Email: pythoncpp@gmail.

com
Subject: Sunbeam - <batch>

Network

- introduction
- interconnecting devices to share the data
- device
- computer
- phone
- basic
- smart phone: OS
- Android
- iOS
- Windows Phone OS
- BlackBerry OS
- MeeMo
- MeeGo
- Bada
- Tizen
- Firefox OS
- FireOS
- tablet
- netbook
- notebook
- Smart Watch
- watchOS: Apple Watch
- Android Wear: Sony, Asus
- Tizen: Samsung
- Smart TV
- tvOS: Apple TV
- Android TV: Sony
- WebOS : LG
- Smart Auto
- Home Appliances
- Coffee Machine
- Washing Machines
- Fridge

- Units
- B: byte
- b: bit

- terminology
- sender: who sends the data
- receiver: who receives the data
- CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
- NIC: Network Interface Card
- casting: sending packets/data from one device to another
- unicast
- sending the data to only one device
- multicast
- sending the data to multiple devices
- broadcast
- sending the data to all the devices in the network
- ping:
- command used to check the connectivity between the machines
- e.g. ping google.co.in, ping 10.30.50.60
- Network: group of devices (IP addresses)
 - Host: device which is connected to the network
- port: number given to every process (program) running on a machine

- types
- wired
- medium: wire/cable
- cables
- coaxial
- cat cable (category)
- also called as Twisted Pairs cable
- length: 500m
- types
- STP: Shielded Twisted Pairs
- UTP:p Unshielded Twisted Pairs
- versions
- cat 1: used for telephones
- cat 2: 4Mbps
- cat 3: 10Mbps
- cat 4: 16Mbps
- cat 5: 100 Mbps
- cat 5e: 125 Mbps
- cat 6: 1000Mbps => 1Gbps
- cat 6a: 1000Mbps => 1Gbps
- cat 7: 10000Mbps => 10Gbps
- cat 8: not yet released
- optical fibre
- 10Gbps+
- KMs
- types
- LAN: Local Area Network
- with hub/switch
- MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
- WAN: Wide Area Network
- with router
- CAN: Campus Area Network

- wireless
- medium: air (EM Waves)
- types
- PAN:
- Personal Area Network
- e.g. BlueTooth, NFC
- WLAN: Wireless LAN
- GSM:
- Groupe´ Speciale´ Mobile´
- Global System For Mobile Communication
- CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

- topologies
- physical arrangement of devices
- types
- bus
- ring
- connecting ring
- star
- mesh

- address schemes
- MAC address
 - Media Access Control
- identifies a NIC uniquely
- also called as Physical Address
- which CAN NOT be changed (readonly address)
- embedded in the NIC's micro controller
- used at data link layer of OSI model
- to find out the MAC address
- Linux/Mac: ifconfig
- Windows: ipconfig /all
- format:

Octate 1: Octate 2: Octate 3: Octate 4: Octate 5: Octate 6

- group of first three octates (bytes) will identify the manufacturer uniquely
- group of last three octates (bytes) will identify the NIC uniquely

- size: 6 bytes => 6x8 => 48 bits

- IP address
- used at Network layer
- used to identify a machine uniquely
- also called a Logical Address
- every machine connected to internet has to have an IP address
- to find the IP address
- Linux/Mac: ifconfig
- Windows: ipconfig
- format
octate1.octate2.octate3.octate4
- types

Decimal: 2.3.4.5
Binary: 00000010.00000011.00000100.00000101

- size: 4 bytes => 4x8 => 32 bits

- types
- private
- used to connect to local network
- public
- used to connect to Internet

- versions
- IPv4: 32 bit
- IPv6: 128 bit

- classfull
- class A
- range: 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
- private: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
- format: N.H.H.H
- networks: 2^8 = 256
- hosts per network: 2^24 = 16m
- default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0
- reserved
- 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
- loopback addresses
- 127.0.0.1: loopback address of localhost
- network address: first address in the series
 - broadcast address: last address in the series

- class B
- range: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
- private: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
- format: N.N.H.H
- networks: 2^16 = 65536
- hosts per network: 2^16 = 65536
- default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
- reserved:
- network address: first address in the series
- broadcast address: last address in the series

- class C
- range: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
- private: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
- format: N.N.N.H
- networks: 2^24 = 16m
- hosts per network: 2^8 = 256
- default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
- reserved:
- network address: first address in the series
- broadcast address: last address in the series

- class D
- range: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
- reserved for multicasting

- class E
- range: 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
- reserved for research

IP address: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.100

Network address: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.255

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

IP address: 172.16.4.6
Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
---------------------------------------
Network address: 172.16.0.0

10101100.00010000.00000100.00000110
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
------------------------------------
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

- classless (CIDR)
- classless Inter Domain Routing

// classfull
Hosts: 100
Class: Class C
Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
IP range: 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255
Hosts per network: 256 - 2 = 254
-> network address: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.255

E.g.: 192.168.1.40
Network address: 192.168.1.0

E.g.: 192.168.1.140
Network address: 192.168.1.0

// classless
Hosts: 100
Class: Class C
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.128

Subnet 1 range: 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.127

-> sub-network address: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.127

Subnet 2 range: 192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.255

-> sub-network address: 192.168.1.128
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.255

E.g.: 192.168.1.40
00101000
10000000
--------
00000000
Network address: 192.168.1.0

E.g.: 192.168.1.140
10001100
10000000
--------
10000000
Network address: 192.168.1.128

192.168.1.159
10011111 -> 159
10000000 -> 128
--------
10000000 -> 128
Network address: 192.168.1.128

Subnet mask subnet networks hosts

decimal
11111111.11111111.11111111. 00000000 0 2^24 2^8 = 256
.0 /24
11111111.11111111.11111111.1 0000000 2^1 = 2 2^24
2^7 = 128 .128 /25
11111111.11111111.11111111.11 000000 2^2 = 4 2^24
2^6 = 64 .192 /26
11111111.11111111.11111111.111 00000 2^3 = 8 2^24
2^5 = 32 .224 /27
11111111.11111111.11111111.1111 0000 2^4 = 16 2^24 2^4 =
16 .240
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111 000 2^5 = 32 2^24 2^3 = 8
.248
11111111.11111111.11111111.111111 00 2^6 = 64 2^24 2^2 = 4
.252
11111111.11111111.11111111.1111111 0 2^7 = 128 2^24 2^1 = 2
.254
[11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 2^8 = 256 2^24 2^0 =
1 .255]

Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

Default SM: 255.255.0.0

Subnet mask subnet networks hosts

decimal
11111111.11111111. 00000000.00000000 0 2^16 2^16
.0.0 /16
11111111.11111111. 1 0000000.00000000 2^1 2^16 2^15
.128.0 /17
11111111.11111111. 11 000000.00000000 2^2 2^16 2^14
.192.0 /18
11111111.11111111. 111 00000.00000000 2^3 2^16 2^13
.224.0
11111111.11111111. 1111 0000.00000000 2^4 2^16 2^12
.240.0
11111111.11111111. 11111 000.00000000 2^5 2^16 2^11
.248.0
11111111.11111111. 111111 00.00000000 2^6 2^16 2^10
.252.0
11111111.11111111. 1111111 0.00000000 2^7 2^16 2^9
.254.0
11111111.11111111. 11111111 .00000000 2^8 2^16 2^8
.255.0
11111111.11111111. 11111111.1 0000000 2^9 2^16 2^7 =
128 .128
11111111.11111111. 11111111.11 000000 2^10 2^16
2^6 = 64 .192
11111111.11111111. 11111111.111 00000 2^11 2^16 2^5 =
32 .224
11111111.11111111. 11111111.1111 0000 2^12 2^16 2^4 = 16
.240
11111111.11111111. 11111111.11111 000 2^13 2^16 2^3 = 8
.248
11111111.11111111. 11111111.111111 00 2^14 2^16 2^2 = 4
.252
11111111.11111111. 11111111.1111111 0 2^15 2^16 2^1 = 2
.254
[11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 2^16 2^16 2^0 = 1
.255]

Tricks
- 2^0: 1
2^1: 2
2^2: 4
2^3: 8
 2^4: 16
2^5: 32
2^6: 64
2^7: 128
2^8: 256

- 00000000: 0
10000000: 128
11000000: 192
11100000: 224
11110000: 240
11111000: 248
11111100: 252
11111110: 254
11111111: 255

- Hub
- used to build a LAN
- a physical layer device
- a layer 1 device
- deals with the signals
- network performance (speed) will be the lowest

- Switch
- used to build a LAN
- a data link layer device
- a layer 2 device
- an intelligent device

- Router
- used to build a WAN
- used to connect different networks (logical)
- a network layer device
- a layer 3 device

- ISO OSI model

- Application
- creates the data to be shared
- protocols: http, https, ftp, tftp, sftp, ftps, ssh, telnet, dns, dhcp, arp
- Presentation
- decides the common file formats / algorithms used between machines
- e.g. (content-type)
- text
- plain: text/plain
- xml: text/xml
- json: application/json
- docx: application/docx
- image
- image/png
- image/jpg
- image/jpeg
- image/bmp
- audio
- audio/wav
- audio/mp3
- video
- video/mp4
 - video/flv
- video/divx

- Session
- responsible for managing the session between the machines
- e.g. sip

- Transport
- responsible for transferring data from one to the other machine
- e.g. tcp, udp, tls
- Network
- responsible for identifying the machines with IP address
- converts the segment into packets
- e.g. IP, IPSec
- Data Link
- responsible for identifying the machine with MAC address
- e.g. PPP
- Physical

- protocol
- set of rules
- http (80): hyper text transfer protocol
- https (443): secure hyper text transfer protocol
- ftp (20: control, 21: data): file transfer protocol
- tftp: trivial file transfer protocol
- sftp: secure file transfer protocol
- ssh (22): secure shell (used to connect to the remote machine)
- ftps: ftp + ssh
- telnet (23): used to configure the device (networking)
- DNS (53): domain name service (used to translate domain name to IP address)
- dhcp: dynamic host configuration protocol
- arp: Address Resolution Protocol (used to get physical address from logical
address)
- sip: session initiation protocol
- tcp:
- transmission control protocol
- reliable protocol
- connection oriented protocol
- keeps the connection alive till the end of the data transfer
- flow control
- sequencing
- error control / checking
- slower than UDP
- e.g. ssh, ftp
- udp:
- user datagram protocol
- unreliable protocol
- connection less protocol
- faster than TCP
- e.g. dns, video streaming, multiplayer games
- ip: internet protocol
- IPSec: secure IP
- ppp: point-to-point protocol

- IP header
- Version: version of IP protocol (IPv4/IPv6)
- IHL: internet header length
- DSCP: differential Service Code Point (Type of Service: ToS)
 - ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
- Total Length: header length + payload (data) length
- Identification: whether the packet needs the fragmentation
- Flags: whether the packet is fragmented
- Fragment Offset: the sequence number of the fragments
- TTL: Time To Live (after this time the packet will be discarded)
- Protocol: selected protocol on the transport layer (TCP: 6, UDP: 17)
- Header Checksum: used to check if the received packet is tampered
- Source Address:
- Destination Address:
- Options: contains more flag options

Question types
- find the type of IP address
- 17.172.224.47: public IP address of class A
- 172.20.10.11: private IP address of class B

- find the class of an IP address

- 10.16.13.45: class A
- 192.168.1.49: class C

- find the class by using the information:

- number of hosts/devices/IP address : 100
- number of networks: 5
-- class C

- number of hosts/devices/IP address : 100

- number of networks: 1000
-- class C

- number of hosts/devices/IP address : 1000

- number of networks: 1000
-- class B

/************* invalid example **************

- number of hosts/devices/IP address : 1000
- number of networks: 100000
-- class A
/********************************************

- find out the network address of an IP address:

- 192.168.4.6: 192.168.4.0
- 17.254.254.254: 17.0.0.0

- which class provides

- max number of hosts: class A
- max number of networks: class C

- given the IP address and subnet mask find bits used for network, subnet, hosts
- Class A with Subnet mask 255.255.240.0
- network: 8
- subnet: 12
- hosts: 12

- with /26
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
- 255.255.255.192
*** Rules ***
- a device can share data with other device connected to network if both of the
devices are in the same network
- network address of both the devices must be SAME
- the frame delivery will be done on the basis of MAC Address