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Embedded System IN Automobiles (Adaptive Cruise Control) : Department of Electronics & Telecommunications

This document discusses adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems in automobiles. ACC uses embedded systems, including radar and cameras, to automatically maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead by adjusting speed. It works by using Doppler radar to determine the distance and speed of the preceding vehicle. When the distance decreases below a threshold, the embedded system applies the brakes to maintain the set distance. ACC relieves drivers from manual braking and acceleration in traffic, while increasing fuel efficiency. However, it could encourage driver inattention and malfunctions could lead to accidents.

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102 views19 pages

Embedded System IN Automobiles (Adaptive Cruise Control) : Department of Electronics & Telecommunications

This document discusses adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems in automobiles. ACC uses embedded systems, including radar and cameras, to automatically maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead by adjusting speed. It works by using Doppler radar to determine the distance and speed of the preceding vehicle. When the distance decreases below a threshold, the embedded system applies the brakes to maintain the set distance. ACC relieves drivers from manual braking and acceleration in traffic, while increasing fuel efficiency. However, it could encourage driver inattention and malfunctions could lead to accidents.

Uploaded by

nitindogra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM

IN
AUTOMOBILES
(Adaptive Cruise Control)

Department of Electronics
&
Telecommunications
Introduction
 An embedded system is any device controlled by
instructions stored on a chip. These devices are usually
controlled by a micro processor that executes the
instructions stored on a read only memory (ROM)
chip.
 The software for the embedded system is called
firmware.
 Embedded systems are also known as real time
systems since they respond to an input or event and
produce the result within a guaranteed time period.
Automobile System Configuration
In the Driving Seat

 Embedded systems can be used to implement


features ranging from adjustment of the suspension
to suit road conditions, the octane content in the
fuel, to anti lock braking systems (ABS) and
security systems.
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

 Adaptive cruise control allows drivers to maintain a


pre-set speed while the system automatically
monitors the traffic patterns and adjusts the
"closing" distance by using the throttle and the
brakes to maintain a pre-set distance behind the
vehicle ahead.
 Each car with ACC system, a microwave radar unit, a
light-based unit (called Lidar), or cameras mounted on
the front of the vehicle begin to scan for other vehicles
or objects within a set distance in front of the vehicle.
Unlike human operators, whose vision can be
compromised in fog or rain, adaptive cruise control is
not affected by weather conditions, which adds value
as an active safety feature designed to help drivers
avoid accidents during inclement weather.
Working Principle of ACC
• Each car with ACC have a micro wave radar
unit fixed in front of it to determine the
distance and relative speed of any vehicle in
it’s path. The principle behind the working of
this type of radar is- the Doppler Effect.
Doppler Effect
 Doppler Effect is the change in frequency of
the waves when there is a relative motion
between the transmitting and receiving units.
The Doppler Effect can be categorize in two
ways:-
1. Higher Pitch Sound
2. Lower Pitch Sound
Higher Pitch Sound

 In this case the vehicle is speeding towards the


stationary listener. The distance between the listener
and the car is decreasing. Then the listener will hear a
higher pitch sound from the car, which means the
frequency of sound, is increased.
Lower Pitch Sound

 In this case the vehicle is moving away from the


listener. The distance between and the car is
increasing. Then the listener will hear a lower pitch
sound from the car, which means the frequency of
sound, is decreased. So that is the Doppler Effect in
case of sound waves.
Working of ACC

 The laser or radar unit transmits the waves at a given


frequency toward an oncoming car. Reflecting waves
return to the unit at a different frequency, depending
on how fast the car being tracked is moving. A device
in the gun compares the transmission frequency to the
received frequency to determine the speed of the car.
 When the system senses a vehicle or object, it
calculates the distance and relative speed of the vehicle
ahead. This information is sent to the main ECU or
Embedded System, then ECU automatically sends a
message to apply the brakes to maintain a pre-
programmed distance behind it. When the traffic has
cleared or the object has moved, the system will
accelerate the vehicle back to the previously set speed.
 So we can design the chip or ACC having an algorithm
such that it will give output only when the input signals
are less than the corresponding safe distance value. So
only when the between the car and the object in front
of it is less then the same distance value the embedded
system will give output to the breaking and the
accelerating units. Thus the safe distance will be kept
always. That’s how the ACC works.
 If a vehicle one or two vehicles ahead of the car slows
down in a place such as a blind curve, where the
vehicle can not be detected by radar, the Inter-Vehicle
Communication System acquires deceleration data and
calculates the appropriate speed for the car. If the car is
traveling above the appropriate speed, the system
issues an audio warning, and reduces the speed of the
car.
Advantages
 The driver is relieved from the task of careful
acceleration, deceleration and braking in congested
traffics.
 A highly responsive traffic system that adjusts
itself to avoid accidents can be developed.
 Since the breaking and acceleration are done in a
systematic way, the fuel efficiency of the vehicle is
increased.
Disadvantages
 A cheap version is not yet realized.
 A high market penetration is required if a society
of intelligent vehicles is to be formed.
 Encourages the driver to become careless. It can
lead to severe accidents if the system is
malfunctioning.
 The ACC systems yet evolved enable vehicles to
cooperate with the other vehicles and hence do
not respond directly to the traffic signals.
Applications
 Vehicle systems for automobiles, subways, aircraft, railways
and ships.
 Traffic control for highways, airspace, railway tracks and
shipping lanes.
 Process control for power plants, chemical plants and consumer
products such as soft drinks and beer.
 Medical systems for radiation therapy, patient monitoring and
defibrillation
 Military uses such as firing weapons, tracking and command
and control.
 Telephone, radio and satellite communications.
 House holds systems for monitoring and controlling appliances.
 Building managers that controls such entities as heat, light,
Doors and elevators.
References
 Abstract from, Rogge, J.A., Aeyels, D., "Vehicle
Platoons Through Ring Coupling", Automatic Control,
IEEE Transactions on.
 Abstract from, Jeffrey T. Spooner, Manfredi Maggiore,
Stable Adaptive Control and Estimation of Non Linear
Networks.
 Article from http://world.honda.com/ASV/automobile/
 Word document from www.seminarprojects.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
Thank You

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