modulation, SSB-AM (single-sideband amplitude modulation), and
VSB-AM(vestigial-sideband amplitude modulation). The dependence between the modulatingsignal and
the amplitude of the modulated carrier can be very simple, as, for example,in the DSB-AM case, or much
more complex, as in SSB-AM or VSB-AM. Amplitude-modulation systems are usually characterized by a
relatively low bandwidth requirement and power inefficiency in comparison to the angle-modulation
schemes. Thebandwidth requirement for AM systems varies between W and 2W, where W denotesthe
bandwidth of the message signal. For SSB-AM the bandwidth is W, for DSB-AM and conventional AM
the bandwidth is 2W, and for VSB-AM the bandwidthis between W and 2W. These systems are widely
used in broadcasting (AM radioand TV video broadcasting), point-to-point communication (SSB), and
multiplexingapplications (for example, transmission of many telephone channels over microwavelinks).
1) DSB-AM:
In DSB-AM, the amplitude of the modulated signal is proportional to the message signal. This means that
the time-domain representation of the modulated signal is given by
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
u(t )= AC m(t) cos(2 π f C t)
Where
c (t)=A C cos(2 π f C t)
is the carrier and m(t) is the message signal. The frequency-domain representation of the DSB-AM signal
is obtained by taking the Fourier transform of u(t) and results in
AC AC
U ( f )= M ( f −fc)+ M ( f + fc)
2 2
where M(f) is the Fourier transform of m(t). Obviously, this type of modulation results in a shift of ±fc and
a scaling of Ac/2 in the spectrum of the message signal. The transmission bandwidth, denoted by Bt, is
twice the bandwidth of the message signal:
BT =2W
A typical message spectrum and the spectrum of the corresponding DSB-AM modulated signal are shown
in below given Figure

The power content of the modulated signal is given by

AC 2
P u= P
2 m
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Page 3 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
T
2
1
where Pm =lim
T→∞ T
∫ m2 (t) dt
−T
2

Pm is called the power content of message signal.

Block diagram of DSB-SC is given below.

2) Convention
al AM:
In many respects
conventional AM is
quite similar to DSB-
AM; the only
difference is that in
conventional AM, m(t) is substituted with [1+ a mn(t )], where m n (t) is the normalized message signal (i.e.,
¿ mn (t )∨¿ 1 and a is the index of modulation, which is a positive constant between 0 and 1. Thus we have
u(t )= AC [1+a mn (t)]cos (2 π f c t)
And
U ( f )= AC [δ (f −fc)+a M n (f −fc)+ δ (f + fc)+ a M n (f + fc)]

The net effect of scaling the message signal and adding a constant to it is that the term [1+ a m n(t)] is
always positive. This makes the demodulation of these signals much easier by employing envelope
detectors. Note the existence of the sinusoidal component at the frequency fc in U(f). This means that a
(usually substantial) fraction of the transmitted power is in the signal carrier that does not really serve the
transmission of information. This fact shows that compared to DSB-AM, conventional AM is a less
economical modulation scheme in terms of power utilization. The bandwidth, of course, is equal to the
bandwidth of DSB-AM and is given by
BT =2W
Typical frequency-domain plots of the message and the corresponding conventional
AM signal are shown in below given Figure:

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________

The power content of the modulated signal, assuming that the message signal is azero-mean signal, is
AC 2 2
given by Pu= (1+ a P ¿¿ mn )¿
2
A C2 A C2 2
which comprises two parts, , which denotes the power in the carrier, and a Pm which is the power
2 2 n

in the message-bearing part of the modulated signal. This is the power that is really used to transmit the
message. The ratio of thepower that is used to transmit the message to the total power in the modulated
signal iscalled the modulation efficiency and is defined by
a2 Pm
η= n

1+ a2 Pm n

Because¿ m n (t )∨¿ < 1 and a < 1, we always have η< 0.5. In practice, however, thevalue of η is around 0.1.

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Page 5 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
B) Demodulation of AM Signals
Demodulation is the process of extracting the message signal from the modulated signal. The
demodulation process depends on the type of modulation employed. ForDSB-AM and SSB-AM, the
demodulation method is coherent demodulation, whichrequires the existence of a signal with the same
frequency and phase of the carrier atthe receiver. For conventional AM, envelope detectors are used for
demodulation. Inthis case precise knowledge of the frequency and the phase of the carrier at the receiveris
not crucial, so the demodulation process is much easier. Coherent demodulation forDSB-AM and SSB-
AM consists of multiplying (mixing) the modulated signal by a sinusoidal with the same frequency and
phase of the carrier and then passing the productthrough a lowpass filter. The oscillator that generates the
required sinusoidal at thereceiver is called the local oscillator.
1) DSB-AM Demodulation:
In the DSB case the modulated signal is given by AC m(t) cos ¿), which, whenmultiplied by cos ¿), (or
mixed with cos ¿)) results in
AC AC
y (t)=A C m(t) cos(2 π f c t)cos (2 π f c t )= m(t)+ m(t) cos (4 π f c t)
2 2
where y(t) denotes the mixer output, and its Fourier transform is given by
AC AC AC
Y ( f )= M (f )+ M (f −2 f c )+ M (f +2 f c )
2 4 4
AC
As it can be seen, the mixer output has a lowpass component of M (f ) and high frequency components
2
in the neighborhood of ±2 f c ¿. When y(t) passes through a lowpass filter with bandwidth W, the high-

frequency
components will
be filtered outand
the lowpass
component,
AC
m(t), which is
2
proportional to the
message
signal,will be
demodulated.

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Page 6 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Conventional AM Demodulation:
We have already seen that conventional AM is inferior to DSB-AM and SSB-AM whenpower and SNR
are considered. The reason is that a usually large part of the modulatedsignal power is in the carrier
component that does not carry information. The role ofthe carrier component is to make the demodulation
of the conventional AM easier viaenvelope detection, as opposed to coherent demodulation required for
DSB-AM andSSB-AM. Therefore, demodulation of AM signals is significantly less complex thanthe
demodulation of DSB-AM and SSB-AM signals. Hence, this modulation scheme iswidely used in
broadcasting, where there is a single transmitter and numerous receiverswhose cost should be kept low. In
envelope detection the envelope of the modulated signal is detected via a simple circuit consisting of a
diode, a resistor, and a capacitor,as shown in below given Figure.
Mathematically, the envelope detector generates the envelope of the conventional AM signal, which is
V (t )=¿ 1+ a m n ( t )∨¿
Because 1+a mn ( t ) > 0, we conclude that

where m n ( t ) is
proportional to
the message
signal m(t) and
1 corresponds
to the carrier
component
that can be
separated by a
dc block
circuit. As
seen in the
preceding
procedure,
there is no
need for
knowledge of
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Page 7 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
the phase of the carrier signal. Thatis why such a demodulation scheme is called noncoherent, or
asynchronous, demodulation.

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Page 8 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________

Remember! Envelop detection can also be found by taking magnitude of Hilbert

Transform of the modulated signal u(t).

Hilbert Transform of Cosine Funciton:-

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________

Matlab Code for Understanding Hilbert Transform of Cosine Function:-

%% Hilbert Understanding Manually and with built-in Command
clc;clear all;close all
t=0:0.1:0.9;
x= cos(2*pi*1*t)
Hilbert_x_Direct_Method=hilbert(x)
Hilbert_x_manually_1st_Method=cos(2*pi*1*t)+1i*sign(2*pi*1*t).*sin(2*pi*1*t)
Hilbert_x_manually_2nd_Method=cos(2*pi*1*t)+1i*sin(2*pi*1*t)
Hilbert_x_manually_3rd_Method=cos(2*pi*1*t)+1i*cos(2*pi*1*t-pi/2)
%% Understanding Inphase (Real) and Quadrature (Imaginary) Parts of Hilbert Transform
clc;close all;clear all
t = 0:1/1000:0.2-1/1000;
x = cos(2*pi*10*t);
y = hilbert(x);
plot(t,real(y),'linewidth',4)
grid
hold on
plot(t,imag(y),'linewidth',4)
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
hold off
ylim([-1.1 1.1])
legend('Real Part','Imaginary Part')
title('Understanding Hilbert Transform')
xlabel('Time (sec)','fontweight','bold','fontsize',16)
ylabel('Amplitude','fontweight','bold','fontsize',16)

Problem 01: DSB-SC & Conventional Modulation and Demodulation

a) DSB-SC
The message signal m(t) is defined as m ( t )=cos(40 πt ). It is modulated withe the carrier
c (t)=cos ⁡(2 π 200 t), and the resulting modulated signal is denoted by u(t).
1. Plot the message signal m(t) and its frequency domain spectrum in Figure 1 using subplot
2. Plot the modulated signal u(t) and its frequency domain spectrum in Figure 2
3. Plot the demodulated signal and its frequency domain spectrum in Figure 3
Note:- demodulationis is done using synchronous detector (Product Detector)
Observe the changes in demodulated signal by adding phase of pi/6,pi,3,pi/2 at the receiver
side (local oscillator)etc.
 Also , conisder m ( t )=sinc( 100t ) and m ( t )=cos ( 40 πt ) +cos ⁡(8 πt) and repeat the above
procedure.
b) Conventional AM
1. Repeat the same procedure mentioned in part a) demodulationis is done using envelope
detector (Asynchronous Detector)
2. Vary the modulation index and observe the effects on modulated and demodulated signals.
Problem 02:
A Mat file AM.mat is placed on Slate. Download it and plot its data. Modulated signal is stored in u
variable while time domain varialble is t. Identify the modulation scheme, message and carrier frequency
from AM.mat file. Frequency domain contents are placed in fm (variable for frequency axis) and Um
(variable for amplitude) variables respectively.

QUESTIONS related to Conventional-AM (DSB-SC-FC)

(Write brief answers below each question)
1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2019
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give the significance of modulation index?

3. Explain how AM wave is detected?

4. What is the condition for over modulation?

5. Define modulation & demodulation?

6. What are the different types of linear modulation techniques?

QUESTIONS related to DSB-SC

(Write brief answers below each question)
1. What are the two ways of generating DSB_SC?

2. What are the advantages of suppressing the carrier?

Comparison of DSB-SC and Conventional AM (DSB-FC)

What do you think which of the above schemes is better and why? Elaborate your answer by making a
Table or Chart.

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