Scribd
Upload
146 views5 pages

Recommended Operations: 1. Detrend AC

To correctly integrate time data through double integration (acceleration to displacement), several steps must be taken: 1. Detrend the acceleration data by fitting a low-order polynomial and subtracting it to remove any low-frequency drift. 2. Up-sample the detrended data by at least 4 times the original sampling frequency before integrating to reduce errors from the integration algorithm. 3. Integrate the up-sampled data using Simpson's rule or Trapezium method. Down-sample back to the original rate after integrating. 4. Apply a high-pass filter to remove the integration constant without distorting the amplitude through zero-phase filtering.

Uploaded by

Pradeep Tongepatil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
146 views5 pages

Recommended Operations: 1. Detrend AC

To correctly integrate time data through double integration (acceleration to displacement), several steps must be taken: 1. Detrend the acceleration data by fitting a low-order polynomial and subtracting it to remove any low-frequency drift. 2. Up-sample the detrended data by at least 4 times the original sampling frequency before integrating to reduce errors from the integration algorithm. 3. Integrate the up-sampled data using Simpson's rule or Trapezium method. Down-sample back to the original rate after integrating. 4. Apply a high-pass filter to remove the integration constant without distorting the amplitude through zero-phase filtering.

Uploaded by

Pradeep Tongepatil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Category LMS Test.

Lab Access Level End User

Topic Rotating Machinery Publish Date 1-Aug-2016

Question:

How to 'correctly' integrate time data within Time Domain Integration?

Answer:

While the most accurate velocity or displacement measurements are made directly, in many
cases, it may be too late or impractical. In these situations, you may wish to integrate your
acceleration data. With that said, to “correctly” integrate (or double integrate) time data, a few
steps must be taken to ensure the results are as expected. This document explains the
recommended operations and gives related formulas.

Recommended Operations
1. Detrend AC
Fit a low degree polynomial (up to 6th order) through the data and subtract it. This removes
any low frequency components which ultimately lead to an “explosion” of the time data
when integrating.
2. Resample
Up-sample the data by at least four times the original sampling frequency (f s) before
integrating. This removes linearization errors caused by the integration algorithms
themselves (Simpson, Four-point, Bode, etc.), which are particularly sensitive at
frequencies greater than one-quarter the sampling rate.
3. Integrate
If using the Simpson, Four-point, or Bode methods as historically done, the resampling
steps are most likely necessary. If using the Trapezium method, the results may be okay
without resampling, reducing this process from 5 to 3 steps.
4. Resample
After the integration (single or double) was performed on the up-sampled time domain
curve, it is down-sampled to the original sampling frequency.
5. Filter
Use a high pass filter to remove the mathematical integration constant. Historically, two
filters were used for double integrations, though in more recent versions of LMS Test.Lab,
no real improvements are gained using repeated filters.

-1-
If using Time Animation:
Using filters on time data can introduce phase shifts and lead different frequency
components to be shifted with different time delays. This may distort the amplitude of the
resulting time signal, causing inaccurate Time Animations. For this reason, it is advised to set
the Filter Mode option to “Zero Phase Filtering” when defining the time domain filters. While
this introduces no phase distortion in most of the trace, there are significant transition effects
due to the integration and filter at the beginning and the end of the signal, which is why they
should not be used in Time Animation.
Corresponding Formulas

In short, the following formulas are recommended when integrating time data in the
LMS Time Signal Calculator. Note all formulas may be saved and recalled as a Throughput
FormulaSet (.TFS). When attempting to integrate more than one channel at a time, it is
recommended to utilize “nested” formulas which take advantage of the ‘Repeat for…’ and
‘Increment’ options. These are created by manually copying one formula and pasting it into the
channel field of another.

A. “Un-nested” formula
Easy to follow, but difficult to manipulate for multiple channels

Note:
The intermediate steps are noted as variables, denoted as VAR#, and are not shown (or saved) in the
Time Data Selection Data Set after being calculated in the Time Signal Calculator.

-2-
B. “Nested” formula
Difficult to follow, but easy to repeat for multiple channels
1. Integration using Simpson’s rule:

Integration method (Simpson)


Formula: Zero phase filtering
FILTER_HP(RESAMPLING(DOUBLEINTEGRATE(RESAMPLING(DETREND_AC(CHx;2);65536;80;0.01;50;15);1
);16384;80;0.01;50;15);2.5;2;IIR(1))
Polynomial degree† 4x fs
fs Filter cutoff freq*

2. Integration using Trapezium method:

Polynomial degree† Zero phase filtering


Formula:
FILTER_HP(DOUBLEINTEGRATE(DETREND_AC(CHx;2);2);2.5;2;IIR(1))

Filter cutoff freq*


Integration method (Trapezium)

Comment – The *2.5 Hz high pass filter cutoff frequency and the †2nd degree polynomial
chosen for the de-trend function in the cases above are simply generic examples. These values
may change depending on the application as well as other factors including the usable
frequency range of the transducer and the amount of drift present in the measurement.

Please note that while the examples above were formulated to perform a double
integration, a single integration may be performed by simply changing
‘DOUBLEINTEGRATE’ to ‘INTEGRATE’ in the formula line.

-3-
Appendix: Common Time Integration Mistakes

Below are common, double integration (acceleration to displacement) mistakes in the


time domain, when using the Time Signal Calculator. Comparing these examples to the
corrected trace serves as a general indicator of why each step/parameter is necessary, as
explained in the previous section.

No Detrend AC
If you do not complete an AC de-trend operation (to the appropriate degree), some drift may
be present in the result.

No Up-sample
If you do not up-sample before the integration using the Simpson’s rule, significant errors may
be present related to frequency content greater than one-quarter the sampling frequency.

-4-
No Down-sample
If you do not down-sample to the original sampling frequency after integrating using the
Simpson’s rule, the amplitude may change. This is related to an over or underestimation of the
integration algorithm, which is sensitive at frequencies greater than a quarter the sampling
frequency. By down-sampling, you remove those frequencies.

No High Pass Filter


If you do not use a high pass filter, the integration constant, seen as a low frequency or DC
component, may dominate the result.

Too High of a HP Filter Cutoff Frequency


By forgetting to change the default cutoff frequency for the high pass filter from 500 Hz, there
may be little to no displacement in the resulting trace. This occurs because the lower frequency
components, which account for most of the displacement, were filtered out.

-5-

You might also like