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MATH Sets

The document discusses mathematical language and symbols including sets. It defines sets, describes how to name sets using roster and rule methods, and covers operations on sets like union, intersection, complement and difference. It also discusses concepts like cardinality, power sets, and examples of important sets.

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Daisy Marie A. Rosel
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241 views22 pages

MATH Sets

The document discusses mathematical language and symbols including sets. It defines sets, describes how to name sets using roster and rule methods, and covers operations on sets like union, intersection, complement and difference. It also discusses concepts like cardinality, power sets, and examples of important sets.

Uploaded by

Daisy Marie A. Rosel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“Mathematical Language and Symbols”

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


References: Mathematics in the Modern World A work text;
College Algebra
OBJECTIVES:
 Define sets;

 Name sets using roster and rule method;

 Solve problems involving operations on sets by using


Venn diagram

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Sets
 a well-defined collection of distinct entities/objects,
called elements.

 Usually designated by a capital letter. A small letter is


used to designate the elements of the set.

U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


 Braces
- Used to enclose the listed elements of a set.

 Example:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}

a ∈ A means “ a is an element of Set A”


b ∉ A “b is not an element of set A”

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Naming Sets:
Roster Method
- listing all elements in the sets

Set Builder Notation/Rule method


- describing the elements in the set.

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Example:
Roster Method Set Builder Notation

1. { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 1. {x | x is the first six whole


numbers}

2. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} 2. { x | x is an even integer


between 0 and 12}

3. {M, I, S, P} 3. {x | x is a distinct letter in


MISSISSIPPI}

4. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …} 4. {x | x is all the Prime


numbers}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Some Important sets are the ff:
 The set of natural numbers N = { 1, 2, 3, …}
 The set of whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
 The set of integers Z = { …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
 The set of rational numbers Q = {p/q | p , q ∈ Z; q ≠ 0}
 The set of irrational numbers 𝑄𝑐
 The set of real numbers R = Q U 𝑄𝑐
 The set of complex numbers C = {a + bi| a, b ∈ R; b ≠0}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Sets can be simplified according to its elements.
 Finite Sets
- countable elements
 Infinite Sets
- uncountable elements
 Empty Sets/ Null sets
- no elements
 Equal Sets
- sets with same elements
 Equivalent Sets
- sets with same number of elements

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Example:
A = {1, 3, 5} C = {x |x is a person whose age is 200}

B = {1, 3, 5, …} D = {2, 4, 6} E = {5, 1, 3}

Identify which of the given sets shows the ff.:


1. Finite sets A, D & E
2. Infinite sets B
3. Empty sets C
4. Equal sets A=E
5. Equivalent sets A ~ D or E ~ D
prepared by: Mary May Noynay
Universal Set
 A set that contains all the elements considered in a
particular situation denoted by U.
 Examples:
1. Suppose we list the digits only.
U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

2. Suppose we consider the whole numbers.


U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


 Set A is a subset of B denoted by A ⊆ B, if every
element of A belongs to B.
(A ⊆ B if x ∈ A, then x ∈ B)
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {a, b, c, d} A⊆B
 If A ⊆ B, and A ≠B, then A is a proper subset of B and it
is denoted by A ⊂ B.
A = { a, b, c}
B = { a, b, c, d, e}
A⊂B
 The subset consisting of all elements of a given set is
called an improper subset.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4} A⊆B
prepared by: Mary May Noynay
Cardinality of the Set
 It is the number of distinct elements belonging to a finite
set.
 Denoted by n(A) or |A|.
 Example: Find the cardinality of the given sets.

3
1. A = {a, b, c}

0
2. C = { }

1
3. D = {∅} or {{ }}

4. E = { a, {a} } 2

5. G = {∅, {a}, {a, b}} 3

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Power Set
 It is the family of all the subsets of A denoted by
Power(A) or P(A).
 Example:
1. Find P(A) given set A = { 1, 2}
P(A) = {∅, {1, 2}, {1}, {2}}
2. D = { a, {b} }; find P(D).
P (D) = {∅, {a, {b}}, {a}, {b} }
3. B = {a, b, c}; find P(B)
P(B) = {∅, {a, b, c}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c} , {b, c} }

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Four Basic Operations on Sets:
1. Union of Sets A and B (A ∪ B)
- sets of all elements found in A or B.
- {x |x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
example:
A ={ a, b, c}
B={ c, e, f}
A ∪ B = {a, b, c, e, f}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


2. Intersection of Sets A and B (A ∩ B)
- sets of elements common to both
- {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
A ∩ B = { 1, 2, 3, 5}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


3. Complement of A (A’)
-sets of all elements found in the universal set but
not in A
- {x | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Example:
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


4. Difference of two sets (A – B)
- set of all elements which belong to A but do not
change to B.
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 3, 5}
A - B = {2, 4}
B – A = {} or ∅

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Let’s Practice!
Name the ff. sets using Roster Method.
1. {x | x is a whole number less than 10}
Ans.: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. {x | x is a distinct letter in “BANANA”}
Ans.: {B, A, N}
3. {x | x is a 200- year old person}
Ans. ∅

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Let’s Practice!
Name the ff. sets using Rule method.
1. { 2, 4, 6, 8}
Ans.: {x | x is a positive even integer less than 10}

2. {m,a, t, h, e, i, c, s}
Ans.: { x | x is a distinct letter in Mathematics}

3. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,…}


Ans.: {x | x is all the prime numbers}

prepared by: Mary May Noynay


Let’s Practice!
Given: U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {e , f, g}
C= {a, d, e, f, g}
Find: 5. A ∩ C
A’ = {e, f, g, h, i} A∩C = {a, d}
1. A’
6. A’ ∩ ( B ∩ C)
A - B = {a, b, c, d}
2. A - B
= { e, f, g}
A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d,
3. A ∪ B e, f, g} 7. (B ∩ C) ∪ A

B - C = { } or ∅ = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
4. B – C
prepared by: Mary May Noynay
prepared by: Mary May Noynay
prepared by: Mary May Noynay

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