James Ruse 2019 Chemistry Trial Paper

HSC Chemistry Name:
2019
Trials
James Ruse
Time Limit: 180 Minutes
Section I: Multiple Choice

1. What is the conjugate acid of the hydrogen sulfate ion? 1
–
A. HSO3
B. H2 SO4
C. H3 O+
D. SO42 –
2. Which catalyst is used in the production of an ester? 1

A. concentrated sulfuric acid
B. iron oxide
C. palladium
D. dilute phosphoric acid
3. The table below gives the colour and pH range for some acid/base indicators. 1
Indicator Colour in low pH Colour in high pH pH Range

Cresol red red yellow 0.2 - 1.8
Methyl orange red yellow 3.1 - 4.4
Bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4
Bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6
Which indicators could be used to identify rainwater with a pH of 5.6?

A. methyl orange and bromocresol green
B. bromothymol blue and cresol red
C. methyl orange and bromothymol blue
D. bromocresol green and bromothymol blue

B. iron oxide
C. palladium
HSC Chemistry Page 2 of 21 Trials
5. Which of the following metal ions would exhibit a green colour during a flame test? 1
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
6. Which type of glassware is used to prepare a primacy standard solution for titration? 1
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
7. Which equation shows water acting as Brönsted-Lowry acid? 1

+ –
A. H2 O(l) + HCl(aq) −
←−−− H3 O (aq) + Cl (aq)
→
+ –
B. H2 O(l) + NH3 (aq) −
←−
−− NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)
→
+ –
C. H2 O(l) + NaCl(s) −
←−−− Na (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2 O(l)
→
D. H2 O(l) + HCO3 – (aq) −
←−
−
+ 2–
− H3 O (aq) + CO3 (aq)
→
8. A pale blue copper sulfate CuSO4 was analysed with the setup below. 1
Which analysis technique is being used?

A. Colourimetry
B. Gravimetric Analysis
C. Infrared Spectroscopy
D. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
9. Which of the following is an organic base? 1

A. CH3 CH2 CH3
B. C2 H5 OH
C. CH3 COOCH3
D. CH3 NH2
10. Consider the following titration curve below. 1
Which of the following solutions is most likely to be in the burette?

A. NaOH
B. NaHCO3
C. CH3 COOH
D. HCl
11. The shape of ethane is best described as: 1

A. Linear
B. Trigonal Planar
C. Overlapping Tetrahedrons
D. Trigonal Linear
12. Which of the following conditions is LEAST LIKELY to enable equilibrium to be 1

established earlier?
A. Higher Temperatures
B. Addition of Catalyst
C. Larger Reaction Vessel
D. Higher Concentration of Reactants
13. How many peak signals would you expect to see in the carbon-NMR spectrum of 2,5- 1
dimethylhexane?
H H
H
H H
H H
H C
C
C
H C C H
C
C
H C H
H H H
H
H H
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
14. Which option best accounts for the cleaning action of soap? 1
A. The polar alkyl tail forms dispersion forces with the oil and the carboxylate
head forms dipole-dipole forces with water.
B. The non-polar alkyl tail forms dispersion forces with water and d1pole-d1pole
forces with oil.
C. The non-polar carboxylate head forms dispersion forces with water and dipole-
dipole forces with oil .
D. The polar carboxylate head forms dipole-dipole forces with water and the
non-polar alkyl tall forms dispersion forces with oil.
15. Gravimetric analysis was performed on a sample of hydrated magnesium sulfate in order 1
to determine the number of water of crystallization molecules present. It was found that
after heating, the sample lost 51.2 % of its mass.
What is the value of n in this formula for hydrated magnesium sulfate MgSO4 · nH2 O?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
16. A solution containing hydroxide; chloride and sulfate anions was separated using the 1
procedure outlined in the flowchart below:
Solution
add Silver Nitrate
Filtration
Precipitate 1 Filtrate 1
add Calcium Nitrate
Filtration
Which of the following options correctly identifies the products?
Precipitate 1 Precipitate 2 Precipitate 3

A Silver Hydroxide Calcium Chloride Sulfate
B Silver Sulfate Calcium Chloride Hydroxide
C Silver Chloride Calcium Sulfate Hydroxide
D Silver Chloride Calcium Hydroxide Sulfate
17. Which of the following is a possible molecular ion fragment produced in the mass spec- 1
trum of pent-2-ene.
A. 28 m/z
B. 30 m/z
C. 43 m/z
D. 56 m/z
18. What is the name of this compound? 1
H
H H
H C H H
H
H
C
H C C C
H
H C C H C
H H
H H
H H
A. 1,1,2-trimethylpentane
B. 2,3-dimethylhexane
C. 1,1,2,4-tetramethylbutane
D. 1-ethyl-2-methylentane
19. What is the pOH of the final solution when 0.37 g of calcium hydroxide is reacted with 1
100 mL of 0.2 m hydrochloric acid solution.
A. 0.82
B. 1.0
C. 13
D. 13.2
20. Three gases X, Y and Z were mixed in a closed container and allowed to reach equilib- 1
rium. The temperature was decreased at 4 minutes and equilibrium was re-established.
Two other changes were made to the system.
A. 2 Z(g) −
←−
−− X(g) + Y(g)
→
B. 2 Z(g) −
←−
−− X(g) + Y(g)
→
C. X(g) + Y(g) −
←−
−− Z(g)
→
D. X(g) + Y(g) −
←−
−− Z(g)
→
Section II: Short Answer

Question 21 (4 marks)
Polymers can be made synthetically by polymerisation processes.
(a) Outline the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation. 2
(b) Draw the structures of an addition polymer and a condensation polymer in the 2
boxes below.
The pH of 0.010 mol/L solutions of four monoprotic acids are given below.
Acid L M N P
pH 4.2 6.1 2.0 2.7
(a) Arrange these acids in order of increasing acid strength from weakest to strongest. 1
(b) Determine if any of these acids are completely ionised. Justify your answer. 2
(c) Use up to 12 symbols in each beaker to model solutions of acids N and L. 4

A student studied the carbon dioxide/carbonic acid equilibrium in a can of soft drink.
The chemical equilibrium can be represented as:
H2 CO3 (aq) −
←−
−→
− CO2 (g) + H2 O(l) ∆H > 0
(a) Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to explain any change in the pH of the solution after 4
the can was opened.
(b) Predict and explain any temperature change in the solution after the can was 2
opened.
5.0 mL of a 0.050 mol/L lead nitrate solution is mixed with 5.0 mL of a 0.10 mol/L sodium
chloride solution. Using Ksp values provided on the data sheet, predict the formation of
a precipitate. Show all relevant working in your answer.
The following chemical equation describes a cobalt chloride equilibrium.
Co(H2 O)6 2+ (aq) + 4 Cl – (aq) −

)−
2–
− CoCl4 (aq) + 6 H2 O(g)
−*
Pink Blue
(a) Sketch a line on the graph below from 0 to t2 to show the system achieving equilib- 1
rium at time t1 when Co(H2 O)6 2+ is added to chloride ions. (no values are required)
(b) At time t1 , and 298 K, the following equilibrium concentrations were established. 2
[Co(H2 O)6 2+ ] = 0.05 m, [Cl− ] = 0.20 m, [CoCl4 2− ] = 6.97 × 10−14 m. Calculate the
equilibrium constant.
(c) The equilibrium constant for this reaction decreases as temperature decreases.
i. Determine whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and ex- 3
plain your answer.
ii. Draw on the graph any change to the concentration of CoCl4 2 – if the temper- 2
ature is changed to 313 K at time t2 .
iii. Outline ONE qualitative change to the system at 313 K. 1
In human cells the pH must remain close to 7.4 to maintain cellular function. The
dihydrogen phosphate ion is a weak acid present in cells which maintains pH with the
following equilibrium.
H2 PO4 – (aq) + H2 O(l) −

←−
−
2– +
− HPO4 (aq) + H3 O (aq)
→
(a) Give TWO equations to show how the buffer maintains the constant pH in blood. 2
(b) Write the Ka expression for this equilibrium reaction. 1
(c) If 0.50 mol H2 PO4 – and 0.50 mol HPO4 2 – are in equilibrium in 1.0 L of aqueous 2
solution, calculate the pH of the solution, given that Ka (H2 PO4 − ) = 6.4 × 10−8 .
A water sample has been collected from a stream located near a textile and manufactur-
ing company. This body of water is believed to have been contaminated with chromium
(VI), which is a recognised human carcinogen.
Scientists have decided to use Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to analyse the water
sample to account for the extremely low concentrations. A series of chromium (VI)
standard solutions were created and their absorbance values were recorded in a results
table.
Parts Per Million (ppm) Absorbance (at 358 nm)

2 0.12
4 0.24
6 0.37
8 0.49
10 0.61
(a) Draw a line graph of these data. 3

(b) The water sample collected provided an absorbance reading of 0.54. The Australian 1
Drinking Water guidelines state that the safe limit for chromium(VI) is 5 mg/L. Use
your graph to determine whether the water sample tested was fit for consumption.
This flowchart shows reactions involving six different organic compounds A to F.
Draw the structures of compounds A to F, and use the information provided to justify
your identifications.
Explain the trends in boiling points and solubility in water of primary alcohols as they
increase in molar mess. Support your answer with a labelled diagram showing inter-
molecular forces.
Hydrocarbons from the Earth can be used as fuels, and in the manufacture of petrochem-
icals. Describe environmental impacts of these uses of hydrocarbons from the Earth.
An investigation was conducted to determine the amount of chloride ions in canned
tomatoes as a means to determine the salt (sodium chloride) content. A precipitation
titration experiment was carried out following the Volhard method.
The contents of a tin of canned tomatoes was blended using a food processor and then
filtered. Bulb pipettes were used to add 25 mL 0.1 m silver nitrate solution to 25 mL of
the filtrate to react with the chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate as shown
below.
Ag+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) −−→ AgCl(s)
After the silver nitrate precipitate was removed via filtration, the remaining silver ions
were titrated against a 0.10 m potassium thiocyanate solution with 3 drops of a saturated
ferric ammonium sulfate indicator. This reaction is shown in the following equation.
Ag+ (aq) + SCN – (aq) −←−−− AgSCN(s)
→
The procedure was repeated several times and the titration results are given in the table.
Trial Number Volume of KSCN added (mL)

1 10.90
2 10.80
3 10.70
4 10.75
(a) Discuss the validity of this procedure in determining the chloride ion content of 3
canned tomatoes.
(b) Outline the accuracy and reliability of the data obtained. 4
The following experiment was set up to measure temperature change for a heat of com-
bustion reaction.
100.0 mL of water at 298 K was heated by the burning of 1.20 g of ethanol in the spirit
burner. Only 45.0 % of the energy produced is used to heat the water. The molar heat
of combustion of ethanol is 1368 kJ mol−1 . Calculate the final temperature of the water.
A student performed a series of reactions to synthesise a compound with a molecular
formula of C3 H6 O2 . In order to determine the molecular structure, they performed a
series of spectral analysis techniques to obtain the given spectra.
Analyse each spectra provided in order to deduce the molecular structure of this com-
pound and justify your reasoning.
Propanoic acid
INFRARED SPECTRUM
1
0.8
Relative Transmittance
0.6
0.4
0.2
3000 2000 1000

Wavenumber (cm-1)
NIST Chemistry WebBook (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry)
Propanoic acid
MASS SPECTRUM
100
80
Rel. Intensity
60
40
20
0.0
0.0 15 30 45 60 75 90
m/z
HSC Chemistry Name:
2019
Trials
James Ruse
Time Limit: 180 Minutes
Section I: Multiple Choice

1. What is the conjugate acid of the hydrogen sulfate ion? 1
–
A. HSO3
B. H2 SO4
C. H3 O+
D. SO42 –

B. iron oxide
C. palladium
3. The table below gives the colour and pH range for some acid/base indicators. 1
Indicator Colour in low pH Colour in high pH pH Range

Cresol red red yellow 0.2 - 1.8
Methyl orange red yellow 3.1 - 4.4
Bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4
Bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6
Which indicators could be used to identify rainwater with a pH of 5.6?

A. methyl orange and bromocresol green
B. bromothymol blue and cresol red
C. methyl orange and bromothymol blue
D. bromocresol green and bromothymol blue

B. iron oxide
C. palladium

5. Which of the following metal ions would exhibit a green colour during a flame test? 1
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
6. Which type of glassware is used to prepare a primacy standard solution for titration? 1
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
7. Which equation shows water acting as Brönsted-Lowry acid? 1
+ –
A. H2 O(l) + HCl(aq) −
←−−− H3 O (aq) + Cl (aq)
→
+ –
B. H2 O(l) + NH3 (aq) − ←−
−− NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)
→
+ –
C. H2 O(l) + NaCl(s) −
←−
−− Na (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2 O(l)
→
D. H2 O(l) + HCO3 – (aq) −
←−
−
+ 2–
− H3 O (aq) + CO3 (aq)
→
8. A pale blue copper sulfate CuSO4 was analysed with the setup below. 1
Which analysis technique is being used?

A. Colourimetry
B. Gravimetric Analysis
C. Infrared Spectroscopy
D. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
9. Which of the following is an organic base? 1

A. CH3 CH2 CH3
B. C2 H5 OH
C. CH3 COOCH3
D. CH3 NH2
10. Consider the following titration curve below. 1
Which of the following solutions is most likely to be in the burette?

A. NaOH
B. NaHCO3
C. CH3 COOH
D. HCl
11. The shape of ethane is best described as: 1

A. Linear
B. Trigonal Planar
C. Overlapping Tetrahedrons
D. Trigonal Linear
12. Which of the following conditions is LEAST LIKELY to enable equilibrium to be 1

established earlier?
A. Higher Temperatures
B. Addition of Catalyst
C. Larger Reaction Vessel
D. Higher Concentration of Reactants
13. How many peak signals would you expect to see in the carbon-NMR spectrum of 2,5- 1
dimethylhexane?
H H
H
H H
H H
H C
C
C
H C C H
C
C
H C H
H H H
H
H H
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
14. Which option best accounts for the cleaning action of soap? 1
A. The polar alkyl tail forms dispersion forces with the oil and the carboxylate
head forms dipole-dipole forces with water.
B. The non-polar alkyl tail forms dispersion forces with water and d1pole-d1pole
forces with oil.
C. The non-polar carboxylate head forms dispersion forces with water and dipole-
dipole forces with oil .
D. The polar carboxylate head forms dipole-dipole forces with water
and the non-polar alkyl tall forms dispersion forces with oil.
15. Gravimetric analysis was performed on a sample of hydrated magnesium sulfate in order 1
to determine the number of water of crystallization molecules present. It was found that
after heating, the sample lost 51.2 % of its mass.
What is the value of n in this formula for hydrated magnesium sulfate MgSO4 · nH2 O?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
16. A solution containing hydroxide; chloride and sulfate anions was separated using the 1
procedure outlined in the flowchart below:
Solution
add Silver Nitrate
Filtration
add Calcium Nitrate
Filtration
Which of the following options correctly identifies the products?
Precipitate 1 Precipitate 2 Precipitate 3

A Silver Hydroxide Calcium Chloride Sulfate
B Silver Sulfate Calcium Chloride Hydroxide
C Silver Chloride Calcium Sulfate Hydroxide
D Silver Chloride Calcium Hydroxide Sulfate
17. Which of the following is a possible molecular ion fragment produced in the mass spec- 1
trum of pent-2-ene.
A. 28 m/z
B. 30 m/z
C. 43 m/z
D. 56 m/z
18. What is the name of this compound? 1
H
H H
H C H H
H
H
C
H C C C
H
H C C H C
H H
H H
H H
A. 1,1,2-trimethylpentane
B. 2,3-dimethylhexane
C. 1,1,2,4-tetramethylbutane
D. 1-ethyl-2-methylentane
19. What is the pOH of the final solution when 0.37 g of calcium hydroxide is reacted with 1
100 mL of 0.2 m hydrochloric acid solution.
A. 0.82
B. 1.0
C. 13
D. 13.2
20. Three gases X, Y and Z were mixed in a closed container and allowed to reach equilib- 1
rium. The temperature was decreased at 4 minutes and equilibrium was re-established.
Two other changes were made to the system.
A. 2 Z(g) −
←−
−− X(g) + Y(g)
→
B. 2 Z(g) −
←−
−− X(g) + Y(g)
→
C. X(g) + Y(g) −←−→
−− Z(g)
D. X(g) + Y(g) −
←−
−− Z(g)
→
Section II: Short Answer

Polymers can be made synthetically by polymerisation processes.
(a) Outline the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation. 2
Polyethylene forms from the addition polymerisation of ethene molecules. Only
one product is formed in the polymerisation as the monomers add together across a
double bond. A polyester is formed by condensation polymerisation. The polymer
is formed by the combination of two monomers, usually a dicarboxylic acid and a
diol, forming the polymer and eliminating a small molecule, in this case, water. In
condensation polymerisation two products are formed.
(b) Draw the structures of an addition polymer and a condensation polymer in the 2
boxes below.
The pH of 0.010 mol/L solutions of four monoprotic acids are given below.
Acid L M N P
pH 4.2 6.1 2.0 2.7
(a) Arrange these acids in order of increasing acid strength from weakest to strongest. 1
The order of increasing [H3 O+ ] is pH 6.1, 4.2, 2.7 and 2.0. Hence the order of
increasing strength of the acids is M, L, P, N.
(b) Determine if any of these acids are completely ionised. Justify your answer. 2
Stronger acids ionise to a greater extent then weaker acids, thus stronger acids
produce the higher concentration of [H3 O+ ] and the lower pH. For a 0.010 mol/L
acid solution complete ionisation would be 0.010 mol/L. Thus pH = − log10 [0.010]
= 2.0, hence N is completely ionised.
(c) Use up to 12 symbols in each beaker to model solutions of acids N and L. 4
A student studied the carbon dioxide/carbonic acid equilibrium in a can of soft drink.
The chemical equilibrium can be represented as:
H2 CO3 (aq) −
←−
−→
− CO2 (g) + H2 O(l) ∆H > 0
(a) Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to explain any change in the pH of the solution after 4
the can was opened.
As the can is opened the undissolved carbon dioxide is immediately released since
the gas inside the can was at higher pressure than atmospheric pressure. Due to
the decrease in concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the system, the amount of
dissolved carbon dioxide will also decrease.
CO2 (aq) −
←−
−→
− CO2 (g)
The equilibrium above will shift to favour the forward reaction, according to Le
Chatelier’s Principle (LCP) which states that a system at equilibrium will shift to
favour either side to minimise changes made to the system. As there are fewer
molecules of carbon produce carbonic acid. Thus forward reaction rate will be
greater than the reverse reaction rate in the equilibrium equation shown below.
H2 CO3 (aq) −
←−
−→
− CO2 (g) + H2 O(l)
The concentration of carbonic acid will decrease, and the equilibrium below will
shift to favour the reverse reaction, according to LCP.
H2 CO3 (aq) −
←−
−→ − +
− HCO3 (aq) + H3 O (l)
The concentration of the hydronium, ion will decrease, hence the pH will increase.
(b) Predict and explain any temperature change in the solution after the can was 2
opened.
The forward reaction is favoured which is endothermic where thermal energy is
absorbed. Hence there will be a small decrease in temperature at the instant the
can is opened.
5.0 mL of a 0.050 mol/L lead nitrate solution is mixed with 5.0 mL of a 0.10 mol/L sodium
chloride solution. Using Ksp values provided on the data sheet, predict the formation of
a precipitate. Show all relevant working in your answer.
Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) −−→ PbCl2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)
Ksp = 1.7 × 10−5

c1 V1 = c2 V2
0.050 m × 0.0050 L
[Pb2 + ] =
0.01 L
= 2.5 × 10−2 m
0.10 m × 0.0050 L
[Cl− ] =
0.01 L
= 5.0 × 10−2 m
Qsp = [Pb2 + ][Cl− ]2

= (2.5 × 10−2 m)(5.0 × 10−2 m)2
= 6.25 × 10−5
As Qsp > Ksp , PbCl2 (s) precipitate will form.
The following chemical equation describes a cobalt chloride equilibrium.
Co(H2 O)6 2+ (aq) + 4 Cl – (aq) −

)−
2–
− CoCl4 (aq) + 6 H2 O(g)
−*
Pink Blue
(a) Sketch a line on the graph below from 0 to t2 to show the system achieving equilib- 1
rium at time t1 when Co(H2 O)6 2+ is added to chloride ions. (no values are required)
(b) At time t1 , and 298 K, the following equilibrium concentrations were established. 2
[Co(H2 O)6 2+ ] = 0.05 m, [Cl− ] = 0.20 m, [CoCl4 2− ] = 6.97 × 10−14 m. Calculate the
equilibrium constant.
[CoCl4 2− ]
Keq =
[Co(H2 O)6 2+ ][Cl− ]4
6.97 × 10−14 m
=
(0.05 m)(0.20 m)4
= 8.7 × 10−10
(c) The equilibrium constant for this reaction decreases as temperature decreases.
i. Determine whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and ex- 3
plain your answer.
As the temperature decreases, the equilibrium constant decreases thus the con-
centration of products decreases while the concentration of the reactants in-
creases, hence the reverse reaction is favoured. According to Le Chatelier’s
Principle, the equilibrium shifted to the left where heat is released to minimise
the decrease in temperature, thus the reverse reaction is exothermic. Hence the
forward reaction is endothermic.
ii. Draw on the graph any change to the concentration of CoCl4 2 – if the temper- 2
ature is changed to 313 K at time t2 .
iii. Outline ONE qualitative change to the system at 313 K. 1
2–
As the concentration of CoCl4 is higher at the new equilibrium position, the
colour of the solution at 313 K will be more blue (changed from pink-purple).
In human cells the pH must remain close to 7.4 to maintain cellular function. The
dihydrogen phosphate ion is a weak acid present in cells which maintains pH with the
following equilibrium.
H2 PO4 – (aq) + H2 O(l) −

←−
−
2– +
− HPO4 (aq) + H3 O (aq)
→
(a) Give TWO equations to show how the buffer maintains the constant pH in blood. 2
H2 PO4 – (aq) + OH – (aq) −
←−→
−
2–
− HPO4 (aq) + H2 O(l)
2– + –
HPO4 (aq) + H3 O (aq) − ←−
−→− H2 PO4 (aq) + H2 O(l)
(b) Write the Ka expression for this equilibrium reaction. 1
[H3 O+ ][HPO4 2− ]
Ka =
[H2 PO4 − ]
(c) If 0.50 mol H2 PO4 – and 0.50 mol HPO4 2 – are in equilibrium in 1.0 L of aqueous 2
solution, calculate the pH of the solution, given that Ka (H2 PO4 − ) = 6.4 × 10−8 .
+ Ka × [HPO4 2− ]
[H3 O ] =
[H2 PO4 − ]
6.4 × 10−8 × 0.50 m
=
0.50 m
= 6.4 × 10−8 m
pH = − log10 [H3 O+ ]
= − log10 [6.4 × 10−8 m] = 7.2
A water sample has been collected from a stream located near a textile and manufactur-
ing company. This body of water is believed to have been contaminated with chromium
(VI), which is a recognised human carcinogen.
Scientists have decided to use Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to analyse the water
sample to account for the extremely low concentrations. A series of chromium (VI)
standard solutions were created and their absorbance values were recorded in a results
table.
Parts Per Million (ppm) Absorbance (at 358 nm)

2 0.12
4 0.24
6 0.37
8 0.49
10 0.61
(a) Draw a line graph of these data. 3

0.7
Absorbance (at 358 nm)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Parts Per Million (ppm)
(b) The water sample collected provided an absorbance reading of 0.54. The Australian 1
Drinking Water guidelines state that the safe limit for chromium(VI) is 5 mg/L. Use
your graph to determine whether the water sample tested was fit for consumption.
An absorbance reading of 0.54 corresponds to 9 ppm, which is well above the guide-
lines safe limit of 5 ppm. Hence, the water is not fit for consumption.
This flowchart shows reactions involving six different organic compounds A to F.
Draw the structures of compounds A to F, and use the information provided to justify
your identifications.
The reaction from compound B to D is dehydration of an alkanol to an alkene. The

reaction from compound B to C is oxidation of a primary alkanol to an alkanoic acid
therefore B is 1-butanol, D is 1-butene and C is butanoic acid. C reacts with a carbonate
to form a salt, sodium butanoate (F) solution and carbon dioxide gas. Compound D, 1-
butene is hydrogenated through addition to form butane C4 H10 , compound E. Compound
A is butyl ethanoate, an ester. Through basic hydrolysis it forms the salt of the acid,
sodium ethanoate and the alkanol which is 1- butanol, compound B.
A H H H H O D H H
H
H C C C H C C H
C C O C H C C
H H
H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H
H
H C C H H C C
C C O C C H
H H
B H H H E H H H
H H H H H H
H H
C C O C C O−
H C C H H C C
C H H O F H H O Na+
Explain the trends in boiling points and solubility in water of primary alcohols as they
increase in molar mess. Support your answer with a labelled diagram showing inter-
molecular forces.
As molar mass increases, for example ethanol (46) to hexan-1-ol (102), the dispersion
forces between the molecules also increase so the boiling points increase. Also, small
chain alkanols, methanol, ethanol, also have hydrogen bonding between the molecules
making their boiling points quite high compared to corresponding molecules of similar
mass. Small chain alkanols are soluble in water as the polar hydroxyl group (-OH) on
the chain allows the molecule to hydrogen bond with water which is also polar (see
diagram). As the carbon chain gets longer, the hydroxyl group has less influence over
the larger molecule that is now a long non-polar alkyl chain with a small hydroxyl group
on the end. The longer the non-polar chain the less soluble the alkanol will be. There
are dispersion forces between the long non-polar alkyl chains. (see diagram).
Hydrocarbons from the Earth can be used as fuels, and in the manufacture of petrochem-
icals. Describe environmental impacts of these uses of hydrocarbons from the Earth.
Hydrocarbons we use from the Earth come from crude oil and natural gas. We burn
natural gas and components of crude oil as fuels.
Natural Gas: CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) −−→ CO2 (g) + 2 H2 O(l)
Octane (Petrol): 2 C8 H18 (g) + 25 O2 (g) −−→ 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2 O(l)
The environmental impacts of using these hydrocarbons as fuels is an increase in global
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations that are causing global climate change. The
added carbon dioxide has had a greenhouse effect on the Earth, causing temperatures of
the air and sea to rise. The consequences have been increased damaging weather systems
e.g. cyclones, record breaking high temperatures and rising sea levels. Warmer oceans
are causing coral deaths and changes to reef ecosystems. (These hydrocarbons are non-
renewable so alternatives to energy production are essential to allay climate change and
also to find a productive alternative when hydrocarbon reserves run out. Biofuels go
some way to alleviate the amounts of non-renewables used.) Hydrocarbons from crude
oil are also used to make plastics like polythene. Long chain alkanes are cracked to form
shorter chain alkenes like ethene which is polymerised to make polythene.
C10 H22 −−→ C8 H18 + C2 H4
n(C2 H4 ) −−→ – (C2 H4 ) – n
These single use petrochemicals, like polythene, are not biodegradable and are building
up in land fill and polluting the oceans. Sea creatures and birds consume these plastics
and die as a consequence. Microplastics are also throughout the food chain. The con-
sequences of our consumption of all these microplastics is not yet known. (Bioplastics
from renewable sources that are biodegradable are better options as they do not build
up in land fill and do degrade in the environment.)
An investigation was conducted to determine the amount of chloride ions in canned
tomatoes as a means to determine the salt (sodium chloride) content. A precipitation
titration experiment was carried out following the Volhard method.
The contents of a tin of canned tomatoes was blended using a food processor and then
filtered. Bulb pipettes were used to add 25 mL 0.1 m silver nitrate solution to 25 mL of
the filtrate to react with the chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate as shown
below.
Ag+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) −−→ AgCl(s)
After the silver nitrate precipitate was removed via filtration, the remaining silver ions
were titrated against a 0.10 m potassium thiocyanate solution with 3 drops of a saturated
ferric ammonium sulfate indicator. This reaction is shown in the following equation.
Ag+ (aq) + SCN – (aq) −←−−− AgSCN(s)
→
The procedure was repeated several times and the titration results are given in the table.
Trial Number Volume of KSCN added (mL)

1 10.90
2 10.80
3 10.70
4 10.75
(a) Discuss the validity of this procedure in determining the chloride ion content of 3
canned tomatoes.
The procedure stated within this experiment is valid. It is clear that within the
method all variables have been controlled, such as the use of a food processor on the
canned tomatoes, followed by filtration to ensure a homogenous solution was used
for each test. In addition to this, the volumes and concentrations of all the reagents
were kept constant for each trial. The back titration technique provides a valid
means to measure the sodium chloride content in canned tomatoes. The tomato
filtrate was reacted with excess silver nitrate solution to precipitate all the chloride
ions present in solution, followed by the removal of the precipitate. After this, the
excess silver ions present in solution were titrated against a potassium thiocyanate
solution which was used to determine the amount of silver ions remaining and in
turn the amount of silver that reacted with chloride ions to measure the original
salt content of the canned tomatoes.
(b) Outline the accuracy and reliability of the data obtained. 4
The data obtained from this precipitation titration is reliable. From the method
it is clear that the experimental procedure has been repeated for each of the 4
trials, with a range of 0.2 mL There is very little variation between the results
obtained from each trial, so the experimental results have been replicated and in
turn confirmed that the data is reliable.
The data collected from the experiment is accurate. The use of highly accurate
equipment, such as bulb pipettes and burettes as stated in the method have al-
lowed for the reporting of experimental values to two decimal places, however it is
noteworthy to mention that the second decimal place is only accurate up to half
the smallest increment on the burette.
The following experiment was set up to measure temperature change for a heat of com-
bustion reaction.
100.0 mL of water at 298 K was heated by the burning of 1.20 g of ethanol in the spirit
burner. Only 45.0 % of the energy produced is used to heat the water. The molar heat
of combustion of ethanol is 1368 kJ mol−1 . Calculate the final temperature of the water.
M M (C2 H5 OH) = 46.068 g mol−1

m
n(C2 H5 OH) =
MM
1.20 g
=
46.068 g mol−1
= 0.026 mol
∆H = 45.0 % × 0.026 mol × 1368 kJ mol−1
= 16 035 J
q = mc∆ T
16 035 J = 100.0 g × 4.18 J g−1 K−1 × ∆T
16 035 J
∆T =
100.0 g × 4.18 J g−1 K−1
= 38.36 K
∴ Final Temperature = 25 °C + 38.36 °C
= 63.4 °C
A student performed a series of reactions to synthesise a compound with a molecular
formula of C3 H6 O2 . In order to determine the molecular structure, they performed a
series of spectral analysis techniques to obtain the given spectra.
Analyse each spectra provided in order to deduce the molecular structure of this com-
pound and justify your reasoning.
Propanoic acid
INFRARED SPECTRUM
1
0.8
Relative Transmittance
0.6
0.4
0.2
3000
2000 1000
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Propanoic acid
MASS SPECTRUM
100
80
Rel. Intensity
60
40
20
0.0
0.0 15 45 30
60 75 90
m/z
Infrared Spectrum
The Infrared Spectrum is a useful starting point as this provides us with information
regarding the particular functional groups that are present in this compound. There are
three characteristic peaks present in this compounds spectra. A very broad peak present
from 2300 cm−1 to 3700 cm−1 is characteristic for a hydroxyl (O – H) group belonging to
a carboxylic acid. The presence of a carboxylic acid is also further confirmed by the
presence of a carbonyl (C – O) peak at 1700 cm−1 . There is also a narrow CH stretch
present at 3000 cm−1 .

Mass Spectrum
The Mass Spectrum provides insightful information concerning the connectivity of func-
tional groups through the fragmentation patterns. The peak signal at 74 corresponds to
the molecular mass of the compound, whereas the peak signal at 73 is the deprotonated
form of the carboxylic acid (M+ ). The peak signal at 29 could be an aldehyde (CHO+ )
fragment, but is more likely to represent a ethyl fragment (CH3 CH2 + ), which could be
further supported by a minor peak signal at 15 corresponding to a methyl fragment
(CH3 + ). The peak signal at 45 has a difference of 16 when compared to the peak signal
at 29, which suggests the loss of an O atom, thus this signal at 45 could represent an
alcohol fragment (CH3 CH2 O+ ). However, since the IR spectrum above indicated the
presence of a carboxylic acid, it is more than likely that the peak signal at 45 represents
the fragmentation of the carboxylic acid group (COOH+ ). There is only one possibility
for the peak signal at 57 which confers to the following fragment (CH3 CH2 C – O+ ).
C-NMR Spectrum
The Carbon NMR Spectrum is used to obtain information regarding the nature of each
individual carbon environment. As the molecular formula contains three carbon atoms,
and we see there are three distinct peaks in the spectrum, we can conclude that each
carbon environment is unique, and that there is no symmetry in this molecule. There
are two upfield peaks at 9 ppm and 18 ppm which should correspond to the respective
carbons in an ethyl group. The carbon signal at 18 ppm represents that CH2 of the
ethyl group, that is slightly downfield shifted due to its proximity to the carboxylic acid,
whereas the signal at 9 ppm represents the CH; of the ethyl group, which is at a lower
chemical shift / less downfield shifted due to being further away., There is one carbon
environment that is heavily shifted downfield at 182 ppm, which indicates the presence of
a carbonyl (C – O) carbon, from either an aldehyde, ketone, but most likely a carboxylic
acid in light of the previous observations.
H-NMR Spectrum
The Proton NMR Spectrum is arguably. the most useful analytical resource as this pro-
vides information on the nature of each hydrogen environment as well as those adjacent,
thus allowing us to determine the connectivity. The intensities / integration of each peak
signal tells us the number of hydrogen atoms present in each environment. The signal at
1.1ppm contains 3 protons and the signal at 2.2ppm contains 2 protons, of which both
are likely to confer to the CH3 and CH2 sections of an ethyl fragment respectively. We
can further conclude this by the splitting patterns observed in these peaks, were the peak
signal at 1.1ppm is a triplet that is split twice indicating the presence of an adjacent 2
proton environment and the 2.2 ppm is a quartet split thrice indicating the presence of
an adjacent 3 proton environment. Thus, we can conclude that we indeed have an ethyl
fragment. The peak signal at 11.8 ppm is a singlet which is not adjacent to any proton
environments due to the lack of splitting. Since this peak is heavily downfield shifted, it
suggests that this proton is attached to a large electron withdrawing group and is most
likely a proton attached to a carboxylic acid.
Using the information previded by each spectrum, we can conclude that the structure
of the isomer is propanoic acid, Ch3 CH2 COOH.

H O
H
C C H
H C O
H H

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HSC Chemistry Name:

Section I: Multiple Choice

2. Which catalyst is used in the production of an ester? 1

Indicator Colour in low pH Colour in high pH pH Range

Which indicators could be used to identify rainwater with a pH of 5.6?

4. Which catalyst is used in the production of an ester? 1

D. dilute phosphoric acid

7. Which equation shows water acting as Brönsted-Lowry acid? 1

Which analysis technique is being used?

9. Which of the following is an organic base? 1

10. Consider the following titration curve below. 1

Which of the following solutions is most likely to be in the burette?

11. The shape of ethane is best described as: 1

12. Which of the following conditions is LEAST LIKELY to enable equilibrium to be 1

add Silver Nitrate

add Calcium Nitrate

Which of the following options correctly identifies the products?

Precipitate 1 Precipitate 2 Precipitate 3

18. What is the name of this compound? 1

Section II: Short Answer

(c) Use up to 12 symbols in each beaker to model solutions of acids N and L. 4

Co(H2 O)6 2+ (aq) + 4 Cl – (aq) −

H2 PO4 – (aq) + H2 O(l) −

(b) Write the Ka expression for this equilibrium reaction. 1

Parts Per Million (ppm) Absorbance (at 358 nm)

(a) Draw a line graph of these data. 3

Trial Number Volume of KSCN added (mL)

(b) Outline the accuracy and reliability of the data obtained. 4

3000 2000 1000

Section I: Multiple Choice

2. Which catalyst is used in the production of an ester? 1

Indicator Colour in low pH Colour in high pH pH Range

Which indicators could be used to identify rainwater with a pH of 5.6?

4. Which catalyst is used in the production of an ester? 1

D. dilute phosphoric acid

Which analysis technique is being used?

9. Which of the following is an organic base? 1

10. Consider the following titration curve below. 1

Which of the following solutions is most likely to be in the burette?

11. The shape of ethane is best described as: 1

12. Which of the following conditions is LEAST LIKELY to enable equilibrium to be 1

add Silver Nitrate

add Calcium Nitrate

Which of the following options correctly identifies the products?

Precipitate 1 Precipitate 2 Precipitate 3

18. What is the name of this compound? 1

Section II: Short Answer

Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) −−→ PbCl2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

Ksp = 1.7 × 10−5

Qsp = [Pb2 + ][Cl− ]2

As Qsp > Ksp , PbCl2 (s) precipitate will form.

Co(H2 O)6 2+ (aq) + 4 Cl – (aq) −

H2 PO4 – (aq) + H2 O(l) −

Parts Per Million (ppm) Absorbance (at 358 nm)

(a) Draw a line graph of these data. 3

Absorbance (at 358 nm)

The reaction from compound B to D is dehydration of an alkanol to an alkene. The

Trial Number Volume of KSCN added (mL)

M M (C2 H5 OH) = 46.068 g mol−1

present at 3000 cm−1 .