ICA Notes Composed by: Hassan Yousaf

Major Internet Services: -

The Internet acts as a carrier for several different services, each with its own distinct
features and purposes (see Figure 8A.5). The most commonly used Internet
services arc
 The World Wide Web
 Electronic mail
 News
 File Transfer Protocol
 Chat
 Instant messaging
 Online services
 Peer-to-peer services
To use any of these services, you need a computer that is connected to the Internet in some way.
Most individual users connect their computer’s modem to a telephone line (or use a high-speed
connection such as DSL or a cable modem) and set up an account with an Internet service
provider (ISP), a company that provides local or regional access to the Internet backbone. Many
other users connect to the Internet through a school or business network. To use a specific
service, you also need the right type of software. Some programs enable you to use multiple
Internet services, so you do not necessarily need separate applications for each service.
More examples: -

1 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.

2 Telnet
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.

3 Newsgroup
Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.
 4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real time.

5 Mailing Lists
Used to organize group of internet users to share common information through e-mail.

6 Internet Telephony (VoIP)

Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the call.

7 Instant Messaging
Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg. Yahoo messenger, MSN
messenger.

How WWW works?: -

Web documents can be linked together because they are created in a format known as hypertext.
Hypertext systems provide an easy way to manage large collections of data, which
can include text files, pictures, sounds, movies, and more. In a hypertext system, when you view
a document on your computer's screen, you also can access all the data that might be
linked to it. So, if the document is a discussion of honey bees, you might be able to click a
hypertext link and see a photo of a beehive, or a movie of bees gathering pollen from flowers.
To support hypertext documents, the Web uses a special protocol, called the
hypertext transfer protocol, or HTTP. A hypertext document is a specially encoded file that uses
the hypertext markup language, or HTML. This language allows a document's author to embed
hypertext links—also called hyperlinks or just links—in the document. HTTP and hypertext
links are the foundations of the World Wide Web. As you read a hypertext document—more
commonly called a Web page—on screen, you can click a word or picture encoded as a
hypertext link and immediately jump to another location within the same document or to a
different Web page. The second page may be located on the same computer as the original page,
or anywhere else on the Internet. Because you do not have to learn separate commands and
addresses to jump to a new location, the World Wide Web organizes widely scattered resources
into a seamless whole. A collection of related Web pages is called a Web site. Web sites are
housed on Web servers, Internet host computers that often store thousands of individual pages.
Copying a page onto a server is called publishing the page, but the process
also, is called posting or uploading. Web pages are used to distribute news, interactive
educational services, product information, catalogs, highway traffic reports, and live audio and
video, and other kinds of information. Web pages permit readers to consult databases, order
products and information, and submit payment with a credit card or an account number.
How Search Engines find Result Using
Different Operators:-
Search Engines:-
Search Engines use the crawling technology to give you the most
appropriate results about the word you enter. Whenever you enter a word google sets is as
a keyword and it’s crawling software crawls over the websites available on the internet
server. The website which contains the highest ratio of the word you entered is displayed
on the top. Here the point to ponder is the authenticity of website. Search engines highly
look for authentic websites such as websites with less ads or websites most visited
usually the website on top is most visited and one with the best matching data.
Summarized thing is that search engines search over the website for our word.
Using Boolean Operators in Your Searches
Many—but not all—search engines accept special words, called Boolean operators, to modify
your search criteria.
Three basic Boolean operators are sometimes used in Web searches: AND, OR, and NOT. To
use an operator, simply include it in the text box where you type your keywords. The following
table shows simple examples of keyword searches that include the operators, and it explains how
the operator affects catch search. A few search engines also support a fourth operator NEAR.
This operator determines the proximity, or closeness, of your specified keywords. For example,
you may specify “printer NEAR color,” with a closeness of 10 words. This tells
the search engine to look for pages that include both terms, where the terms are no more than 10
words apart. A few (but not all) search engines will let Operator Search Criteria Effect
you use multiple operators and set the order in which s
they are used. Suppose, for example, that you want to The search engine looks
only for
want to find information pages that include both
about cancer in dogs. You might set up your search AND Printer AND color terms and
criteria like this: ignores pages that
include only
(dog OR canine) AND cancer. This tells the engine to one of them.
look for pages that include either “ dog,” “ canine,” or The search engine looks
both, and for pages
then to search those pages for ones that also include Printer OR color that include either or
OR both of the
“cancer." terms.
A few search engines accept symbols to represent
The search engine looks
operators. For example, you may be able to use a plus for pages
sign (+) to represent the AND operator, and a minus sign that include the term
(-) to represent printer, but
NOT Printer NOT color do not also include the
NOT. term color.
Many search engines use implied Boolean The engine ignores any
logic by default, meaning you may not need pages that
include both terms.
to include an operator in some searches. For example, if you type the following search
criteria:
dog canine
some search engines will assume that you want to find pages that include cither
term (using the OR operator by default). Others will assume you want pages that
include both terms (using the AND operator by default), as was the case in your
Lycos searches.
When dealing with implied logic, remember that each search engine operates in
a slightly different way. For example, in some engines, you should use quotation
marks when searching for a phrase or when you want all words to be included,
as in.

Compiler and Interpreter:-

Compiler: -
A compiler converts all the source code into machine code, creating an executable file. The
output of the compiler is called object code. In some languages the object code must then be
linked to produce a true executable file. In other languages the object code itself is directly
executable. The programmer can copy the executable object code onto any similar system and
run the program. In other words, once compiled, the program is a stand-alone executable file that
no longer needs the compiler to run. Of course, each programming language requires its own
compiler to translate code written in that language. For example, the programming language C++
requires a C++ compiler, while the language Pascal requires a Pascal compiler.
Interpreter: -
An interpreter also converts source code to machine code. Instead of creating an executable
object code, however, the interpreter translates and then executes each line of the program, one
line at a time. Interpreters translate code on the fly, so they have a terrain flexibility that
compilers lack. The interpreted code runs slower than compiled code because the code must be
interpreted each time it is run, and a copy of the interpreter must accompany the code
everywhere it goes. Therefore, every system that needs the program must
have a copy of the interpreter as well as the source code. Some popular interpreted languages
include LISP, BASIC, and Visual Basic.
Types of Programming Files: -
 Executable Files. An executable (.exe, .com) file is the part of a program that
actually, sends commands to the processor. In fact, when you run a program, you are running the
executable file. The processor executes the commands in the file—thus the name executable file.
Executable files usually (but do not always) have the filename extension .exe.
 Dynamic Link Library Files. A dynamic link library (.dll) file is a partial .exe
file. A .dll file will not run on its own; instead, its commands are accessed by another running
program. Since .dll files can contain parts of an executable program, they provide programmers
with an effective way of breaking large programs into small, replaceable components. This
feature makes the entire program easier to upgrade. In addition, .dll files also can be shared
by several programs at one time.

 Initialization Files. An initialization (.ini) file contains configuration information,

such as the size and starting point of a window, the color of the background, the user's name, and
so on. Initialization files help programs start running or contain information that programs can
use as they run. Although initialization files are still in use, many newer programs store user
preferences and other program variables in the Windows Registry—a special database
that holds information about the computer's user, installed programs,
and certain hardware devices.
 Help Files. A help (.hlp, .chm) file contains information in an indexed and cross-linked
format. By including a help file, programmers can provide the user with online help
information.
 Batch Files. A batch (.bat) file automates common or repetitive tasks. A
batch file is a simple program that consists of an unformatted text file containing one or more
operating system commands. If you type a batch file’s name at a command prompt, your
operating system will execute the commands in the file.
Types of Programming: -
Structured and OOP programming: -
Structured OOP
Structured programming uses functions built Object-oriented programming allows a
up along a logical program flow to perform programmer to think modularly because
each task in the algorithm or heuristic programs
are assembled into components, called
objects.
Follow top-down approach to program Follow bottom-up approach in program
design. design.
Large programs are divided into smaller self Programs are divided into entity called
contained program segment known as Objects.
functions.
Object: -
In object-oriented programming (OOP), objects are the things you think about first in
designing a program and they are also the units of code that are eventually derived from the
process.

High Level and Low level Programming Language: -

High Level Low Level
A high-level language is a programming Low level languages are used to write
language designed to simplify computer programs that relate to the specific
programming. architecture and hardware of a particular type
These languages are closer to human of computer. They are closer to the
language and far from the machine native language of a computer (binary),
language(binary). They are easy to understand making them harder for programmers to
for the programmers and to design programs understand. Low level refers to:
in them. Assembly Language.
Definitions (DB Chapter): -
Data: -
Collection of raw facts and figures is called data. Data can be of any type such as numeric ,
alphanumeric, audio or video.  Raw data is a term used to describe data in its most basic digital
format.

Database: -
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated. a database is a repository for collections of related data or facts.

Data is organized into rows, columns and tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find
relevant information. Data gets updated, expanded and deleted as new information is added. 

Table: -
It consists of columns, and rows. In relational databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set
of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal
rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect.

Attributes or records: -
Data stored in computer systems form a hierarchy extending from a single bit to a database, the
major record-keeping entity of a firm. ... A record consists of fields, with each field describing
an attribute of the entity.

DBMS: -
A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing
databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve,
update and manage data.
Types of Solutions of a Problem: -
Algorithm: -
An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. Another
way to describe an algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. It is a set of statements
or instructions that eventually lead to the solution of a particular problem.

Flowchart: -
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the
steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This
diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem.

Flow Control: -
In computer science, control flow (or flow of control) is the order in which individual
statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated.

Note:
All of these definitions and answers are only to make understand ,
for any more details and answers refer to the book.
Chapter 4

Number Systems
 Decimal(0 to 9)
 Binary(0,1)
 Octal(0 to 7)
 Hexadecimal(0 to 9,A(10), B(11),C(12),D(13),E(14),F(15))

Conversions :-
To decimal:-
To convert any system to decimal just multiply each single number by
it’s the base and start giving powers to the base in the multiplication by right starting
from 0 and increasing leftwards.
Binary to Octal:-
To convert binary to octal such as (110100) just break into sets of three
such as (110) and (100) and convert them into decimal and write them together as
[(110)(100)] and this is a base eight number.
Binary to Hexadecimal:-
Same as binary to octal but this time the set will be of 4 digits not three.

For any other conversion first convert it into decimal and afterward into the
required base.
Note: Computer usually uses binary system in it’s own calculations at processing level.
So all the languages that we use in our daily programming routine are actually translating
the language into binary codes..