Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(2), May - June 2018; Article No.

19, Pages: 130-134 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

Biological Potential of Elephantopus scaber Linn.

Sudip Kumar Mandal1*, Haraprasad Pal2, Ishan Pal3, Sankhadip Bose4

1, 2, 3
Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur - 713206, India.
4
NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata - Group of Institutions, BL Saha Road, Kolkata - 700053, India.
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 13-05-2018; Revised: 28-05-2018; Accepted: 12-06-2018.

ABSTRACT
Elephantopus scaber Linn., belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a small herb found in Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe. The most
common name in english for Elephantopus scaber is Elephant's Foot, but often it is called more precisely Prickly-leaves Elephant's
Foot or Rough-leaved Elephant's Foot. The parts of this plant have been used traditionally for the treatment of number of diseases
in many countries. The plant has been extensively screened and proved for anticancer activity, which is mainly for its
deoxyelephantopin containing. Many other biological activities such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiasthamatic, antiplatelet and wound healing ability have been reported in various research articles.
Keywords: Elephantopus scaber, phytochemicals, traditional medicine, pharmacological actions.

INTRODUCTION potassium chloride and minerals especially calcium,

magnesium, iron and zinc. The organic solvent like

I n recent decades, research has shown that plants

produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules for
industrial interest, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and have shown a promising
effect in therapeutics1. The lectotype species of
acetone extract of air-dried powdered seeds is reported
to contain terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides,
alkaloid, quinones, phenols 8. A number of phytochemical
studies have demonstrated the presence of several
classes of chemical compounds, the main ones being
Elephantopus genus, family Asteraceae, consists of 32
Phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarines,
species of centered in Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe 2-
5 quinones, essential oils.
. The plant vigorously grows in tropical deciduous forest
areas. Traditionally the plant is used as folk medicine by Traditional Uses
tribal communities across India. Elephantopus scaber
E. scaber has been used as traditional medicine in many
Linn. is one of the medicinally important species of this
countries. In Thailand, it has been used as traditional
genus. Hiradeve and Rangari 6 have recently reviewed the
medicine. In Brazil, the decoction of whole plant is used
ethnomedical history of E. scaber. The whole plant, its
to stimulate diuresis, reduce fever and eliminate bladder
various parts and the extracts of E. scaber have been used
stones, febrifuge, and diaphoretic against cough,
for the treatment of a number of diseases.
bronchitis, and asthma 9. In Malaysia, decoction of E.
scaber root has been used to accelerate contraction of
abdominal area and prevent inflammation after
childbirth. Besides, whole E. scaber was also boiled with
red bean to remove flatulence 10. In Thailand people have
used E. scaber to treat cough, as a tonic (root decoction)
11
, chapped lips and galactogogue (whole plant decoction)
10
. It has also been used in Madagascar as an antipyretic
12
agent (decoction of aerial part) ; in Taiwan (whole plant
decoction) to treat hepatitis; in Nigeria (hot water extract
of leaves) to cure arthritis and in Mauritius to treat
diarrhoea, urinary problems and pimples (root paste) 13.
Elephantopus scaber In India whole plant of E. scaber are used for the
PHYTOCHEMICALS treatment of toothache as a toothbrush 14. Also, the
whole plant has been reported to be useful for curing
Flavonoids have been shown to be good taxonomic insomnia, diabetes, bronchitis, viral or bacterial infection,
markers for Asteraceae. More than 800 compounds leukaemia, rheumatism, snake bite, diuresis, antipyresis,
comprising 4700 flavonoid were occurred with some to eliminate bladder stones and for filariasis. The leaf
implications of flavonols, flavones and other types of the crushed and mixed with salt is used to treat dysentery,
7
family Asteraceae apart from that Elephantopus scaber while the water extract of the leaves is applied externally
has been explored for a large amount of salt such as
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(2), May - June 2018; Article No. 19, Pages: 130-134 ISSN 0976 – 044X

to treat eczema and ulcers 15, 16. In Southern China, Hong Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive
31
Kong and Taiwan, the whole plant of E. scaber, is widely Staphylococcus. aureus . A novel terpenoid from
used in the treatment of nephritis, edema, dampness, Elephantopus scaber showed antibacterial activity against
pain in the chest, fever, scabies, arthralgia due to wound Staphylococcus aureus and suggests that it can act as a
and cough of Pneumonia 17. The Murut people of Sabah drug for bacterial infections 32. Study showed strong in
Malaysia used the roots of the Elephantopus specie to vitro antibacterial activity of terpenoid derivatives against
treat bloody stool 18. ES beta-lactamase-producing methicillin resistant
33
Staphylococcus aureus .
Pharmacological Effects
Anti-diabetic activity
Anticancer & antitumor activity
19 The effect of the crude extract and acetone fractions from
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide .
Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae) on glycemia was
Deoxyelephantopin (DET) is one of the major
investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Oral
sesquiterpene lactone derived from E. scaber. In vitro and
administration of crude extract significantly reduced
in vivo experiments have demonstrated that
serum glucose levels and increased the lowered insulin
deoxyelephantopin possesses cytotoxic activity against a
concentrations in diabetic animals at 150 mg kg -1.
variety of cancer cell lines and malignant tumors.
Nevertheless, the hypoglycemic effect of the acetone
Deoxyelephantopin has shown significant cytotoxicity
fractions (mg kg-1) of Elephantopus scaber in diabetic rats
against human breast cancer cell lines 20.
was evident at 2 h after treatment, where the sugar
Deoxyelephantopin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CNE)
lowering effect of the most effective fraction was more
cells triggred Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinase
than 69%. Phytochemical analysis revealed the compound
(MAPK) signalling pathways 21 and showed pronounced 34
to be a terpenoid . Effect of E. scaber leaf extract on
activity against melanoma derived cell line MEXF 394NL
STZ-induced diabetic rats showed the methanol extract
and mammary cancer cell line MEXF 401NL with IC70
exhibited better hyperglycemic action than the hexane
value of 1.1 μg mL-1. 22. Very recently one literature has
and ethyl acetate extracts. An acetone extract exhibited
shown that DET could kill cancer cells selectively inducing
19 significant anti-diabetic activity by reducing blood glucose
apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways . The
and restoring the insulin levels in STZ-induced diabetic
antitumor activity of the leaves of E. scaber has been
rats 35. Oral administration of aqueous extract of leaves
evaluated against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) in
and roots into alloxan induced diabetic rats significantly
Swiss albino mice 23. Deoxyelephantopin from
reduced serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and the
elephantopus scaber inhibits HCT116 human colorectal
activity of gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase,
carcinoma cell growth through apoptosis 24. Ethanol
but increased serum insulin, liver and skeletal muscle
extract of E. scaber may be a potential anti-cancer agent
glycogen content and the activity of glycolytic enzsssyme
for human breast cancer cells by the induction of p53-
glucokinase 36. Report reveals that Terpenoid and 2,6,23 -
dependent apoptosis 25. Study of E scaber on skin
trienolide isolated from whole plant act as anti diabetic
papillomas induced by DMBA and croton oil in mice
agent 37.
showed tumor inhibitory activity of the active fraction
against chemically induced tumors and an ability to Anti-inflammatory activity
inhibit the development of solid tumors 26.
Search for the novel natural anti-inflammatory substances
Antimicrobial activity are still necessary due to intolerable side effects of the
38-40
synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs . A compound
There is a vital need to develop new classes of antibiotics
isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial part of
as the currently used antibiotics developing a dangerous
E. scaber was studied for the in vivo anti-inflammatory
microbial resistance 27. Different study showed that
activity in albino rats and showed that higher dose of the
Elephantopus scaber is a herb with good antimicrobial
compound is highly effective in inhibiting carragenan
activity. The methanolic leaf extract of E. scaber showed 41
induced edema . A study to investigate protective
significant antibacterial activity against S aureus, E coli, P
28 mechanism of E. scaber using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
aeruginosa, B subtilis and P vulgaris . Ethyl acetate
induced inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells and acute
extract of the plant showed growth inhibitory effect at 4
liver injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. E. scaber reduced LPS
mg/ml concentration in all the bacterial isolates tested
induced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, reactive
except Klebsiella pneumonia where it showed ~75%
oxygen species and prostaglandin (PG) production in BV-2
inhibition. Lower concentration of the extract showed
cells. It significantly decreased serum aspartate
concentration-dependent inhibition effect. At 2 mg/ml
aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase
50% inhibition in all the cultures 29. Further research into 42
(ALT) levels in LPS-treated rats . Ethyl acetate fraction
the antimicrobial activity was done by the use of different
from the leaves of E. scaber exhibited anti-
strains of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The result was
neuroinflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-
analysed using well diffusion method 30. The acetone
induced microglia cells (BV-2) by blocking nuclear factor
fraction of E. scabber demonstrated remarkable
B (NF-κB) via the significant reduction of NO, inducible
antibacterial effect against methicillin resistant
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase(COX)-2,
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(2), May - June 2018; Article No. 19, Pages: 130-134 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), IL-1b, and Tumor necrosis Wound healing activity

43
factor(TNF)-α production .
Deoxyelephantopin, may be due to the presence of active
Hepatoprotective activity moiety, α methylene γ lactone showed more significant
effect than ethanolic extract towards wound healing
E. scaber was observed for its hepatoprotective effect in
activity by increasing cellular proliferation, formation of
mice; the plant extract was able to reverse the liver
granulation tissue, synthesis of collagen and increase in
damage induced by ethanol administration. This action
the rate of wound contraction 53. Aqueous extract of E.
buttressed the traditional use of the plant as a liver 54
44 scaber is taken orally to heal wounds .
tonic . The water extract of E. scaber was observed to
have a hepatoprotective effect on SD rats (LPS-induced Anti-pest activity
liver damage). The mechanism of E. scaber protection
Elephantopus scaber leaf extract was found to be toxic
involves an antioxidant effect and inhibition of p38 MAP
against pests like Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum),
kinase and COX-2 expressions in LPS-stressed acute
42 Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus cingulatus) and Maize Weevil
hepatic injury in SD rats . The hepatoprotective activity
(Sitophilus zeamais), therefore it can be used as a natural
of E. scaber was evaluated using the methanolic extract.
pesticide against those bugs, and the plant is worth
Administration of the extract to rats in which liver
further investigation for its anti-pest potential 55.
damage was previously induced by carbon tetrachloride
was found to reverse the damage 45. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
Anti-parasitic activity The use of plants as a source of medicine is as old as the
existence of man, renewed interest into the use of herbal
Twenty three extracts derived from eleven plant species
medicines is not unrelated to the emergence of new
including Elephantopus scaber (leaf) showed promising
diseases, ineffectiveness of existing drugs and adverse
antiplasmodial activities against the blood stage
effects of synthetic drugs. The present review tried to
chloroquine resistant P. falciparum (EC50 < 10 μg/ml)
look at Elephantopus scaber on a broad perspective, with
with negligible toxicity effect to MDBK cells in-vitro [46].
a knowledge that a lot of research has already been done
In vitro antitrypanosomal (parasitic) activity of
on the plant. This paper tried to expose the different
Elephantopus scaber was also reported 47.
traditional uses of Elephantopus scaber such as its use for
Anti-HIV activity hepatitis, insomnia, diabetes, bronchitis, viral or bacterial
infection, leukaemia, rheumatism, pain relief, snake bite,
Potent HIV-1 RT inhibitory actions were obtained from
diuresis, antipyresis, etc. Different biological activities of
the water extract of Elephantopus scaber L. leaves and
the plant have been investigated, such as anticancer,
root. IC50 of leaves and root were 69.9 and 107.57
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-HIV,
μg/ml, respectively [48. The hot aqueous extract of
anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective,
Elephantopus scaber L. Leaves shown 48% inhibition
nephroprotective, anti-asthmatic wound healing, memory
against HIV-1 protease at the dose of 250
power and anti-pest activities. Further investigations are
microgram/ml49.
necessary to validate its many other traditional uses. This
Anti-asthmatic activity plant may be a source to bring the new lead as anticancer
and antimicrobial in near future. As evidenced from the
Ethanol extract of Elephantopus scaber leaves was
barrage of reports regarding the biological activity and
evaluated for preliminary phytochemical screening and
chemical composition of Elephantopus scaber the plant
antiasthmatic activity using histamine and acetylcholine-
could be a potential source of income for the regions
induced bronchospasm, mast cell degranulation and
where it is found. Also, further synthesis is required to
histamine induced constriction on isolated guinea pig
50 produce drugs from the isolated compound in large scale;
tracheal chain at different dose levels .
this will reduce dependence on the natural source.
Memory power
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