2

Logarithms and exponential functions

Note: where you are estimating gradient and 1 − ⎛1⎞ 1
1
i) −1
= 3= 9 2 ⇒ log 9 ⎜ ⎟ = −
intercept from graphs there are considerable 3 ⎝3⎠ 2
variations so don’t worry if your answers are not 5
exactly the same as given here – in examinations there 1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
j) = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ log 1 ⎜ ⎟ = 5
will be a reasonable amount of leeway given. 32 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎝
32 ⎠
−3
⎛1⎞
Skills check ⎜ ⎟= 27 ⇒ log 1 27 = –3
k)
1 7
⎝3⎠ 3
x8
1. a) = x 5 b) x 10 = x 5 c) ( x 7 ) 3 = x 3 3
x3 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
−3 −
2 3
l) ⎜ ⎟ = 8= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ log 1 8 = − 
2. (2 ) = 2
a b ab ⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠ 4
2
1
Exercise 2.1 2. a) 256 = 28 b)
27
= 3–3

1. a) 0.6 × (4)5 = 614.4

32 = 42.5
c) d) 9 3 = 32.5
400000 × (0.3) = 972
b) 5

63.2 × (1.03)8 = 80.0598... = 80.1 (3 s.f.)

c) x = a q
e) f) t = s u

5.1 × (0.08)4 = 0.0002088... = 2.09 × 10−4 (3 s.f.)

d) ⎛ 1 ⎞
3. a) –3 = log7 ⎜ ⎟ b) 9 = log10 1 000 000 000
2. a) 1500 × (0.7)5 = 252 ml ⎝ 343 ⎠
1500 × (0.7)15 = 7.12 ml
b) ⎛ 1⎞
–4 = log2 ⎜
c) ⎟
⎝ 16 ⎠
d) 2.5 = log5 25 5 ( )
3. $3 000 000 × 0.8 + $2 000 000 × 0.8
3 2

= $2.82 million –3 = logt v

e) f) x = logp m

4. After 12 hours there is 100 × (0.8)12 = 6.9 mg so

4. a) log10 100 = log10(102) = 2
need further injections to be 100 – 6.9 = 93 mg to
bring total to 100 mg. ⎛ 1
⎞ 1
log10 10 = log10 ⎜ 10 2 ⎟ =
b)
5. 9 am the next morning is 17 hours later. At 9 am ⎝ ⎠ 2
the volume is 3000 × (0.98) = 2128 ml = 2.1 litres
17

so there is enough (>2 litres) for him to drive the 10 ⎛ 32 ⎞ 2

c)
log10 = log 10 ⎜ 10 ⎟ =
car to the garage.
⎠ 3
3
10 ⎝
Exercise 2.2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ − 12 ⎞ 1
log10 ⎜
d) ⎟ = log 10 ⎜ 10 ⎟= −
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 2
1. a) = 3−4 ⇒ log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = –4
81 ⎝ 81 ⎠
⎛ 1
⎞
( )
3
3 5 1
27 =
b) 33 =9 2 ⇒ log 9 27 = log10 100
e) = 000 10 =
log 10 ⎜ 10
2
⎟ 5
2 ⎝ ⎠ 2
7
7
128 =
c) 27 =4 2 ⇒ log 4 128 = ⎛ − 73 ⎞
2 ⎛ ⎞
1 7
log10 ⎜
f) ⎟ = log 10 ⎜ 10 ⎟= −
38 = 6561 ⇒ log3 6561 = 8
d) ⎝ 100 10 ⎠
3
⎝ ⎠ 3

63 = 216 ⇒ log6 216 = 3

e) log10 1 = log10(100) = 0
g)
5
1 −  1 5
f) = 2 = 8 3 ⇒ log 8   = −
−5
5. y
32 32 3 4
5
a)
5 3 b)
32 =
g) 2 =
16 ⇒ log16 32 =
5 4
c) 2
4
1
1 ⎛ 1⎞
= 4 −2 ⇒ log 4 ⎜ ⎟ = –2
h)
16 ⎝ 16 ⎠ –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–1

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 1
6. a) log5 3 + log5 8 = log5 24 log10 70 log10 352
2. a) = 1.152 b) = 0.878
log6 7 + log6 10 = log6 70
b) log10 40 log10 794
log5 4 + log5 6.25 = log5 25 = 2
c) ln 0.82
c) = 0.461
2 log5 3 + log5 4 = log5 (32 × 4) = log5 36
d) ln 0.65

⎛ 62 × 12 ⎞ 480
2 log5 6 – log5 8 + log5 12 = log 5 ⎜
e) ⎟ 3. a) i) = 15.1 kg of TNT
⎝ 8 ⎠ 31.7
= log5 54 480 × (31.7)3 = 15 300 000 kg of TNT
ii)
⎛ 42 ⎞
2 log10 4 – 4 log10 2 = log10 ⎜ 4
f) ⎟ = log10 1 = 0 480 × (31.7)2 × 6 = 2 890 000 kg of TNT
b)
⎝2 ⎠
4000
4000
⎛ 42 ⎞
2 logp 4 – 4 logp 2 = log p ⎜ 4 ⎟ = logp 1 = 0
g) 4. 28 × ( 0.5 ) 5730 = 17.3 g, since 4000 is of a
5730
⎝2 ⎠
half-life.
1 ⎛ 12 × 25 ⎞
log10 12 − log10 9 + log10 25 = log10 ⎜
h) ⎟
2 ⎝ 9 ⎠ Exercise 2.4
= log10(100) = 2 log 100
1. a) 5x = 100 ⇒ x = = 2.86
7. a) log5 3 + 2 = log5 3 + log5 25 = log5 75 log 5
log 3
3 + log6 10 = log6 216 + log6 10 = log6 2160
b) 6x = 3 ⇒ x =
b) = 0.613
log 6
x 2
( x + 3) 
2 log10 x − log10 8 + log10 ( x + 3) = log10 
c)  log 0.1
 8 0.4x = 0.1 ⇒ x =
c) = 2.51
log 0.4
3 + 2 log5 x = log5 125 + log5(x 2)
d)
⎛ 1 ⎞
    = log5 (125x 2) 0.4x = 2.5 =⎜
d) ⎟⇒ x = –1
⎝ 0.4 ⎠
log10 x + 3 = log10 x + log10 1000 = log10 (1000x)
e)
log 12
72x = 12 ⇒ 2x =
e) = 1.2769… ⇒ x = 0.638
2 + log10 8 − log10 x = log10 100 + log10 8 − log10 x
f) log 7
800 
= log10  log 64
 x  73x = 64 ⇒ 3x =
f) = 2.1372 …… ⇒ x = 0.712
log 7

⎛ xy ⎞ log 7
8. a) log ⎜ 2 ⎟ = log x + log y – 2 log z 42x–1 = 7 ⇒ 2x – 1 =
g) = 1.40367…
⎝z ⎠ log 4
log(x 2(xy 2z)3) = log(x 5y6z3)
b) ⇒ x = 1.20
= 5 log x + 6 log y + 3 log z 1
x 1 log 10
7 2 =10 ⇒
h) x = = 1.1832… ⇒ x = 2.37
⎛x y ⎞ ⎛x y⎞
4 2 2
2 log 7
log ⎜ 4 ⎟ = log ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2 log x + log y – 2 log z
c)
⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ z ⎠
i) 24x−1 = 128 = 27 ⇒ x = 2
9. a) loga 50 = loga(2 × 52) = x + 2y 1
j) 32x+1 = = 3–3 ⇒ x = –2
⎛ 6 × 52 ⎞ 27
loga75 = ⎜
b) ⎟ = z + 2y – x 1
⎝ 2 ⎠
x
3=
k) 2
= 33 ⇒ x = 6
27
⎛6⎞ 2 x −1 −7
loga0.75 = ⎜
c) 3 ⎟
= z – 3x ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
⎝2 ⎠ l) = 27 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ x = –3
⎜ ⎟= 128
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛ ⎞ 1
loga0.001 = loga ⎜
d) 3 ⎟ = –3x – 3y
3 2. a) 22x = 3x+2 ⇒ 2x log 2 = (x + 2) log 3
⎝2 ×5 ⎠
⇒ x (2 log 2 – log 3) = 2 log 3
Exercise 2.3
2 log 3
⇒x= = 7.64
1. a) log1023.2 = 1.365 b) log10 0.0232 = –1.635 ( 2 log 2 − log 3 )
log10 (2.7183) = 0.434 d) ln 6.5 = 1.872
c)
ln 0.0065 = –5.036
e)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 2
 5x+1 = 42x−3 ⇒ (x + 1) log 5 = (2x – 3) log 4
b) log 30
5. a) 5x = 30 ⇒ x log 5 = log 30 ⇒ x = = 2.11
log 5
⇒ x (log 5 – 2 log 4) = –3 log 4 – log 5
52y = 60 ⇒ 2y log 5 = log 60
b)
−3 log 4 − log 5 log 60
⇒x= = 4.96 ⇒y= = 1.27
log 5 − 2 log 4 2 log 5

32x−1 = 7x+1 ⇒ (2x – 1) log 3 = (x + 1) log 7

c) 1(3n − 1)
6. a = 1; r = 3 ⇒ Sn =
⇒ x (2 log 3 – log 7) = log 7 + log 3 3−1

log 7 + log 3 1 000 000 × 2 + 1 < 3n

⇒x= = 12.1
2 log 3 − log 7 log ( 2 000 001)
n> = 13.2
4
d) 3x−1
=2
2x−6
⇒ (3x – 1) log 4 = (2x – 6) log 2 log 3
So need to take 14 terms.
⇒ x (3 log 4 – 2 log 2) = log 4 – 6 log 2
log 4 − 6 log 2 1(3n − 1)
7. a = 1; r = 3 ⇒ Sn =
⇒x= ⇒ x = –1 3−1
3 log 4 − 2 log 2

Or: 43x−1 = 22(3x−1) = 22x−6 ⇒ 6x – 2 = 2x – 6 ⇒ x = –1 1 000 000 000 × 2 + 1 < 3n

log ( 2 000 000 001)
3x+4 = 5x+1 ⇒ (x + 4) log 3 = (x + 1) log 5
e) n> = 19.5
log 3
⇒ x (log 3 – log 5) = log 5 – 4 log 3
So need to take 20 terms.
log 5 − 4 log 3
⇒x= = 5.45 1(5n − 1)
log 3 − log 5 8. a =1; r =5 ⇒ Sn =
5−1
72x × 4x = 3x+5 ⇒ 2x log 7 + x log 4 = (x + 5) log 3
f) 1 000 000 × 4 + 1 < 5n
⇒ x (2 log 7 + log 4 – log 3) = 5 log 3 log( 4 000 001)
n> = 9.45
5 log 3 log 5
⇒x= = 1.31
2 log 7 + log 4 − log 3 So need to take 10 terms.
log 40 3(2n − 1)
3. a) 3x ≥ 40 ⇒ x log 3 ≥ log 40 ⇒ x ≥ = 3.36 9. a = 3; r = 2 ⇒ Sn =
log 3 2 −1
log 0.8 10 000 ÷ 3 + 1 < 2n
6 x ≤ 0.8 ⇒ x log 6 ≤ log 0.8 ⇒ x ≤
b) = –0.125
log 6
log(3334.33)
n> = 11.7
0.4x < 0.2 ⇒ x log 0.4 < log 0.2
c) log 2
log 0.2 So need to take 12 terms.
⇒x> = 1.76
log 0.4
10 (1 − 0.5n )
0.4 ≤ 2 ⇒ x log 0.4 ≤ log 2
d) x 10. a = 10; r = 0.5 ⇒ Sn =
1 − 0 .5
log 2
⇒x≥
log 0.4
= –0.756   1 − 19.999 > 0.5n
20
log 5
72x ≤ 5 ⇒ 2x log 7 ≤ log 5 ⇒ x ≤
e) = 0.414 ⎛ 19.999 ⎞
2 log 7 log ⎜ 1 − ⎟
1
  n > ⎝ 20 ⎠ = 14.3
x 1
7 3 < 25 ⇒
f) x  log 7 < log 25 log 0.5
3
3 log 25
So need to take 15 terms.
⇒x< = 4.96
log 7 8
11. a = 8; r = 0.5 ⇒ S∞ = = 16
log 5 1 − 0 .5
4. a) 7x = 5 ⇒ x log 7 = log 5 ⇒ x =
log 7
= 0.827
  Sn =
(
8 1 − 0 .5 n ) > 15.9999
log 12 1 − 0 .5
b) 7y = 12 ⇒ y log 7 = log 12 ⇒ y = = 1.28
log 7 15.9999
  1 − > 0.5n
log 60 16
c) 7z = 60 ⇒ z log 7 = log 60 ⇒ z = = 2.10
log 7

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 3
 15.9999  c) ln(17x – 6) = ln x + ln 12 = ln 12x
log  1 −
 16 
  n >
log 0.5
= 17.28...   ⇒ 17x – 6 = 12x ⇒ x = 6
5
So need to take 18 terms. d) log10(13x – 4) = 2 log10 x + 1 = log10 10x  2
1 1  ⇒ 10x  2 – 13x + 4 = 0 ⇒ (5x – 4)(2x – 1) = 0
12. a = 1; r = ⇒ S∞ = = 1.5
3 1
1− 1 4
3 ⇒ x = ,
2 5
⎛ ⎛1⎞ ⎞
n

1⎜ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 100
⎜ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎟⎠ 15. a) 80 × (0.5) 12 = 0.248 mg
⎝
  Sn = > 1.5 × 0.9999 = 1.49985
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
1−⎜ ⎟ t log ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ b) 80 × (0.5) 12
= 1 ⇒ t = 12 × ⎝ 80 ⎠ = 75.86
n log 0.5
1.49985 ⎛ 1 ⎞ n
 1 − < ⎜ ⎟
> so after nearly 76 years, i.e. in late 2025
1 .5 ⎝ 3 ⎠
t
⎛ 1.49985 ⎞ log 0.1
log ⎜ 1 − ⎟ 0.1k ⇒ t = 8 ×
16. k × (0.5) 8 = = 26.57
⎝ 1 .5 ⎠ log 0.5
  n > = 8.38...
⎛1⎞ So they are recommending quarantine for 27 years.
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ t t
t t
So need to take 9 terms. 17. k × 2 30 = 3 × k × 2 40 ⇒ log 2 =
log 3 + log 2
30 40
13. a) loga(2 – x) = loga x + loga 5 = loga (5x)
⎛ t t ⎞
⇒⎜ − ⎟ log 2 = log 3
1 ⎝ 30 40 ⎠
 ⇒ 2 – x = 5x ⇒ x = log 3
3 ⇒ t= 120 × = 190.2
log 2
b) log10(4 + x) = log10 x + log10 7 = log10 7x
so after about 3 hours and 10 minutes
  ⇒ 4 + x = 7x ⇒ x = 2
3
Exercise 2.5
c) ln(8x – 1) = ln x + ln 6 = ln 6x
1 1. a) p and t are related by
 ⇒ 8x – 1 = 6x ⇒ x =
2 p = 3b t ⇒ log p = log 3 + t logb.
d) log10 (4 + x) = log10 x + 2 = log10 100x The variables are log p and t.
4
 ⇒ 4 + x = 100x ⇒ x = y and x are related by
b)
99
y = Kx−2 ⇒ log y = log K – 2 log x.
e) ln(1 – x) = ln x + 1 = ln (ex)
The variables are log y and log x.
 ⇒ 1 – x = ex ⇒ 1 = x(1 + e)
y and x are related by
c)
1
⇒x= 1
1+ e y = α x ⇒ log
= y log α + log x .
2
14. a) ln(6 – 13x) = 2 ln x + ln 5 = ln(5x 2) The variables are log y and log x.
  ⇒ 5x 2 + 13x – 6 = 0 ⇒ (5x – 2)(x +3) = 0 2. a) log10 y = 1 + 2 log10 x ⇒ y = 10x 2
2 ⎛ 4π ⎞ 4π 3
⇒ x = –3, log10 V = log10 ⎜
5
b) ⎟ + 3 log10 r ⇒ V = r
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
but ln(–3) does not exist so the only valid
2 log10 y = .1 + 1.3 x ⇒ y = 10(0.1+1.3 x ) = 100.1101.3 x
c)
solution is x =
5
3. y = Ax n ⇒ log y = log A + n log x
b) log10(13x – 6) = 2 log10 x + log10 6 = log10 (6x  2) From the graph, n (the gradient) is approximately 0.6,
and the intercept (log A) is approximately 0.75, so A is
 ⇒ 6x  2 – 13x + 6 ⇒ (3x – 2)(2x – 3) = 0
approximately 100.75 = 5.6.
2 3
⇒ x = ,;
3 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 4
 4.0 5.0
3.5 log y = 0.6 log x + 0.75 4.5 log R = 0.5 log v + 2.8
4.0
3.0
3.5
2.5 3.0

log R
log y

2.0 2.5
1.5 2.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
–1.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 –1.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000
log x log v

4. p = Ak−q ⇒ ln p = log A – q ln k 7. T = kD n ⇒ log T = log k + n log D. Plot log T

 From the graph, –ln k (the gradient) is against log D.
approximately –0.675, so k is approximately e 0.675
From the graph, n (the gradient) is approximately
= 2.0 and the intercept (log A) is approximately 1.5, and the intercept (log k) is approximately −0.7,
3.36, so A is approximately e3.36 =28.8. so k is approximately 10−0.7 = 0.2.
4.0 5.0
3.5 ln p = –0.675 q + 3.36 4.0 log T = 1.5 log D – 0.7
3.0 3.0
2.5 2.0
log T
ln p

2.0 1.0
1.5
–1.000 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000
1.0 –1.0
0.5 –2.0
0.0 log D
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 8. P = kr t ⇒ ln P = ln k + t ln r
q
From the graph of ln P against t, ln r (the gradient)
5. y = Ax  ⇒ log y = log A + n log x
n is approximately 0.25, and the intercept (ln k) is
approximately 6.3, so r is approximately e0.25 = 1.28,
From the graph, n (the gradient) is approximately
and k is approximately e6.3 = 545. (Using logs
–0.5, and the intercept (log A) is approximately 3.5,
in base 10 will give a different graph but
so A is approximately 103.5 = 3200. (Note that
approximately the same estimates.)
if you use natural logarithms, the graph will look
12.0
different but the estimates will be the same – to
10.0
within the accuracy possible in estimating from
8.0
a graph).
ln P

6.0
4.0
4.0 ln P = 0.25 t + 6.3
3.5
2.0
3.0
0.0
2.5
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
log y

2.0 t
1.5 log y = –0.5 log x + 3.5 9. 7y = 43x−2 ⇒ y = log 7 (3x – 2) log 4
1.0
⎛ log 4 ⎞ ⎛ log 4 ⎞
0.5 ⇒y=
⎜3 ⎟ x − 2⎜ ⎟.
0.0 ⎝ log 7 ⎠ ⎝ log 7 ⎠
–1.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000
log x This is a linear form with gradient (the coefficient
log 4 log 4
of x) 3 and intercept –2 .
6. R = kvn ⇒ log R = log k + n log v. Plot log R log 7 log 7
against log v.
From the graph, n (the gradient) is approximately Summary exercise 2
0.5, and the intercept (log k) is approximately 2.8,
⎛ 1 ⎞ −5
so k is approximately 102.8 = 630. 1. a) log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log 2 (2 ) = –5
⎝ 32 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 5
 ⎛ 3
⎞ log 0.8
( )
log 4 8 = log 4 23 = log 4 ⎜ 4 2 ⎟ =
b)
3
2
c) 0.2x = 0.8 ⇒ x log 0.2 = log 0.8 ⇒ x =
log 0.2
⎝ ⎠ = 0.139
⎛ 1⎞ 1
log 81 3 = log 81 ⎜ 814 ⎟ =
c) 9. a) 42x = 8x+2 ⇒ 24x = 23(x+2) ⇒ 4x = 3x + 6 ⇒ x = 6
⎝ ⎠ 4
OR (2x) log 4 = (x + 2) log 8

2. a) log4 256 = 4 ⇒ 256 = 44
⇒ x (2 log 4 – log 8) = 2 log 8
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
log 2 ⎜
b) ⎟ =− 5 ⇒ = 2–5 2 log 8
⎝ 32 ⎠ 32 ⇒ x = =6
2 log 4 − log 8
log 2 32 =
c) 2 ( )
5.5 ⇒ 32 2 = 25.5
b) 32x+1 = 53x−1 ⇒ (2x + 1) log 3 = (3x – 1) log 5
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⇒ x(2 log 3 – 3 log 5) = –log 5 – log 3
3. a) 6 −3 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ log 6 ⎜ ⎟ = –3
⎝ 216 ⎠ ⎝ 216 ⎠ − log 5 − log 3
⇒ x = = 1.03
10 = 10 000 000 ⇒ log10 10 000 000 = 7
b) 7
2 log 3 − 3 log 5

4. a) log10 10 000 = log10 104 = 4 72x−1 = 3x+1 ⇒ (2x – 1) log 7 = (x + 1) log 3

c)

 3 3 ⇒ x(2 log 7 – log 3) = log 7 + log 3

log10 1000 = log10  10 2  =
b)
  2 log 7 + log 3
⇒ x = = 1.09
⎛ 10 2 ⎞ 2 log 7 − log 3
100 ⎜ ⎟ log ⎛ 74 ⎞ 7
=
c)
log10 4 =
log 10 = 10 ⎜ 10 ⎟
10 ⎜ 1
⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 4
⎝ 10 4 ⎠ 10. a) 5x ≥ 43.2 ⇒ x log 5 ≥ log 43.2

5. a) log4 2 + log4 7 = log4 14 log 43.2

⇒x≥ = 2.34
log 5
log10 17 + log10 12 = log10 204
b)
b) 5x ≤ 0.7 ⇒ x log 5 ≤ log 0.7
ln 3 + ln 4.5 = ln 13.5
c) log 0.7
⇒x≤ = –0.222
2 log6 3 + log6 4 = log6 (32 × 4) = log6 (36) = 2
d) log 5
c) 0.7x < 0.3 ⇒ x log 0.7 < log 0.3
⎛ 24 × 12.5 ⎞
e) log10 24 – log10 3 + log10 12.5 = log10 ⎜ ⎟ log 0.3
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⇒x> = 3.38
log 0.7
= log10 100 = 2
11. a = 2; r = 5 ⇒ Sn =
(
2 5n − 1 )
2 + 3 log5 x = log5 25 + log5 x  = log5 (25x )
f) 3  3
5−1
⎛ ( 2 x )3 ( 2 x + 3 ) ⎞
g) 3 ln(2x) – ln 8 + ln(2x + 3) = ln ⎜ ⎟ 1 000 000 × 2 + 1 < 5n
⎜ 8 ⎟
= ln(2x   + 3x  )
4 3
⎝ ⎠ log ( 2 000 001)
n> = 9.01
⎛ 4e2 ⎞ log 5
2 + ln 4 – 2 ln x = ln e2 + ln 4 – ln x 2 = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
h)
⎝ x ⎠ So need to take 10 terms.
⎛ ( xy 2 z )5 ⎞ 5
6. log ⎜ ⎟ = log(x 3y10z 5) = 3 log x + 10 log y 12. a = 5; r = 0.5 ⇒ S∞ = = 10
⎜ x2 ⎟ 1 − 0 .5
⎝ ⎠ + 5 log z
Sn =
(
5 1 − 0 .5 n ) > 9.99999
7. log a 0.15 = log a ⎛⎜ ⎞ = log 6 – 3 log 2 – log 5
6 1 − 0 .5
3 ⎟ a a a
⎝ 2 ×5⎠
9.99999
= z – 3x – y 1 − > 0.5n
10
log 83
8. a) 7x = 83 ⇒ x log 7 = log 83 ⇒ x = = 2.27 9.99999 
log 7 log  1 −
 10 
log 0.3 n> = 19.93...
b) 5x = 0.3 ⇒ x log 5 = log 0.3 ⇒ x = log 0.5
log 5
= –0.748 So need to take 20 terms.

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 6
13. a) loga (3 – 2x) = logax + loga 7 = loga 7x 1.8
1.6 log P = 0.11 t + 0.95
1
⇒ 3 – 2x = 7x ⇒ x = 1.4
3
1.2
b) log10 (3 + x) = log10 x + 2 = log10 x + log10 100 1.0

log P
= log10 100x 0.8
0.6
1
⇒ 3 + x = 100x ⇒ x = 0.4
33
0.2
ln(5x – 2) = ln x + ln 4 = ln 4x
c) 0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
⇒ 5x – 2 = 4x ⇒ x = 2 t

ln(3 – 2x) = ln x + 2 = ln x + ln e = ln e x
d) 2 2 18. 5y = 62x−5
3 ⇒ y log 5 = (2x – 5) log 6
⇒ 3 – 2x = e2 x ⇒ x(2 + e2) ⇒ x =
2 + e2 ⎛ log 6 ⎞ ⎛ log 6 ⎞
⇒y=
⎜2 ⎟ x − 5⎜ ⎟
40
40 ⎝ log 5 ⎠ ⎝ log 5 ⎠
14. a) 150 × ( 0.5 ) 15 = 23.6 g, since 40 is half-lives.
15 This is a linear form with gradient (the coefficient
⎛ 1 ⎞ log 6 ⎛ log 6 ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟ of x) 2 and intercept −5 ⎜ ⎟.
t
⎝ 150 ⎠ log 5 ⎝ log 5 ⎠
150 × ( 0.5 )
b)  15 = 1 ⇒ t = 15 ×
log ( 0.5 )
19. y = Ak x ⇒ ln y = ln A + x ln k
= 108.4…
From the best straight-line graph through the
so after just over 108 years, i.e. in 2108 points, ln k (the gradient) is approximately 0.4,
t log (1000 ) so k is approximately e0.4 = 1.49 and the intercept
15. 10000 × ( 2 ) 30 = 10 000 000 ⇒ t = 30 × (ln A) is approximately 0.37, so A is
log ( 2 )
approximately e0.37 =1.45.
= 299 mins, so after 4 hours 59 minutes
3.0
16. V = ArT ⇒ lnV = ln A + T ln r 2.5 ln y = 0.4 x + 0.37
From the graph, ln r (the gradient) is 2.0
approximately 0.06, so r is approximately
ln y

1.5
e0.06 = 1.06 (interest rate of 6% pa) and the 1.0
intercept (ln A) is approximately 8.1, so A is 0.5
approximately e8.1 = 3300. 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8.6
x
8.5 ln V = 0.06 T + 8.1
8.4 20. 3 x + 2 = 11x −1
8.3 ( x + 2 ) log 3 = ( x − 1) log11
ln V

8.2
x ( log 3 − log11) = − log11 − 2 log 3
8.1
− log11 − 2 log 3
8.0 x= = 3.54 (3s.f.)
7.9 log 3 − log11
7.8
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 21. e 2 x = 5 x −3
T 2 x = ( x − 3) ln 5

17. P = kr   ⇒ log P = log k + t log r
t 2 x − x ln 5 = −3 ln 5
From the graph, log r (the gradient) is −3 ln 5
x= = −12.362 (3 d.p.)
approximately 0.11, so r is approximately 2 − ln 5
100.11 = 1.29, and the intercept (log k) is
approximately 0.95, so k is approximately 22. ln e x −1 = ln 5 x +3 x − 1 = ( x + 3) ln 5 x − 1 = x ln 5 + 3 ln 5
100.95 = 8.9. 1 + 3 ln 5
x (1 − ln 5) = 1 + 3 ln 5 x = x − 1 = x ln 5 + 3 ln 5
1 − ln 5

⇒x=
(3 ln 5 + 1) = −9.56
(1 − ln 5)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Logarithms and exponential functions 7