Geometric Inequalities

lneis1
April 6, 2021

1 Introduction
I have made an attempt to compile some of the Geometric Inequalities. I hope this
helps everyone.

2 Algebraic Inequalities
Following are a few basic algebraic inequalities which serve as very useful tools to
prove the geometric inequalities.

1. 8xyz ≤ (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

2. 6xyz ≤ xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + zx(z + x)

3. xy + yz + zx ≤ x2 + y 2 + z 2

q
4. 3xyz(x + y + z) < xy + yz + zx

5. xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + zx(z + x) ≤ x3 + y 3 + z 3 xyz

6. xyz ≤ ( x+y+z
3
)3

2 +y 2 +z 2 1
7. ( x+y+z
3
) ≤ (x 3
)2

3 +y 3 +z 3 1
8. ( x+y+z
3
) ≤ (x 3
)3

9. xyz(x + y + z) ≤ x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2

10. xyz(x + y + z) ≤ xy 3 + yz 3 + zx3

1
3 Nomenclature
• a, b, c are sides of the triangle

• s, r, ra , rb , rc , R is the semi-perimeter in-radius, ex-radii and circum-radius re-

spectively

• α, β, γ, ∆ are the angles of the triangle and the area of the triangle respectively

• ma , ha , ta are respectively the lengths of median, altitude and internal angle

bisector from A

• O, I, H, G, N are the circum-centre, in-centre, ortho-centre, centroid and the

nine-point centre of of the triangle

4 Some Basic Identities

a b c
1. Sine Rule Sinα
= Sinβ
= Sinγ

2. Cosine Rule c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab × cosγ and analogously for other two

q q r
(s−b)(s−c) (s)(s−a) (s−b)(s−c)
3. sin α2 = bc
, cos α2 = bc
, tan α2 = (s)(s−a)

q
abc
4. ∆ = 4R
= rs = (s)(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = ra (s − a)
1
= 2
× bc × sinα = 2R2 sinα · sinβ · sinγ

5. r = 4R × sin α2 sin β2 sin γ2 = (s − a)tan α2 = (s − b)tan β2 = (s − c)tan γ2

1
√
6. ma = 2
× 2b2 + 2c2 − a2
√
2bc 2 bc(s)(s−a)
7. ta = b+c
× cos α2 = b+c

8. OI 2 = R2 − 2Rr = (1 − 8sin α2 · sin β2 · sin γ2 )

9. OH 2 = R2 (1 − cosα · cosβ · cosγ) = 9R2 − (a2 + b2 + c2 )

10. IH 2 = 2r2 − 4R2 × cosα.cosβ.cosγ

11. Σ.cosα = 1 + 4 · Π.sin α2

2
5 Inequalities related to in-radius, ex-radii and
circum-radius
1. 2r ≤ R
√
2. 3s ≤ 4R + r
√
3. 2s ≤ 3 3R

4. 24Rr − 12r2 ≤ a2 + b2 + c2

5. 3r(4R + r) ≤ s2

6. 27r2 ≤ s2

7. 27Rr ≤ 2s2

8. 36r2 ≤ a2 + b2 + c2

abc
9. 4r2 ≤ a+b+c

1 1 1 1
10. R2
≤ ab
+ bc
+ ca

√
3 1
11. R
≤ a
+ 1b + 1
c

12. 16Rr − 5r2 ≤ s2

13. 4r(5R − r) ≤ ab + bc + ca

14. a(s − a) + b(s − b) + c(s − c) ≤ 9Rr

1 1 1 1 1
15. 2Rr
≤ a2
+ b2
+ c2
≤ 4r2

√
16. 2s ≤ ra + rb + rc
q q q q
a b c 3 s
17. ra
+ rb
+ rc
≤ 2 r

a3 b3 c3 abc
18. ra
+ rb
+ rc
≤ r

19. 9r ≤ ra + rb + rc

20. ra + rb + rc ≤ 32 R

21. 54Rr ≤ 3(ab + bc + ca) ≤ 4(ra rb + rb rc + rc ra )

a2 b2 c2
22. rb rc
+ rc ra
+ ra rb
≥4

3
23. s2 ≤ ra2 + rb2 + rc2
√
24. 8ra rb rc ≤ 3 3

R b c
25. r
≥ c
+ b

√ a2 +(b−c)2
26. (s − a)( 3 + 2∆
) ≤ 4R − ra

9r 1
27. 2∆
≤ a
+ 1b + 1
c

√ √ √
8 ∆ 2 bc bc ca ca ab ab
28. ( )
3 2r
≥ b+c
+ c+a
+ a+b

29. 9r(r + 4R) ≤ 3s2 ≤ (r + 4R)2

√
1
30. a
+ 1b + 1
c
≤ 3
2r

√
1
31. a
+ 1b + 1
c
≤ 3 3
2(r+R)

√
32. 3∆ ≤ r(4R + r)

4
6 Inequalities related to sides and area
1. abc ≥ 8(s − b)(s − c)(s − a)

36 2 abc
2. a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 35
(s + s
)

3. abc < a2 (s − a) + b2 (s − b) + c2 (s − c) ≤ 32 abc

4. bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + ab(a + b) ≥ 48(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

√
5. 2s2 ≥ 6 3∆ + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
√
6. a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 4 3∆ + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
√ 9abc
7. 4 3∆ ≤ a+b+c

√
8. 3 3∆ ≤ s2

9. a2 b(a − b) + b2 c(b − c) + c2 a(c − a) ≥ 0

10. a3 (s − a) + b3 (s − b) + c3 (s − c) ≤ abcs

11. (a + b − c)(a − b + c)(−a + b + c) ≤ abc

√ √ √ √ √
12. s < s − a + s − b + s − c ≤ 3s
√
13. a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 4 3∆ + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
√
14. ab + bc + ca ≥ 4 3∆

15. a4 + b4 + c4 ≥ 16∆2

16. a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ≥ 16∆2

4∆ 3
17. (abc)2 ≥ ( √ 3
)

5
7 Inequalities related to medians, altitudes,
and angle bisector
√
1. ha + hb + hc ≤ 3
√
2. 9r ≤ ha + hb + hc ≤ 3s

3. h2a + h2b + h2c ≤ 43 (a2 + b2 + c2 )

a2 b2 c2
4. h2b +h2c
+ h2c +h2a
+ h2a +h2b
≥2

5. ha + hb + hc ≤ ta + tb + tc ≤ 3(r + R)
√
6. ha hb + hb hc + hc ha ≤ 3 3∆

7. ha · hb · hc ≥ 27r3

1 1 1 3
8. ha −2r
+ hb −2r
+ hc −2r
≥ r

3
9. 2
s < ma + mb + mc < 2s

10. ma + mb + mc ≤ 4R + r
√ √ √ √ √
11. s < ta + tb + tc ≤ s( s − a + s − b + s − c) ≤ 3s
√
12. t2a + t2b + t2c ≥ 3 3∆

13. R + r ≤ max{h, hb , hc }

14. Σa · sin α2 ≥ s

15. max{ra , rb , rc } ≥ 23 R

16. R − 2r ≥ ta − ha
q q √
17. s(s − a) + s(s − b) + mc ≤ 3s

6
8 Trigonometric Inequalities
√
3 3
1. sin(α) + sin(β) + sin(γ) ≤ 8

3
2. 1 < cos(α) + cos(β) + cos(γ) ≤ 2

√
3. tan(α) + tan(β) + tan(γ) ≥ 3 3 → for acute angled triangle

4. cot(α) + cot(β) + cot(γ) ≥ 3

√
5. cot α2 + cot β2 + cot γ2 ≥ 3 3

6. Σcot2 α2 ≥ (Σcot α2 )(Σα)

7. 1 < sin α2 + sin β2 + sin γ2 ≤ 3

2

8. cos α2 · cos β2 · cos γ2 ≤ 1

8

9. sin2α + sin2β + sin2γ ≤ sinα + sinβ + sinγ

10. sin2 α2 + sin2 β2 + sin2 γ2 ≥ 3

4

q q q 1
sinα sinβ sinγ
11. sinβ+sinγ
+ sinγ+sinα
+ sinα+sinβ
≥ 3( 34 ) 4

12. sin α2 · sin β2 · sin γ2 ≤ 1

8

√
13. tan α2 · tan β2 · tan γ2 ≤ 9
3

14. tan2 α2 + tan2 β2 + tan2 γ2 ≥ 1

1
15. cot(α) · cot(β) · cot(γ) ≤ √
3 3

16. Σcot2 α ≥ Σcotα · cotβ = 1

17. sec(α) + sec(β) + sec(γ) ≥ 6

√
18. cosec(α) + cosec(β) + cosec(γ) ≥ 2 3
√
19. cosec2 (α) + cosec2 (β) + cosec2 (γ) ≥ 2 3

20. (Σsin α2 )2 ≤ Σcos2 α2