Chapter

The Cell

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas

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publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction

 Cells are the structural “building blocks” of

all plants and animals.
 Cells are produced by the division of pre-
existing cells.
 Cells are the smallest structural units that
perform all vital functions.

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Introduction

 Cells fall into two categories:

 Sex cells (germ cells or reproductive cells),
which are the sperm in males and oocyte in
females.
 Somatic cells are all of the other cells in the
body that are not sex cells.

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The Study of Cells

 The study of cells is cytology.

 Most common methods of study:
 Light microscopy
 Transmission electron microscopy
 Scanning electron microscopy

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The Study of Cells

Figure 2.1 Different Techniques, Different Perspectives

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The Study of Cells

Figure 2.2 The Diversity of Cells in the Body

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.3 Anatomy of a Typical Cell

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.4 A Flow Chart for the Study of Cell Structure

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Cellular Anatomy

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Cellular Anatomy

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Cellular Anatomy

 The Plasmalemma
 Four major functions of the cell membrane
can be described:
 Physical isolation
 Regulation of exchange with the environment
 Sensitivity
 Structural support

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Cellular Anatomy

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Cellular Anatomy

 The Plasmalemma
 Membrane permeability: passive processes
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Facilitated diffusion

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.6 Diffusion across Plasmalemmae

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Cellular Anatomy
 The Plasmalemma
 Membrane permeability: active processes:
 Active transport uses enzymes and carrier
proteins.
 Ion pumps are carrier proteins for charged particles.
 Ions moved regularly by active transport include:
 Na+
 Ca2+
 Mg2+
 K+
 An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in
opposite directions is called an exchange pump.

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.7 Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Cellular Anatomy

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.9 The Cytoskeleton

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.9a The Cytoskeleton

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Cellular Anatomy
 The cytoplasm is the general term for the
material inside the cell.
 Cytoplasm is a fluid that is very high in protein.
 The cytosol is the intracellular fluid.
 The cytosol is high in potassium ions.
 Cytosol contains an overall negative charge.
 Transmembrane potential
 The cytosol contains high concentrations of proteins.
 Organelles are structures within the cytoplasm that
have a particular function and very distinct
structure.

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Cellular Anatomy

 Nonmembranous Organelles
 The Cytoskeleton:
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate filaments
 Thick filaments
 Microtubules

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Cellular Anatomy

 Nonmembranous Organelles:
 Centrioles

 Cilia

 Flagella

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.10 Centrioles and Cilia

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Cellular Anatomy

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Cellular Anatomy

 Nonmembranous Organelles
 Ribosomes:
 60% RNA and 40% protein
 Free ribosomes:
 Float in the cytoplasm
 Fixed ribosomes:
 Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.11 Ribosomes

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 Mitochondria are double-membraned
organelles:
 Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane.
 The inner fluid is the matrix.
 They produce ATP.

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.12 Mitochondria

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 The Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
 Nucleoplasm
 Nuclear envelope
 Perinuclear space
 Nuclear pores
 Nuclear matrix

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.13 The Nucleus

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles—The Nucleus

 Chromosomes:
 DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
 Nucleosomes
 Chromatin

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.14 Chromosome Structure

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has four
major functions:
 Synthesis of all classes of macromolecules
 Storage of the manufactured molecules
 Transport of substances from one area of the
cell to another
 Enzymes in the lumen of the ER provide
detoxification.
 Smooth and rough ER

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.15 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 The Golgi apparatus has three main
functions:
 Synthesis and packaging of secretions
 Packaging of enzymes for use in the cytosol
 Renewal and modification of the cell
plasmalemma

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.16 The Golgi Apparatus

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.17 The Function of the Golgi Apparatus

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 Lysosomes function in three manners:
 Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes to digest
solid materials.
 Lysosomes fuse with and recycle damaged
organelles.
 Lysosomes sometimes rupture a process
resulting in autolysis.

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Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.18 Lysosomal Functions

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membranous Organelles
 Peroxisomes function as intracellular
digestive vesicles:
 Are abundant in liver cells
 Digest fats and toxins
 Convert hydrogen peroxide to water

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Cellular Anatomy

 Membrane flow is the continual movement

and recycling of the plasmalemma.
 The ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles constantly
recycle the lipids, protein channels, and enzymes
of the plasmalemma.

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Intercellular Attachment

 There are three major types of cell junctions:

 Tight junctions
 Communicating junctions
 Anchoring junctions

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Intercellular Attachment

Figure 2.19 Cell Attachments

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The Cell Life Cycle

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The Cell Life Cycle

Figure 2.21 DNA Replication

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The Cell Life Cycle

 Mitosis—the distribution process of

genetic information
 Mitosis consists of four stages:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

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The Cell Life Cycle

Figure 2.22 Interphase and Mitosis

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The Cell Life Cycle

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The Cell Life Cycle

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The Cell Life Cycle

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