SSLC 

SOCIAL SCIENCE 
NOTES 
PART - I 
 
Prepared by  
Praveenkumar Banakar 
Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal 
9980803896 

 
  Pramodh. N
 UNIT- I
ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA

Trade and commerce relationship between India Europe is very ancient.

There was a great demand for spices in Europe like pepper,cardamom,ginger and clove
Constantinople was a centre of European trade , Gate of European trade
Arab merchants got monopoly over Asian trade while Italy had monopoly over Europe trade .

The fall of Constantinople

● Asia and Europe trade was taking place through Constantinople

R
● It was captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453 and controlled
● Turks started to levy more taxes on goods pass through

A
● Traders felt trade is not profitable and stopped business

K
● Spain and Portugal encouraged sailing to search route to India
● The inventions of compass , Astrolabe , gunpowder and map provided further boost

A
to sailing

A new sea route to INDIA :

N
Vasco da Gama came to India in 1498. He reached India on the West Coast particular place
BA

Calicut present Kerala state. He left Lisbon and a directly reached Kappadu India.

European companies :
N

● Portuguese - Portugal
● Dutch - Holland. United East India company
EE

● French - France. French east India company

● English - England. English east India company
Portuguese :
V

● The first to reach India last to leave India

● Francisco De Almeida was the first Viceroy of Portuguese he brought in Blue Water
A

policy
PR

● Alfonso De Albuquerque was the real founder of Portuguese captured Goa from
Sultan of Bijapur in 1510.
● Goa was the administrative centre in India
● Portuguese cover declared after the English and French
Dutch:
● They are from Holland or Netherland they established United East India Company in
the 1602
● Their important warehouses are Surat brooch Kambe Kochi Nagapattinam
Machilipatnam
English:
● Queen Elizabeth issued Royal charter to East India Company to trade for 15 years. It
was issued on December 31st 1600 CE
● Emperor Jahangir issued Royal permission to establish Factory at Surat

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Sir Thomas Roe arrived Jahangir's Court 1617 by James first. Got permission to
establish factories at Agra Ahmedabad and brooch
● They took Madras from Chandragiri Kings and established Saint George Fort
● Charles II the prince of England gave Bombay to East India company in 1668 for an
annual rent 10 pounds
● English purchased villages ie Sutanati, Kalikata, Govindapura and build Fort William
Fort at Calcutta
● Letter by 17th century Bombay Madras Kolkata became important presidencies

French:
● They started first Factory at Surat in 1668 . Machilipatnam chandranagar Mahi
Karaikal kasimbazar Balasore.

R
● They took Valikandapuram major Trade center (Pondicherry)
● Duplay was the Governor General of French

A
K
The competition between English and French:
Political Uprising aroused in Hyderabad and Carnatic and English and French had exploit

A
the situation this led to Carnatic wars
1. First Carnatic War 1746 to 48
N
● Madras was captured by La Bourdannais a military leader of Mauritius on the
request of Dupleix
BA

● The helpless British request the help of Anwar Uddin the Carnatic Nawab. He fail to
defeat French
● Bourdannais took money from British and returned Madras back to British
N

● This war end with Treaty of Aix laChapel

​2. Second Carnatic War 1749-54
EE

● French made salabath Jung son of Asaf Jha Nizam of Hyderabad . Bussi was
appointed to protect him
● Chanda sahib was Nawab of Carnatic with the support of French
V

● Chanda Sahib defeated by Robert clive Undertaken Arcot the capital of Carnatic
● English made Muhammad Ali as Nawab of Carnatic. The war was ended with
A

Pondicherry treaty
PR

​3. Third Carnatic War 1756-63

● Comte de lally attempted to capture wandiwash in 1760
● Sir Eyer coote of English defeated French and Bussi was jailed. Coote attacked
Pondicherry
● French lost all the places in India
● This war ended with Treaty of Paris in 1763
● Pondicherry return back to French They lost importance in India British consolidated
there power in India.

Battle of Plassey 1757

This war held between Siraj Ud dowla and English in 1757
Reasons​:
​1. Misuse of Dastakhs​. It was a license to make trade . This was lead to loss of treasury of
Bengal .

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ​ .​ ​Mending of fort without permission​. English repaired Calcutta Fort and placed
2
cannons
3.​ ​Black room tragedy​. Nawab of Bengal imprisoned 146 Englishman in small room of Fort
William of which 123 died due to suffocation this enraged Robert Clive to arrive Bengal.

Outcomes:
● The war brought out immorality lack of Unity among Indians. This was the greed of
business
● Mir Jafar became the new Nawab of Bengal
● The company gained exclusive rights on Bengal
● Mir Jafar had to play 17 crore 70 lakh as a relief to Sairaj hotel attack
● Mir Jafar became victim of the company and treasury went bankrupt.

R
Battle of Buxar: 1764

A
Mir Qasim was enable administrator he was loyal to the company spared 200000 pounds

K
and some places given to company. He declared himself as independent king. Declared
business duty free in Bengal as a result Indians competed against British so trade suffered.

A
Alliance
Mir Qasim +Shah Alam II +Nawab of Awadh against British Hectore Monroe
N
Outcomes:
BA

● Shah Alam II accorded Diwani rights over Bengal. Diwani means Right to collect tax
● He gave away all rights over Bengal for an annual fee 26 lakh rupees
● The Nawab of Oudh had to give a fine of 50 lakh rupees for waging war
N

● The company paid pension to Mir Jafar son and took over entire administration of
Bengal
EE

● British became real holders of Bihar Bengal and Orissa

● Robert Clive brought in dual government concept, “ the British had the right to collect
land taxes where as the Nawab had power over administration issues like justice and
V

others
● British gain political control over India
A
PR

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 UNIT - II
THE EXTENSION OF BRITISH RULE

● British got complete political control over Bengal after the Plassey and Buxar
Battles
● Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore along with peshwas of Maratha War the
only impediments in the path of expansion.
● British controlled various kingdoms through policies like subsidiary alliance
and Doctrine of lapse

R
A
First anglo-maratha war 1775 to 1782:
● Marathas instilled Shah Alam II back on the Throne of Delhi

K
● Shah Alam II was under the care of British after Buxar battle
● Alam II gave Khora and Allahabad to Marathas, this resulted in enmity between

A
Marathas and British N
● The death of Madhavrao Peshwa was major setback to Marathas
● Narayan Rao brother of Madhavrao came to power but soon murdered by Raghoba
BA
uncle of Narayana Rao
● Maratha Federation brought Madhavrao II as the Peshwa
● Raghoba approached British for support and lead to the war
● Maratas lost Allahabad and end with Salbai agreement. Madhavrao II was named as
N

Peshwa
EE

Lord Wellesley 1798 to 1805:

Subsidiary Alliance:
● This policy brought into effect by Wellesley in 1798
V

● It was in order to bring control over Indian states.

A

● It is a military production agreement between British and Indian states.

PR

Conditions of subsidiary Alliance:

● Indian king had to keep British army
● The concerned state had to be expenses of Army wage of soldiers and. Collect
revenue out of lands
● The king has to have British resident
● The king could not appoint any other European in the court of the king
● The permission of governor general is mandatory for entering any agreement
● Company would offer protection to the states
● Hyderabad state was the first to enter this agreement later Mysore ,Thanjavur ,Pune
and Gwalior.

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
Second Anglo Maratha war 1803 to 1805:
● The differences about the Maratha chieftains was the reason for this war
● The war broke out between Vishwanath Rao of Holkar ,Daulat Rao Scindia, Peshwa
Balaji Rao II
● The Army of Holkar defeated Scindia and Peshwa
● Peshwa period for the help of British Lord Wellesley entered in the Maratha affairs
and Peshwa signed for subsidiary Alliance this war and with Treaty of basin.
● Lord Wellesley resigned from his post as you was criticized for the policy followed.

R
Third Anglo Maratha war 1817 to 1818:
● Maratha family strived their best protect their Independence and honours

A
● Peshwa attempted to come from British control

K
● Peshwa attacked British Residency in Pune and burnt out
● Appasaheb of Nagpur, Malhar Rao Holkar rebelled against British rule

A
● Finally Bajirao II fought against British at Koregaon and Ashti later surrendered
● British abolished Peshwa post, Bajirao II got pension , Pratap Sinha,the descended
of Shivaji as the new rule of Satara.
N
● It is finally suppressed Maratha resistance in India.
BA

Anglo Sikh Wars:

N

● Political anarchy broke out in Punjab after the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839
● It is violated the continuous friendship pact. This led to the war in 1845
EE

● British and Punjab King signed for Lahore agreement in 1846. Punjab came under
the company
● Sikh opposed British rule in Punjab the position led by chattar Singh Attariwala in
V

Lahore and Moolraj in Multan.

● Finally Lord Dalhousie merged the state of Punjab with British Empire
A
PR

Dalhousie and Doctrine of lapse:

● He arrived to India as governor general in 1848 to integrate Indian princely states
with company
● Adopted Doctrine of lapse policy, Indian kings refused of their right to Throne
● If any Indian ruler dies without children their adopted children had no legal right over
the Throne
● Due to the implementation of this policy Princely families and ordinary people
Rebelled , this was finally resulted in Sepoy mutiny of 1857.
● Satara ,Nagpur ,Sambalpur, Udaipur,and Jaipur came under the policy.

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 UNIT III

THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA

● British East India company fulfilled commercial needs. They observed fracture
Political situation .
● The implemented divide and rule policy and employed war and negotiation method
● The British integrated whole India under one Administration and political structure

R
● Education Judiciary land Texas trade agriculture were regulated under various laws.
● The company implemented various administrative experiments to achiever new order

A
in India.

K
Administrative and judicial system:
1. Civil services:

A
● Lord Cornwallis introduced civil services in India and appointed employees for the
purpose of trade
N
● Government of England implemented regulating act in 1773 to bring control over
corrupt employees
BA

● In 1800 Lord Cornwallis open the Fort William college in Kolkata for Aspiring to join
civil services
● In 1853 onwards appointment was done through examinations
N

● British suspected efficiency of Indians so that Lord Cornwallis argued “​All the natives
of Hindustan are completely corrupt” .​ Later lower grade jobs work given to Indians.
EE

​ ​2. ​The judicial system:

● Mughal emperor Shah Alam II handed over Diwani rights authority to collect land
taxes
V

● The dual government system was introduced by Robert Clive in which British
manage is the revenue collected. Civil and Judiciary system was given to Indians this
A

lead to implementation of new judicial system in India.

PR

● Warren Hastings took administration in 1772 as first governor and devised two type
of courts , a) Diwani Adalat- Civil Court
b) Faujdari Adalat- Criminal Court
● Hindus and Muslims were dispensed justice as per Hindu scripture and shariyath
respectively
● Civil courts were under European offices and criminal courts under Qajis
​3. Police system:
● Lord Cornwallis implemented the official police system and he created new post
superintendent of police
● He divided district administration Centre Kotwal and every village under chaukidar
● Due to severe drought in 1770 led to weak law and order in India the police system
came under British officer
● Department of British magistrates started in 1781 and in 1861 police love was
implemented

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● In 1902 the police commission law allowed suitable education qualification for the
post.

​4. Military system:

● The military was base of the administration British appointed Indians and took control
of India with the help of military
● The Indians could not reached even the rank of Subedar most Indians were Coolie
soldiers
● The British government accepted the recommendations of Peel in 1857 and military
system was redesigned.

R
5. Land taxes and policies:
British implemented land tax policies to stabilize financial interest in secured manner.

A
Company paid four lakh pound to British government as they had control over Bengal .

K
a. Permanent zamindari system:
● Lord Cornwallis implemented in 1793 in Bengal and Bihar region

A
● Zamindar was the landowner and expected to pay land tax
● Zamindar was free to collect any amount of tax and retained money collected
N
● Company has the right to cancel land ownership if Zamindar fail to pay tax during
flood and famine.
BA

● Company greatly benefited. farmers were grave sufferers

● Farmers were exploited and led insecured life.
● The system extended to Orissa Andhra Pradesh and Varanasi
N

● The Indian farmers were born and debt lived in debt and died in debt​ - ​Charles
metcalfe
EE

​b. Mahalwari system:

● It was implemented by RM Beard and James Thompson
● It was implemented in Madhya Pradesh Punjab Delhi and Uttar Pradesh
V

● Company officials fixed more land tax then production marginal farmers and Labour
suffered when Zamindar lost their land.
A

● Mahaldar service tax collecting offices, Mahal means Taluk

PR

​c. Ryotwari system:

● It was implemented by Alexander Read in 1792 in Baramahal region. Later it was
implemented by Thomas Munro in the 1801 in Madras Mysore region
● Both formals and company directly linked. Tiller was the owner of the land
● Owner had to pay 50% of produce as land tax and it was the tenure of 30 years
● Formals for subjected to more suffering due to heavy tax officials to punitive actions
to collect taxes
● Farmers had to borrow money from lenders to pay tax when cross was failed
● More farmers had to lose their land due to this implementation

Impact of British land tax system:

● A new class of zamindars was created
● Zamindars became landless
● Live became commodity loans could be raised by mortgage of land

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Many zamindars had to mortgage their land to pay land tax
● The agricultural sector became commercialized and had to grow raw materials
needed for England factories
● Money lenders became strong.
The modern education system:
● Certain changes occurred in traditional education system of India during Muslim rule
middle age and British rule
● Initially new school started for the children of British and not extended this facility for
locals since it was no use for them
● Warren Hastings facilitated modern education in India started the Calcutta Madrasa
● Jonathan Duncan started is Sanskrit college and Banaras in 1792
● Charles Grand passed universalisation of the British Education in 1854

R
● Lord William Bentinck appointed Lord Mecaculay as the member of Executive
committee and chairperson of education committee

A
● Lord Macaulay submitted report on education in 1835. ​Aim​- creation of new class of

K
Indians who are Indians by body but British in intelligence opinion and taste
● Lord Dalhousie established universities in Calcutta Bombay Madras according to

A
Charles wood Commission 1854.
The impact of British Education in India:
N
● development of modernity secularism democratic attitude rationality Nationalistic
ideas in Indians
BA

● Increased local literature language and facilitated The Unity in thinking process
● Emerged periodicals and enabled Indians to have critical opinions on various issues
● New social and religious Reform movement started
N

● Brought fresh thinking in your mind by JS mill Rousseau and Montesque

● Indians were influenced by freedom struggles of other countries
EE

● Indian could understand and appreciate their rich tradition

● Created a new generation of Indians with progressive attitude
V

Constitutional development:
Reformation became important to alleviate problems. British attempted to create rules in the
A

form of law and try to implement them.

PR

1. Regulating act 1773:

● The greedy company officials misused Diwani rights and became corrupt. To control
over East India company in the Act was implemented.
● Edmund Burke​ British parliamentarian and criticized the tax payment received by
England Government and company termed as ​criminal tax
● The Bengal Presidency got control over Madras and Bombay
● The governor general come to the post in place of governor
● Governor general authorised to control supervise presidencies
● Bombay Madras Presidency cannot declare War on anyone without permission of
Bengal
● Supreme Court of judicature came to existence in Kolkata. Having one chief justice
and three judges

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ​2. Pitt's India Act: 1784
● In order to rectify inconsistencies in regulating act 1773 and to outline powers of
company the Act was implemented
● A new Board of controllers came to being and it was replaced by board of directors
● It was declared that Indians have attended the Paramount power in the name of
British Empire only but not on their own.
● It curtailed political rights of Indians
● Declared possessions of company are the integral part of British Empire

Charter acts:
Charter acts aim to renew the licence of East India Company. Charters implemented
once in 20 years

R
Charter act 1813:

A
● This act licenced the company to stay for 20 years. And allowed interested person to

K
carry out trade in India. Free trade Era was started.
● A new era of licence started

A
● Appointment of governor generals started
● Churches were allowed to enter India official. Missionary is arrived to India to carry
out education development.
N
● English education system started in India.
BA

● This app is also known as historic act

Charter act 1833:
● Improve the Indian situation was the aim of this act
N

● Bengal Governor General named as governor general of India

● Governor general was vested power to control trade
EE

● Central Government of Bengal had final right to decide what is and diplomatic
relationships
● The act barred discrimination on religious skin and birth
V

● Governor general mandated to appoint love professionals to his executive committee

● All British companies were allowed to have trade relationship in India
A

British government acts -1858 to 1947

PR

1. Indian government act 1858

● The licence of company was cancelled India was brought under administration of
Queen
● Governor general changed as Viceroy Lord Canning was the first viceroy of India
● A new post secretary of state for India created in British Parliament
● Council of India created to assist secretary in administration
2. Indian Council act 1861
● Indians were allowed in participation and creating laws
● This is the policy of assertion in order to understand aspirations of Indians and
representation
● Indian nominated for Council of Viceroy
● Viceroy authorised to proclaim ordinances in case of emergencies
3. Indian Council act 1892
● Further extended participation of Indians in Legislative bodies

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Regional and Central legislation was created
● The legislature Council for the increased
● Provision was made to question government on public issues
4. Indian Council act 1909:
● It is also called as Minto Morley reforms act
● Minto was the viceroy Marley was his secretary
● This site used to divide and rule India
● Central Legislative Council strength decrease 16 from 60
● Regional Council members increased
● Act allowed regional Council members through election for representation
● Separate electorate college was created to provide representation for Muslims
5. Indian Council act 1919:

R
● What is also called as montagu chelmsford reforms
● Formulated bicameral system like lower house and Upper house

A
● Dyarchy was allowed at regional governments

K
● High commissioner was appointed for India
● Local self government was improve

A
● Provincial budget separated from Central budget
● Electoral college was extended for sikh Europeans and Anglo Indians
6. Indian government act 1935:
N
● It is the base of formation of Indian Constitution. The report submitted in 1928 by
BA

Motilal Nehru. Most the provisions in our constitution are based on this act
● Federal system Indian principalities introduce. Dominion status was formed
● Reserve Bank of India was established
N

● Dyarchy established and Central Government

● Dyarchy cancelled at regional level and autonomy was granted
EE

● The Federal Court was established

V
A
PR

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 UNIT - IV
OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA

Exploitation on Indian Kings created insecurities. The local King suffered as a result rebellion
against British happened. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan put forth a strong opposition to British

R
18 century in Indian history considered as the century of political problems.

A
*The death of Aurangzeb was the main key reason. Mughals lost political control over India

K
*The death of Chikka devaraja various created various political challenges
*Haider Ali gained prominence in Mysore and brought control

Hyder Ali:
A
N
He was known for his innovation in arms. He weakened the power of Dalawayee and
sidelined KrishnaRaj wodeyar .
BA

First Anglo Mysore war: 1767- 69

● The prominance gain by Hyder Ali was not tolerated by British Marathis and
N

Hyderabad Nizam
● Haider Ali attempted to have Alliance with Marathas and Nizam
EE

● British entered into an agreement tri party Alliance with Marath and Nizam
● Hyder Ali break the alliance by manipulative ideas that made British enemy of
maratha and Nizam
V

● Haider Ali and Nizam attacked Arcot but the king had Alliance with British
● Battle started at Tiruchirapalli Tiruvannamalai Amber the British military join the war
A

from Bombay
PR

● Hyder Ali and army reached Madras and created panic among British
● The war end with Treaty of Madras in 1769
Second anglo-mysore 1780 to 1784:
● the political situation in Travancore and Thanjavur was the reason behind it
● Madhavrao attacked Srirangapatna with Maratha but British did not came for support
to Haider Ali as per Madras treaty
● British attacked by Mahe which was under Haider Ali is the reason for second Anglo
Mysore war
● Hyder Ali gained Upper Hand and captured Kanchipuram Coromandel Coast and
Arcot
● Hyder Ali was defeated in the battle held in portnova by British led by Sir Eyer coot
● Haider Ali died due to illness and work by Tipu Sultan British attacked on Mangalore
take advantage of Hyder Ali's death

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Tipu Sultan protected Mangalore and coastal regions and defeated British and ended
with Treaty of Mangalore in 1784
Tipu Sultan:
● Became ruler of Mysore after his father's death. He wage war against British for 17
years rule
● you try to organise Enemies of British into a group
● He tried to break the Monopoly of British over trade. As a result enmity between
British and Tippu to grow up

Third Anglo Mysore war:

● The politics of Travancore was the main reason for this war, king of Travancore
builder Fort with the help of British and captured Ayakota,. Kanganoor fort from

R
Dutch. This was the breach of Mangalore treaty
● British captured Karwar Coimbatore Dingal by Meadow commander

A
● Tipu Sultan captured Baramahal and Sathyamangalam

K
● Lord Cornwallis captured Kolar Hoskote Bangalore and sought the help of Marath
Nijam to defeat Tipu Sultan

A
● Maratha captured savanur, Gajendragadh , Hubballi etc
● it was inevitable to enter and agreement for Tippu Sultan signed Srirangapatna
Treaty in 1792
N
Conditions:
BA

● Tipu Sultan was forced to part with half of his Kingdom

● He was forced to pay 3 crore rupees
● He had to pledge children as a guarantee against payment
N

● Force to release the Prisoners of War

● British withdrew combined Army from srirangapatnam
EE

Fourth Anglo Mysore war 1799:

● Tippu Sultan claims right over Malabar region
● the political activities against Tipu Sultan became intensified when Lord Wellesley
V

became governor of India

● Tipu Sultan made attempts to form Alliance with local kings and French
A

● He sent an Ambassador to France to seek Alliance this development and raised

PR

Britishers
● Tipu Sultan rejected in human impractical conditions imposed by British his refusal to
the war
● He was dead in 1799. Is the territories were shared among British Marath and Nazam
● small territory handed over to Royal representative of mysuru. Known as Mysore
princely state.
Dondiya Wagh:
● Birth - channagiri , Maratha family . Famous as Wagh Tiger
● Career - cavalry soldier in Hyder Ali army
● He built small Army after fourth Anglo Mysore war organised soldiers who were
unhappy with Tipu Sultan
● Attacked shimogga Honnali Harihara chitradurga savanur kittur Londa
● Lord Wellesley decided to end Adventures of Dondiya . Was killed at Konagall
Rebellion of Kittur - Rani CHENNAMMA 1824

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Rebellion led by channamma due to doctrine of lapse policy was the prominent
● Kittur lies between Dharwad and Belgaum
● Channamma took administration after death of Malla Sarja
● Shivalinga Rudra Sarja elder son came to the Throne.
● British entered an agreement with Kittur to collect payment during Thomas Munro
● After the death of her son Chennamma adopted shivalingappa as adopt son and
ruled Kittur
● Thackeray was British tax collector of Dharwad reported to Bombay to take over
Kittur
● As a result queen of Kittur had to face the war in which Thackeray was shot dead
● Under the leadership of kernel Deak made attempt to capture Kittur
● Channamma was imprisoned at Bailahongal fort and passed away in prison

R
Sangolli Rayanna:

A
He was a brave soldiers fought for independence of Kittur he developed a sense of

K
nationalism organising an army he organised secret meetings aimed at looting the treasury
of British he was cunningly captured by British brought down to the award.

Rebellion of Amarasulya :
A
N
● This was a farmer rebillion held in coastal areas and Kodagu 1835-37
● British dethroned rulers of Kodagu chikkaveera Rajendra of haleri dynasty in 1834
BA

● A political instability created. Swami Apa Rampura Kalyana Swami Putta Basappa
organised rebellion ApaRampura to leadership of rebellion later he was captured in
1837
N

PuttaBasaappa:
● Sullya Bellare Puttur are the major places of Canara region and part of Amara Surya
EE

● he took leadership of rebellion presenting himself as Swami Apa Rampura

● He declared tax on tobacco and salt should be withdrawn by the British
● He killed Amaldar who was known for brutality. The mob looted treasury of Bantwal
V

Mangalore
● British captured him with the help of Army of Thalachery Kannur Bombay Kodagu
A

people
PR

● Laxmappa Bangarssa Ramayyaih Gouda Gaddemane Appayya were hanged

Rebillion of Surapura
● It is a place 50 km away from present Yadgir. Which was the vassal state during
Nizam and maratas
​Venkatappa Naik
● He came to the Throne after his father Krishna Naik. He was opposed by his uncle
Peddanaik . It led to internal struggle
● British entered in surapura politics and appointed Medes Tailor a protocol agent
proxy power
● Taylor was reformist developed surapura. Appointed Pedda Naik as Diwan . he
conducted land survey as a result revenue of surapura was increased.
● Venkatappa Nayaka came to the power in 1853

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● British came to notice that representatives of Nana Saheb were present in surpura.
This made British suspicious on kings administration so the appointed officer called
Campbell to report about political condition of surapura
● The report submitted to Hyderabad that King involved in miss administration. British
captured surapura in 1858
Veerappa of Koppala :
● Koppala and surrounding region was under the rule of Hyderabad Nizam. Due to
exploitation of zamindars buy Nizam of Hyderabad the people rebelled against Nijam
● Veerappa was the Zamindar and organised farmers to fight against Nijam
● British employed an army and defeated Veerappa and capture Koppala
Bedas of Halagali :
● Bedas are good Hunters. A small village of Mudhol Taluk Belgaum district. Bedas

R
rebelled against British due to arms act as British banned usage of weapons
● Bedas of Mantur Bodani Alagundi join the rebellion and British entered Halagali

A
village and suppressed Rebels.

K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
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 UNIT V
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMATION MOVEMENT

● Social reformation is an attempt to reform a society. the basic aim of this movement

R
is to declare the value of individuals self respect
● 19th century is called New awakening time in history. Because

A
a. New class of educated Indians created due to English education

K
b. Many European concepts like democracy nationalism a equality start finding roots
c. Indian Standard analysing the society

A
d. British to expressed interest in reforming
e. Identity of Indian was born.
N
“Issues like caste system gender discrimination Sati system widow remarriage denial
BA

of education were address by these moments”

Brahmo Samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

N

● The chief initiator of social reformation had deep knowledge in Sanskrit version
Arabic Hebrew
EE

● He was well versed in Hindu philosophy and Quran

● He started Atmiya Sabha aim to eradicate socio religious maladies
● He founded brahmo Samaj in 1828
V

● Due to his efforts then William Bentinck brought in laws the prohibition of Sati in 1829
● He published in journal samvad komudi in Bengali language
A

Aspects of Brahmo Samaj:

PR

● Advocated monotheism
● Opposed meaningless rituals
● Should live with dignity
● equality to women and opposing polygamy child marriage
● give importance to English education and received good thoughts from West
● Established Vedanta college in Kolkata

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was Harbinger of modern India

Progenitor of social reformation
Prophet of Indian nationalism
- Rabindranath Tagore.

Young Bengal movement:

● The movement started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. He was an

 
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 Anglo Indian. Portuguese Indian parents
● Served as Professor at Hindu College Calcutta
● work towards new education system in India
● He started academic Association a free thinking debate association on nature
humanism and God
● He was an advocate of women rights opposite caste based discrimination
● he believed that rational thinking liberate the people from superstition
● Died at the age of 22 due to cholera.

Arya Samaj : 1875

● It was founded by Dayanand Saraswati in Kathewad
● He was born in 1824 in Kathewad. Parents are Amba Shankar Tiwari , Amrutha Bai

R
● His old name was Moola Shankar
● He wrote a book satyarth Prakash

A
● He realised remedies to evils of society are in Vedas hence he declared back to

K
Vedas. Vedas authentic
Aims :

A
1. Should believe in one formless God
2. No one is caste based
3. Encourage to inter caste marriage
N
4. Rejection of polygamy and child marriage
BA

5. Men and women are equal

6. One should study Vedas
7. He started Shuddhi movement an important program of this Samaj in order to bring
N

back people of other religion

8. Cow protection Association was started
EE

9. Dayanand Anglo Vedic college was established in 1886

10. Gurukula Vidyalaya was started at Haridwar
11. Lala lajpatrai was influenced by the principles of Arya Samaj.
V

Prarthana Samaj :
A

● It was founded by Dr Atmaram Panduranga in 1867 at Bombay

PR

● It was finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste
● Undertaken programs like education for women and rehabilitation of poor
● MG Ranade RG Bhandarkar are the main leaders
● Attempted to visit child marriage and injustice on Widows
Satyashodhak Samaj:
● It was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873
● Aim at rights to non brahmin class and women
● He wrote a book Gulamgiri
● Open schools for Shudras and girls. Allowed people to draw water from his well
● The established hostels for girls
● Dr BR Ambedkar was influenced by work of Jyotiba Phule.
● Savitribai was the wife of Jyotiba Phule and work accordingly.
Aligarh reformation movement:

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Muslim community stayed away from the English education so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
started this moment
● Mohammedan Liberty society established in 1863 made realisation of the value of
English education
● he fought against superstition ignorance and stressed on intellectual thought
● He did not support for Parda system and opposed polygamy
● He founded Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh later it was named as
Aligarh Muslim University
● Preaching the religious toleration Unity among religions
● Utilised Institutions for western scientific cultural ideas.
Ramakrishna Mission:
● Founded by Swami Vivekananda in in 1897 Belur Kolkata. Ramakrishna Math isn't

R
Mayavati near Almora Uttaranchal
● The mission was founded to carry the message and thoughts of Sri Ramakrishna

A
● Vivekananda worked to establish a cashless society. Opposed caste system and

K
untouchability
● He delivered speech at Chicago in world religions Congress in 1893

A
● visited Mysore the court of chamaraja Wadiyar 10
● Wrote many books on Gnana Raja Karma and Bhakti yoga
● He stressed education Yoga meditation prayer
N
● He wanted people to stop following Western ideal blindly
BA

Theosophical society:
● It was founded by madame Blavatsky and HS Alcott
● Established office at Adyar near Madras in 1886
N

● Aim : comparative study on religion philosophy science to discover indomitable spirit

in humans
EE

● He declared universal brotherhood Veda Upanishad vedantha are important

Annie Besant
● She was from Ireland arrived to India in 1893
V

● She was born in 1847 and London she advocated Indian culture is superior than
western
A

● Translated Gita to English she was called as Shweta Saraswati

PR

● Open and many schools Central Hindu College Banaras in 1898

● started to periodicals New India and Commonwealth
● Started Home Rule League Movement in 1916. She was active in freedom struggle
movement
● She became first woman president of INC in 1917
Sree Narayana Dharma paripalana Yogam 1903:
● It was founded by Narayana Guru
● Strengthening backward and exploited community was the aim of this society
● in order to address the issues like untouchability denial of basic rights of human
● He declared one caste one religion one God for human being
● He built temples for backward communities
● He started Vaikom movement. a Temple entry Movement in 1924
Periyar :

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● it is a non Brahmin Movement launched agitation demanding representation in
government and opposed restrictions on brahmins
● The movement was led by EV Ramaswamy Nayakar.
● He started self respect movement and self respect League in 1926
● He was called as Periyara senior person
● rejected Rasheed Supremacy and said Tamil is language of dravidians hence he
opposed Sanskrit
● He participated Temple entry movement at Vaikom and became the President of
justice party in 1939
● He formed Association Dravida kalagam
● A championed equality criticized caste gender based discrimination.

R
A
K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 UNIT - VI
THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE 1857

The Indian historians termed as first Indian freedom struggle while English historians termed
as the sepoy mutiny

Political reasons:
● due to implementation of doctrine of lapse policy Indian kings had to lose
territories Satara Jaipur Udaipur
● Dalhousie abolished King ships of Thanjavur and Karnatic Nawab

R
● Many soldiers who was depended on King became unemployed
Economic reasons:

A
● Indian Handicrafts and industries diminished due to industrialisation

K
● the artisans of India became unemployed we was suffered a lot Indian handicraft
became pathetic

A
● British Levied custom tax on Indian goods enters into England
● Farmers were exported by Zamindar
N
● Inam Commission introduced by British to withdraw the lands.
Administrative reasons:
BA

● British brought many Civil and criminal laws which were lot of partial
● English became the language of court
● English judges were in favour of British
N

Military reasons:
● Indian soldiers condition was pathetic
EE

● did not have status salary and promotions

● The pressure put on Indian soldiers to work for Overseas
Beginning of the mutiny:
V

British introduced Royal Enfield guns there was a rumour of guns are smeared with fat of pig
and cow
A

soldiers at Barrackpore refuse to load the bullets Mangal Pandey shot dead British officer
PR

letter arrested and hang to death.

Spread of the mutiny:
● Indian soldiers refused to use the bullets of new guns this led to the mutiny at Meerut
● Group of soldiers reach Delhi from Meerut entered Red Fort declared Bahadur Shah
II as emperor of India
● Nanasaheb rose in Revolt Tantya Tope was his assistant
● Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai revolted as she angered by doctrine of lapse she captured
Gwalior and died heroic
Reasons for the failure:
● It is not cover every part of India they concentrated on issues of Kings but not
Liberation of the nation
● The war was not well planned
● The unity of British soldiers and disunity among Indians
● The Matinee lacquered direction leadership quality discipline and organising skills

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 ● Indian soldier lacked in military strategies capabilities definite aim
● Indian Kings were loyal to the British and did not support for the war
● Sepoys committed plundering during the war
Results of the war:
1. The Governance of East India company and date and British government
administration started
2. Administration of India handed over to secretary of Indian affairs of England
3. The queen of British passed proclamation in 1858
a. Agreements entered by company with kings are accepted
b. Not pursuance of expansion
c. Stable government for Indians
d. Equality

R
e. Religious toleration and non interference
● British decided to involve legislation hence policy of association implemented

A
● The Revolt is like guidepost of future struggles.

K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
Praveenkumar Banakar -Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal -9980803896
 Geography

Unit - 1
INDIAN POSITION AND EXTENSION

R
A
K
A
India location in World Map
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 India map

R
A
K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

India is a subcontinent. It has varied features like unique vegetation ,population, culture ,food 
tradition and it is separated from rest of the world by Chains of mountains in the northern 
Himalayas of the country.  

● India geographical is located in Northern hemisphere. If we consider Prime Meridian

it is located in Eastern hemisphere.
● India is a Peninsula which located in south east part of Asia Continent.
● Latitude- 8.4 to 37.6N

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 ● Longitude- 68.7 to 97.25 E
● Tropic of Cancer passes through centre of the country. 82.5 East longitude passes
through centre of the country, passes through Allahabad Uttar Pradesh. It is referred
as Indian Standard Time. Indian standard time is 5.30 hour ahead of GMT
● Land frontier is about 15200 km. Water Frontier is 6100 km. It is 7516.5 km If we
include all the Islands
● North to south length days 3214 km. East west is 2933km.
● Indira Point is the southernmost point of India, Indira col is the northernmost point of
India located in Jammu and Kashmir.
● India is surrounded by Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal in the East.
● Size- 3287263 km2 . 2.42 % of the world total area. 7 th largest country
● India's neighbour countries are Pakistan Afghanistan China Nepal Bhutan Myanmar

R
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
● Sri Lanka is separated from India's mainland by Gulf of Mannar and Palk strait

A
● There are 29 states and 7 union territories.

K
● Rajasthan is the largest state in India, Goa is the smallest state.
● Telangana is newly formed state in Indian Union

A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 UNIT- 2
INDIAN PHYSIOGRAPHY

India has a variety of landforms . Mountain, plateau, plains, valleys and coastal areas .

Physical divisions of India:

1. The northern mountain
2. The northern great plains

R
3. The Peninsular plateau
4. The coastal plain and islands

A
K
I.THE NORTHERN MOUNTAIN:
● It comprise Himalayas young fold mountains. Highest mountain ranges in the world

A
and have a peaks ,valleys,glaciers and passes
● It is extended from Indus river gorge to Brahmaputra river gorge. Length 2400 km
N
● Its area is about 500000 kilometre square. Have slope towards south and gentle
BA
towards Tibet
● There are three ranges Greater,Lesser and Shivalik
1.Greater Himalayas:
● They are innermost, continuous and highest mountains. Average height is about
N

6100 m. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world, about the 8848 m.
● Kanchana junga , Dhavalagiri ,Manaslu ,Nanda Devi are notable peaks.
EE

● They are covered with snow throughout the year hence they are called ​Himadri​.
● It is the home of many glaciers Gangotri and Yamunotri
● There are some passes in this region ie Burzil , Lozi la, shipki la
V

● Mountains lying to the Northwest of Himadri are called ​Trans Himalayas

● Godwin Austen or K2 is the highest peak in India it is located in Karakoram range
A

2.The lesser Himalaya:

PR

● These are located to the south of the greater Himalayas

● These are also called Himachal
● The height is about 1500 to 4500m.
● There are many parallel ranges such as Pir Panjal ,Dauladhar ,Nagtiba Mussoorie,
Mahabharat, Darjeeling.
● There are many valleys such as Kashmir Valley, Kangra valley, Kullu Valley.
● It is noted for hill station those are Shimla ,Ranikhet, Mussoorie ,Nainital and
Darjeeling.
3.The Shivalik Hills:
● These are the outermost Ranges or foothills of Himalaya located to the south of the
Himalaya so these are called outer Himalaya
● These are the lowest mountains about 600 to 1500 M height
● These mountains have very flat at bottom ,structured valley known as Doons .
Dehradun

 
 
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Importance of Himalaya:
● Himalayas act as Natural frontiers and prevent foreign invasion
● They prevent cold winds from Central Asia
● The Abstract rain bearing winds and causes heavy rainfall
● Their slopes have thick forest and ideal for plantation crops
● Himalayas are the storehouse of minerals place of many rivers Falls used to
generate hydroelectricity.
II.THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS:
● THESE ARE LOCATED BETWEEN HIMALAYA AND PENINSULAR PLATEAU AND

R
FORMED BY THE DEPOSITIONAL WORK OF RIVER SYSTEM
● It is the largest Alluvial soil tract in the world

A
● It is about 2500 kilometre extension and 340 km width. About 700000 kilometre

K
square area
● This is the very fertile plain rocks not exposed to the surface

A
Importance:
● This is very suitable for irrigation and Agriculture
N
● This area has perennial rivers and watched fertile Alluvial soil
● This land is very level and supports for a network of roads, rail and means of
BA

communication
● This is very useful for industrialisation and urbanisation and trade
● The number of pilgrim centres are located in this region
N

III.THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU:

● It is the largest physical division of India and the oldest landmass related the part of
EE

Gondwanaland
● It lies to the south of great plain about the 16 lakh square kilometres
● It is roughly triangular in shape it is extended up to Cape Kanyakumari in the
V

southern extremity.
● It is bounded by Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura ,Western Ghat, Eastern Ghat, Chota
A

Nagpur Plateau and Malwa plateau.

PR

Aravali:
● These are the oldest fold mountains Guru Shikhar 1772 m is the highest in Abu hill.
Vindhya and Satpura attached to the Aravali Hills Narmada and Tapi river flow
between Vindhya and Satpura.
The Western Ghat:
● A continuous range running parallel to the West Coast of India
● There are also known as Sahyadri mountains these are very steep on western side
and the gentle on Eastern side
● Passes; Borghat , Talghat , Palghat .
● South of Palghat the Western Ghat continuous as Anaimalai , palani , Cardamom
hills (Elaimalai)
● Anamudi is the highest peak in South about 2695 M
Eastern Ghat:

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 ● These Mountains are most runs parallel to the East Coast and extended from
Mahanadi river to Nilgiri Hills
● They are lower than the Western Ghat and not continuous. The highest peak of
eastern Ghat is Armaconda

IV. Deccan Plateau :

● It is bounded by Satpura and vindhyas in the north west. Western Ghat is located in
the western part. Eastern Ghat is located in the Eastern part. Mahadev and Maikal
range in the north. Chota Nagpur Plateau in the North East.

R
● Importance:
● The plateau is rich in minerals, forest and biodiversity

A
● It influences on Southwest monsoon winds

K
● It is covered with black soil and useful for agriculture
● It is the birth place of many South Indian rivers and useful for generation of

A
hydroelectricity.
● It is well known for hill station such as Ooty in Tamilnadu.
V. THE COASTAL PLAIN:
N
● IT IS EXTENDED FROM RANN OF KUTCH TO DELTA OF GANGA. There are two
BA

parts West Coast and east coast.

1. The Western Coastal plain:
● it lies between Western Ghat and Arabian Sea
N

● It is extended from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari

● It is narrow steep and Rocky
EE

● have two parts that is Konkan and Karnataka coast and Malabar Coast
​2. The eastern coastal plain:
● Is extended from subarnarekha river to Kanyakumari​.
V

● It is located between Eastern Ghat and Bay of Bengal

● Many rivers flows across and formed deltas such as Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and
A

Kaveri
PR

● There are some lagoons are formed in the coast like Chilka Pulicat and Kolleru
● There are two parts in eastern coast Northern circars and Coromandel
Importance:
● It provide natural harbours helps in foreign trade. Kandla marmagoa Kochi
Visakhapatnam and Kolkata
● They are useful for fishing, useful for Ship Building, agriculture and salt production
● They attract tourist and useful for navigation
Islands of India:
There are 247 Islands in India.
204 are in Bay of Bengal
43 are in Arabian Sea
Lakshadweep Island is formed by coral. Andaman Nicobar is formed by volcanic activities.

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 INDIAN CLIMATE

TYPE:
Tropical monsoon climate, because a greater part of India lies in tropical zone and it is
climate is influenced by monsoon winds.

Factors influence on climate:

R
Location
Water bodies

A
Relief features

K
Monsoon winds

A
Climatic seasons:
1. Winter season
2. Summer season
N
3. Rainy season
BA

4. Retreating monsoon season

1. The winter season:

N

● The rays of the sun fall vertically over the South hemisphere India gets oblique raise
hence temperature is low and clear sky.
EE

● It is cool in the North India and warm in South India. January is called coolest month
● Hilly areas of Himalaya Kashmir Himachal Pradesh records lowest temperature
● Drass near Kargil records -4 degree Celsius
V

● Fog are common . Dew and heavy snowfall takes place

● Annual rainfall is 2%
A

2. The summer season:

PR

● Sun rays fall vertically over the north hemisphere hence temperature is high in India
● Climatic condition is usually hot dry and sultry
● The highest temperature records at 49.4 degree celsius in Ganganagar
● Convectional rainfall takes place in some parts of India
● Summer season rainfall is called
Andhis in Uttar Pradesh
Kalabaisaki in West Bengal
Mango Shower in Kerala
Coffee blossom in Karnataka
● 10 % Rainfall takes place
3. The rainy season
● It is also called as South West monsoon season
● Since the temperature rises a low pressure area develop our Central India high
pressure creates over Indian Ocean

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 ● Moisture Laden winds blow from southwest towards India 75% rainfall caused during
this season
● there are two branches of Southwest monsoon season Arabian Sea branch and Bay
of Bengal branch
● Heavy rainfall takes place on Western Ghat and decrease towards east
● Heavy rainfall takes place in Bengal branch. Mawsynram in Meghalaya foothills of
Himalaya and Assam

The retreating monsoon season:

● in early October due to decrease in temperature low pressure area replaced by high
pressure area over land mass.
● A low pressure area developed over Bay of Bengal shore winds blow from north east

R
direction to southwest
● It is a season of unsettled weather condition

A
● India recieve 13 % rainfall

K
● Cost of Tamil Nadu Andhra Odisha get rain due to tropical cyclone
Distribution of rainfall:

A
1. Areas with low rainfall; less than 50 cm
Western Kutch Thar Desert Rajasthan Punjab Haryana and Gujarat. really in Jaisalmer
N
district Rajasthan receive 8. 3 CM rainfall it is called driest place
2. ​Medium rainfall 50 to 100 CM
BA

Northern Punjab to Kanyakumari.areas between West and East Ghat . West peninsular India
3. ​Heavy rainfall : 100 to 200 cm
Narrow belt in western Ghat , Jammu hills , Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, west Bengal , North
N

east India . Mawsynram

EE
V
A
PR

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 INDIAN WATER RESOURCES

● One of the most precious natural resources. need for drinking cooking washing
agriculture and hydroelectricity industry navigation and fishing.
● water resource can be divided into surface water and groundwater
● Surface water includes rainfall rivers lakes tank and Springs
Major rivers of India:
The River system of India can be divided into two
North Indian rivers
Peninsular rivers

R
1. River Indus:

A
● It Rises near Mount Kailash Tibet flow Northwest and flow south west and entering

K
Pakistan
● Finally join Arabian Sea near Karachi

A
● Total length is 2897 km of which 709 km flows in India
● Jhelum Chenab Ravi Satluj are the tributaries
2. River Ganga
N
● The largest river system of India about 2525 km length
BA

● It rises in Gangotri Glacier join Brahmaputra and continuous Padma river in

Bangladesh
● Finally Rich is Bay of Bengal
N

● Yamuna Ghagra gandak Ram Ganga Gomti from Kosi are the tributaries of Ganga
● Yamuna is the longest tributary
EE

3. Brahmaputra
● It Rises near Lake Manasarovar Tibet
● Enters India through narrow gorge Arunachal Pradesh
V

● Joins Ganga River in Bangladesh. 2509 km length

● Tsangpo it is the name of Brahmaputra in Tibet. Jamuna is the name of Brahmaputra
A

in Bangladesh
PR

South Indian rivers

these are also known as peninsular rivers and can be divided into east flowing and West
flowing rivers.
East flowing rivers:
● Mahanadi rises in siwaha range 851 kilometre join Bay of Bengal
● Godavari largest river in South India rises in Triambaka . 1465 km
● Krishna Rises near Mahabaleshwar 1400 km. Bhima Tungabadra Koyna are
tributaries
● Kaveri Rises at talakaveri. Hemavathi simsa arkavathi suvarnavathi are the
tributaries
West flowing rivers :
● Narmada rises in Amarkantak 1312 km floor in marble gorge joins Arabian Sea
● River Tapi Rises near Multai 724 km. Sabarmati Mandovi zuari Sharavathi Kadi
Netravati are the tributaries

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
Irrigation:
the artificial supply of water for the purpose of agriculture is called irrigation
Need :
1. Indian is an agricultural countries so need of regular and sufficient supply of water
2. Indian agriculture mainly depends on monsoon it is seasonal uncertain
3. Certain crops require largest water supply
4. To increase production and yield there is a need of regular supply of water
Types:
Well irrigation:
● It is possible in areas of low rainfall very easy and cheap not require any technology
● Best suited for small land holding formers
● it is largely practiced in Ganga plain Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Bihar

R
● open well and tubewell are the types of well irrigation
Canal irrigation:

A
● India has world's largest Canal system

K
● There are two types inundation canal and perennial canal
● water is drawn directly from rivers without build of dam is called inundation canal

A
● dams are constructed water is stored in Reservoir and used for agriculture through
canal. these are perennial canal
N
● Extensively practiced in Uttar Pradesh Punjab Madhya Pradesh Bihar
Tank irrigation
BA

● it is a natural or manmade hallow on surface into which rainwater is collected

● Most of the times are non perennial
● mainly found in Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Rajasthan
N

Multipurpose river valley projects: Aims :

1. Irrigation
EE

2. Control of flood
3. Generation of hydroelectricity
4. Prevention of soil erosion
V

5. Develop waterways and fishing

6. Recreation facility
A

7. Domestic purpose and industrial purpose

PR

8. Afforestation

1. Damodar river valley project:

● The first river valley project of India it has been decided on lines of Tennessee Valley
authority of USA
● River Damodar is called sorrow of Bengal because of causing flood damage to crops
human settlements
● It is constructed to control the flood
● The project jointly undertaken by Bihar and West Bengal
● there are four times at tilaiya Konar Maithon and panchayat. There are three thermal
power stations at Bokaro Durgapur Chandrapur.
2. Bakra Nangal project
● It is the joint venture of Punjab Haryana Rajasthan it is built across the river satellite
and Nangal

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 ● Flood control is the main objective of this project
● 226 metre height it is the highest gravity dam in India
● Govinda Sagara is the reservoir
3. Hirakud project
● it is built across the river Mahanadi at Hirakud Orissa
● It is the longest dam in India
● flood control and irrigation are the main objectives
● Mahanadi is called sorrow of Orissa
4. Tungabhadra project
● It is the joint venture of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
● Constructed across river Tungabhadra at Malappuram Hospital
● Pampasagara is the reservoir

R
5. Upper Krishna project
● the biggest river valley project in North Karnataka it is constructed across Krishna

A
river

K
● There are two dams constructed almatti and Narayanpur
● Bagalkot vijayapur Yadgir are benefited districts

A
6. Kosi project
● It is the International project and joint venture of India and Nepal
N
● this project is constructed across river Kosi in Hanuman Nagar Nepal
● irrigation and flood control are the main objectives.
BA

● Kosi is called sorrow of Bihar

7. The Rihand valley project

N

● It is built across river Rihand

● Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar is the reservoir
EE

● Flood control and soil erosion and fishing are the main objectives
8. The Nagarjun Sagar project
● it is built across river Krishna at nagarjunakonda Telangana
V

● irrigation and power generation are the main objective of this project.
A
PR

 
 
Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 
 INDIAN SOILS

THE THIN SURFACE LAYER OF THE EARTH COMPRISING MINERAL AND ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES IS CALLED SOIL
SOIL FORMATION IS BASED ON PARENT ROCK RELIEF CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

Types:
1. Alluvial soil

R
● Soil that are composed of alluvium is called Alluvial soil
● It is formed from sediment deposited by rivers

A
● It contributes great to development of agriculture

K
● Wheat paddy sugarcane cotton jute potato vegetables are preferred crops to cultivate
Black soil:

A
● it is known as regur soil and black cotton soil best suited for cotton crop
● Soil is derived from basalt rock with high clay
N
● It is highly retentate you of moisture and compact
● Cotton sugarcane Jowar wheat are best suited
BA

● This soil largely found in Deccan trap Gujarat Maharashtra Karnataka Telangana
Red soil
● They are formed from weathering of granite rock
N

● They are in red colour more sending and less clay. This soil do not retain moisture
● Found in Tamilnadu Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Karnataka
EE

● It is ideal for Ragi miilets groundnut tobacco

Laterite soil
● it is found in tropical areas under conditions of high temperature and rainfall
V

● It is found in Western Ghats Chota Nagpur Plateau Meghalaya and Vindhya and
Satpura
A

● They are leached and not fertile

PR

● Cashew rubber tea coffee are preferred crops

Desert soil
● Formed under desert and semi desert conditions
● Found in North West part of India Rajasthan Haryana
● Have content of soluble salt Sandy and low in moisture
● Which soil is not suitable for cultivation
Mountain soil
● Found on slopes of Mountain Hills and forest
● Formed due to decomposition of organic matter. It is rich in humus and fertile
● It is useful for plantation crops tea coffee and fruits
● It is found in Jammu Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Western Ghat
Soil erosion
● the removal of topsoil by natural agents rivers glaciers winds and sea waves is called
soil erosion

 
 
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 ● Causes; deforestation overgrazing shifting cultivation old method of agriculture
production of bricks

Effects
● Loss of soil fertility and fall in agricultural production
● It leads to silting floods change course of rivers and reduce the capacity of reservoir
● Groundwater level decreases to decrease in soil moisture
● Vegetation cover dress up droughts will increase
● Economy get set back
Conservation
protection of soil from erosion and preservation of fertility of soil is called soil conservation
1. Afforestation and reforestation

R
2. Overgrazing control
3. Contour farming

A
4. Construction of check dam

K
5. Contour bunding
6. Gully control and bench terracing.

A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

 
 
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 INDIAN FOREST RESOURCES

a large area of land covered with trees that undergrowth is called forest. they provide fuel
Timber industrial raw materials for order and employment opportunities
Advantages
● Preserves the physical features
● Check the soil erosion

R
● Control flood and regulate flow of water
● Prevents desertification

A
● Helps to improve soil fertility

K
● Make the climate equipment and help to maintain ecological balance
● They provide shelter to wildlife

A
Types of forest
1. Tropical evergreen forest:
N
● They are found areas of heavy rainfall about 250 CM of rainfall
● on Western Ghats North East Hills Assam Tripura Nagaland Andaman and Nicobar
BA

● forest are dense trees grow to a greater height they are always evergreen
● Teak Rosewood Mahogany Gurjan Champa etc
2. ​Tropical deciduous forest:
N

● They are found in areas of annual rainfall having 100 to 200 CM

● found in Eastern slopes of Western Ghat Maharashtra Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu
EE

Orissa West Bengal

● the trees shed their leaves during the early summer and they are called monsoon
forest
V

● Teak Sal sandalwood mango name tamarind are the trees found here
3. ​Scrub and grassland:
A

● Found in areas of 60to 100 CM of rainfall

PR

● Scrub with short grass chutney trees and bushes are found
● Thar Desert Rajasthan Punjab Gujarat Haryana
4. ​Desert vegetation:
● Found in annual rainfall of 10 to 50 cm
● Punjab Haryana Rajasthan Deccan Plateau the areas
● Babul cacti khejra jhand etc
5. ​Mountain forest:
● trees and plants which grow on slopes of Mountain are called mountain forest
● Oak chestnut beach Pine spruce walnut etc
● Found in Himalayas and Nilgiri Hills
6. ​Mangrove forest:
● found in wet marshy areas in deltas and sea coast
● Rhizapora canes palms sundari
● These trees have stilt like roots or aerial roots

 
 
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Distribution of forest
The total size of the India's forest coverage is 23. 6 percentage
Where is 60% forest in Himalayan and
Peninsula
Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest coverage and Goa has the least forest coverage.
Conservation of forest:
the prevention of destruction over exploitation of forest and its management is called
conservation of forest
Causes for the destruction of forests:
1. Expansion of agricultural land
2. Construction of roads and Railway
3. Irrigation projects

R
4. Industrialisation and urbanisation
5. Overgrazing and forest fire

A
Measures for the conservation:

K
1. Control of deforestation
2. Restriction on graze

A
3. Control of forest fire
4. Control of forest diseases
5. Controlling illegal cutting of trees
N
6. Legislation to check deforestation
BA

7. Encouragement of afforestation
Wildlife sanctuaries:
● Providing protection to wildlife it is an area where killing and capturing any animals is
N

prohibited
● 523 Wildlife sanctuaries in India
EE

● Annamalai Madhumalai Dandeli Bharatpur

National parks:
● extension area specially protected to preserve natural beauty wildlife forest for
V

public recreation
● 99 national parks in India
A

● Jim Corbett National Park is the first in India

PR

● Kaziranga Sundarban Corbett Bannerghatta nagarahole

Biosphere Reserves:

Special category protected area of land and coastal environment

Biosphere Reserves aim is conservation research education and local environment
Nilgiri Hills is the first biosphere in India established in 1986
There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.

 
 
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 INDIAN LAND AND RESOURCES

● Land use and pattern of India:

● the distribution of land for different purpose is called land utilisation
● Factors influence on land utilisation:
Relief features
Climate
Soil

R
Population and Technical factors
Classification

A
1. Net area sown

K
2. Forest area
3. Land not available for cultivation

A
4. Fallow land
Land which is not used for cultivation for some years is called fallow land
N
5. Cultivable waste land
BA

6. Permanent pasture
7. Miscellaneous use
Agriculture
N

tilling of the soil for rising food crops raw materials needed by human beings is called
agriculture
EE

Importance
● Nearly 65% people depend on agriculture
● Economic progress of the country depends on agriculture
V

● Source of livelihood
● Source of national income
A

● Source of food and fodder

PR

● Supports tertiary sector

● Supports industrial growth

Types of agriculture
1. Subsistence farming
The production of crops is consumed by the farmers and family
Primitive method used. Widely practiced in northeast States
shifting and sedentary are the two types of subsistence farming
● Shifting cultivation. Patch of forest is cleared and born to be cultivated in fertility of
soil is reduced
● It is practised by the tribals in North Eastern states. It is called jhuming in Assam
● Ponam in Kerala
● Podu in Andhra Pradesh
Sedentary: cultivation of land at fixed location

 
 
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2. Intensive farming.
Large amount of capital and Labour are applied for unit land
Land intensively cultivated throughout the year
Formers raise to 3 crops to get maximum production due to small Holdings

3. Commercial farming.
Crops are grown for the market and use small amount of labour and machine

4. Mixed farming.
Involving cultivation of crops and livestock rearing introduced in India since 1951

R
5. Plantation farming.
Cultivation of single crop in large estates. Require more labour and capital. Tea rubber and

A
coffee

K
6. Dry farming.

A
Method of forming carried very scanty rainfall. Practiced in Peninsular India and Rajasthan

7. Human forming.
N
Cultivation of crops in areas of sufficient rainfall
BA

8. Irrigation farming.
It is essential because rainfall is uneven uncertain and insufficient. artificial supply of water to
N

Agricultural area is called irrigation farming.

EE

Crop season
1. Kharif : during rainy season or onset of monsoon rainfall. Rice Jowar Ragi tobacco
cotton
V

2. Rabi : during winter or during retreating monsoon rainfall. Wheat Barley and linseed
3. Zaid : between winter and rainy season. Watermelon cucumber and vegetables
A

Cropping pattern:
PR

Proportion of an area under different crops at given time is God cropping pattern. soil ,size
water, income and Technology influence on cropping pattern
Major crops of India
1. Rice : major tropical crop and kharif crop.
Temperature :18 to 25 degree Celsius
Soil :alluvial
Rain :100 to 200 CM rainfall
Areas: West Bengal is the largest producer of rice

2. Wheat:
Staple food and it is a Rabi crop
Temperature: 10 to 15 degree celsius
Rain: 70cm
Soil: black

 
 
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Areas: Northern plain Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of Wheat

3. Sugar cane:
What is the native crop of India
Temperature: 21 to 26 degree Celsius
Soil: Alluvial soil
Rain: 100 to 150 cm
Areas : Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Karnataka

4. Tobacco:
It is a cash crop and tropical crop. Used for beedi cigar hookahs and Snuff.
Temperature: 21 to 23 degree Celsius

R
Soil: sandy loam soil
Rain: 50 to 100 cm

A
Area: Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Uttar Pradesh

K
5. Cotton:

A
It is a industrial and fibre crop. Tropical and kharif crop
Temperature: 21 to 24 degree celsius
Soil: black
N
Rain: 100 cm
BA

Areas: Gujarat Maharashtra

6. Tea:
N

It is a beverage crop producing stimulating drinks

It is a plantation and tropical crop
EE

Temperature: 21 to 25 degree Celsius

Soil: mountain soil
Slope of mountain altitude of 2400 m is required
V

Areas: Assam West Bengal Tamilnadu and Kerala

A

Horticulture:
PR

The intensive cultivation of fruit vegetable flower and aromatic plants

● it makes agriculture more profitable generate employment and increase export
provide nutritional security
● India emerged as important producer it is the second largest producer in world it's
share 11 % Global fruit market and 7 % vegetable.
Floriculture:
Plays a significant role in agriculture generate income provide employment and increase the
export
Areas of floriculture Tamil Nadu Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra and West Bengal
are the leading flower produces

 
 
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 POLITICAL SCIENCE
UNIT- 1
THE PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND SOLUTIONS

India has faced numerals external and internal problems and managed through efficient
administration solution is to be found through good administration social reformation fast and
efficient judicial.
Problems of India:
1. Unemployment
2. Corruption
3. Discrimination

R
4. Communalism
5. Status of women

A
6. Terrorism

K
7. Corporate strategy.

A
UNEMPLOYMENT:
“ IT IS A SITUATION WHERE A PERSON DOES NOT FIND WORK IN ACCORDANCE TO
N
HIS CAPACITY AND QUALIFICATION”
BA

Reasons:
Overpopulation, shortage of resource, dependence on agriculture , ruined cottage industry,
Poverty rate- 21.9% in 2011
N

Measures taken to generate employment for people:

EE

● Promoting skill level of the job seekers

● Providing loans and subsidy to enable people to engage in self employment
● Providing world class skill to our people so that they able to compete with Global
V

product
● Providing job oriented course to all
A
PR

CORRUPTION:
“ OFFERING DRIVE AND FOLLOWING ANY OTHER ILLEGAL MEANS TO ACHIEVE
SOME ILLEGAL BENEFITS”
“ MISUSE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR PERSONAL GAIN”
Effects:
● Influence negatively on personal public life
● It influence badly on economic and social life of country
● It nourishes administration are the part of officials
● Bribery Nepotism favourism tax evasion hoarding smuggling and cheating

Eradication:
● It can be rooted out only through strong public ethics morality and personal
commitment
● Political will and public support

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 ● Ethical political leadership and good offices
● Political aware and educated public can weed out
● Lokpal and Lokayukta can bring down the intensity of corruption
● Awarding severe punishment for corrupt officials
● Installing CCTV cameras in government offices can bring down the intensity of
corruption level.

Discrimination:
● There are inequalities between men and women in our country
● Our govt has provided reservation in education , employment recruitment
● Reservation in elections ie local bodies 50 % reservation seat
Caste based discrimination :

R
● It's a gift of ancient Varna system during Vedas societal system
● The right to equality and freedom included to prevent it

A
K
Regional inequality :
● Regions are developed inequal and achieved lot of progress while some remaining

A
backward.
● Article 371 A to J - Hyderabad Karnataka got special status
N
● D.M Nanjudappa committee 2001 - To eradicate regional imbalances . It gave special
report on measure needed to solve it
BA

Communalism :
Segregation in the name of religion and creating hatred can be called communalism
N

● It creates social differences natural suspicion fear

● Which leads to political competition social groupism
EE

● It has the capacity to endangered the integrity and unity of India

● If disturb peace public and private property
● It leads to mutual accusation and physical hazards
V

● Input self-interest the head of national interest

● Main curtains to increase communal forces
A

● Tend to be suspicious of other religion this effects unity of the nation

PR

● It would spoil integrity equality fraternity and diversity

Precautions are taken to address communalism
● Ideas like Uniform Civil Code
● Equality among all the citizens
● Supporting secular values in the society
● Transcending narrow thoughts in favour of national interest
● Developing healthy National thoughts

Status of women:
The achievements of women during pre-independence are not able they are present in all
walks of life their status remain low due to social customs poverty and illiteracy.

Measures taken to improve status of women:

● Government has started women and child development department

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 ● Many programs have been implemented to curb child marriage
● Government has passed dowry prohibition act
● Compulsory education has been implemented
● Karnataka government has implemented street Shakti program
● Self help groups are formed as means of social progress
● Women Commission have been established to address various problems of
women
● Attempts are made to provide reservation seat legislature body
● Women reservation is also provided in Government recruitment

TERRORISM OR EXTREMISM:

R
THIS IS A METHOD OF PUTTING PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENT. IT IS BASED
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES and RELIGIOUS FAITH.

A
TERRORISM IS NOTHING BUT FULFILLING NARROW end BY CREATING PANIC AND

K
VIOLENCE
● IT CREATES PSYCHOLOGICAL PAIN NEGATIVE CULTURAL ASPECT

A
● FEEDS ON FEAR OF THE PEOPLE
● IT LEADS TO LOSS OF PROPERTY AND LIFE
Method of execution:
N
● The targets civilians military bases specific community religion race skin colour
BA

● Used explosives deadly gases work with a network of Intelligence

● Employee modern day gadgets transport
● Dead target on Airport railway stations markets
N

● The use tactics like a suicide bombing and kidnapping

Places of attacks:
EE

Nagaland Manipur Kashmir Punjab

Attack on Taj Hotel Mumbai November 2007
Attack on parliament and Hyderabad Chennai Bangalore
V

Control:
● India always criticize terrorism in other country
A

● It always strive to protect property and their life of ordinary people

PR

● They have created special Elite forces to tackle

● Peace loving country has undertaken many initiatives to stop terrorism
● History says very little has been achieved by violent activities killing of great leaders
does not terrorist their efforts achieved. Peace and love are greater than violence
and hate
Corporate strategy,:
A group of administrative measures undertaken by a company to achieve pre mediated
target is called corporate strategy
● Present day corporate strategies are using globalised environment and Technology
● It AIMS at maximizing the profit of the company it affects people society negatively
● The even influence on decisions of government
● On positive side companies are employed to alleviate social problem poverty health
skill training malnutrition.
● All these execute through CSR corporate social responsibility.

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 Chapter 2
INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY

R
Countries cannot live in isolation . Every country needs to have foreign policy . India has
been considered as one of the major countries of the world with population resource military

A
intellectual and industrial capacity.

K
Aims of indian foreign policy:
a. National security

A
b. Enriching National economy
c. Spreading cultural richness in another country
N
d. increasing number of friendly countries and check the power of Enemy country
e. Achieving world peace and coexistence
BA

*Jawaharlal Nehru outlined foreign policy of India. Expressed it on radio speech September
7th 1946. Foreign policy of India is also called as foreign policy of Nehru*
N

Factors influence on India's foreign policy:

EE

1. Issues of national interest and geographical interest

2. Political situation
3. Economic interest
V

4. Military issues
5. Public opinion and international situation.
A
PR

Basic aspects of India's foreign policy:

1. Panchsheel principles:
​Both India and China accepted panchsheel principles in 1954 to foster International
Relation. Jawaharlal Nehru and Chou en lai PM of China signed the agreement
a. Respecting each other's sovereignty and regional interest
b. Non invasion of each other
c. Non interference each other
d. Mutual cooperation and respect
e. Peaceful coexistence
2. Non aligned movement:
● The world divided into two blocks after the end of Second World War
● USA and USSR emerged as powerful countries in the world
● India was neutral and did not join with each blocks
● India security financial assistance from USA and military aid from USSR

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 ● Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi followed the principle of Eye
for an eye
● Wars held in 1965 and 1971 with Pakistan were triggered by this policy
3. Anti imperialism:
● an intention of ruling another country for personal gain is called imperialism
● India opposite because it gained its independence from an Imperial country
● India declared no corner of the world shell have imperialism Bandung conference
held in 1949 1955 at New Delhi and Bundung.

4. Anti Apartheid policy:

● discrimination of race on the basis of skin colour is called Apartheid policy
● Apartheid is a affront to human rights world peace

R
● India declared that no country of the world shell practice this policy
● India has declared it support to Nelson Mandela and his party African National

A
Congress to end this policy in their country

K
5. Disarmament:
● ​The process of elimination of specific arms step by step is called disarmament

A
● Massive production of arms leads to third world war, countries have more arms may
attack another country intentionally
N
● Armament leads to massive devastation and destruction of life and property
● Nuclear arms makes more complicated issue today
BA

​“India being peace loving country advocates reduction of arms qualitatively as

well as quantitatively since the time of Nehru India supported for disarmament. every
N

country needs arms for protection but an attempt can be made to reduce number of
arms”
EE

*Article 51 advocates to have foreign policy

*India has strong foreign relation with SAARC, Commonwealth Nations and UNO.
V
A
PR

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 Unit 3
INDIA'S RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

In this GLOBALISED MODERNISED ENVIRONMENT IT IS INEVITABLE TO HAVE

RELATIONSHIP WITH ANOTHER COUNTRY
It is discussed under the article 51 international peace and coexistence
India and China:
● Relationship between both country goes back to Mesopotamia and Indus valley
civilization

R
● Buddhism originated in India and more accepted in China
● Indian rulers had cordial relationship with China

A
● Silk trade discussed in Kautilya economics

K
● Botht country signed for Panchsheel principles in 1954
● The war broke out between two Nation in 1962 Tibetan crisis

A
● Border dispute. China has claimed on Arunachal Pradesh
● Both countries are major role in BRICS
N
● in spite of War both countries have health bilateral relationship both countries are
leading economic growth.
BA

India Pakistan:
● It was integral part of India during pre independence. Both emerged as independent
nations in 1947
N

● Issues like terrorism Jammu and Kashmir issue water dispute . India fought 3 wars
against Pakistan
EE

● Agreements like Tashkent, Shimla, Lahore bus Yatra, Agra conference signed
● Attack on Parliament House 2001 Mumbai attack 2007 Pathankot attack 2016
affected the quality of bilateral relationship
V

● Both share, cultural and economic ties mutual exchange

● mutual trade have continued both responded during emergency and natural
A

calamities.
PR

India Russia:
● India has cordial relationship with Russia even though it had non aligned movement
policy
● USSR opposed China invasion on India in 1962
● USSR supported during Goa Liberation in 1961
● It supported Tashkent agreement in 1966
● Both countries signed for 20 years peace cooperation 1971
● Extended support for establishment of Bhilai and Bokaro Steel plants
● It shared industrial Technology with India
● Supported India to have permanent seat in UNO
India USA:
● Both are democratic countries and have a major role to play
● During Bipolar world and cold war India maintained equal distance from Russia and
USA

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● USA supported the lot to five year plans
● US support during Indo China war 1965 and Indo Pak war
● India Has better relationship with USA in foreign trade science technology space and
education
● share mutual Responsibility in strengthening UNO and maintenance of global peace.

R
A
K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

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 SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Social inequality:
● People are stratified according to various qualities , caste
profession, class and race
● Social inequalities or in the ground of income education
opportunity health facilities and participation

R
● The neglect of food social security cast income discrimination
makes one to understand inequality

A
Education and inequality:

K
● The Social Justice aspect of education can be seen in directive

A
policies and preamble.
● Article 39 tells that providing Social Justice people welfare is the
N
duty of government
BA

● Article 21A describes free and compulsory education for 6 to 14

age group
● Article 45 describes free and compulsory education
N

● Article 19 describes right to speak and Express

EE

● Article 29 describes protection of cultural rights of minorities

● Article 30 describes establishment of educational institutions
V

● Article 46 describes duty of government to support education the

interests of SC and ST
A

● Article 21 describes right to live.

PR

● The court has said entire education structure from anganavadi to

higher education should be seen from Holistic prospective it is the
part of right to live.
● Opportunities for an equal opportunities in education due to
various legal issues
Gender inequality:
● It is one of the various social inequalities influences on an
individual may be due to the thoughts of the family our neighbours
● Supporting education of a boy or a girl has more in the social
square of human life

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 ● Family health survey 2015 and 2016
● BMI body mass index. 24.3 rural women, 16.2 urban, 60.9 children
6to56 month suffering from anaemia
Social stratification:
Method of dividing people into different strata assigning different roles
and status in society
Features:
● It is social in nature based on social recognition importance but not
physical traits it is on education income profession and skill

R
● It is universal and all over the world
● It is existed since birth of society to nomadic and till Modern Times

A
● It is existed in the different ways.

K
Major forms of social stratification:

A
1. Primitive society
2. Slavery society
N
3. Estate system
BA

4. Varna system
5. Caste system
Untouchability a social evil:
N

There was a varna system which based on Karma theory

EE

● Practice of untouchability begin in varna system

● Based on inequality in socioeconomic areas life
V

● British government classified untouchables and tribal people as SC

and ST in 1935
A

● Untouchability is heinous expression of caste system. Which is the

PR

leprosy attached to Hindu skin. MK Gandhi

● And analysis of group of people stayed outside the village whether
came from outside or were pushed outside , provides an answer to
the birth and practice of untouchability- BR Ambedkar
Problems of untouchability,:
● The lowest position in social Strata. One who touch untouchable
had to go under purification. Even he had to that if he walked away
with untouchable having the distance of cow tail - Manu
● They were kept outside the education. Restriction on vedic
education

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 ● They were bar from learning Sanskrit. Ambedkar for hard to realise
people importance of education. Education is a public property
brought Revolutionary ideas thoughts and come up with provisions
and the directions in the draught of constitution that's why he is
called the chief architect of Indian Constitution.
● Denial of property rights. They were not allowed to own any
property only expected to serve Masters this is in human and
violation of basic human rights
● Denial loves political participation rights . They were not allowed in

R
politics during Vedic period even during British period.
Legal measures taken to eradicate untouchability:

A
● The Article 17 of Indian constitution prohibits untouchability

K
● The Government of India has implemented untouchability crime act

A
in 1955
● Civil rights Protection Act implemented in 1976 with amending to
N
1955 act
BA

● Universal rights to vote and participation in election also been

provided
● Reservations are been given in the field of education employment
N

for SC and ST and backward classes

EE

● The act of 1989 regulations.

V
A
PR

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 LABOUR

PLATO IN HIS BOOK REPUBLIC MENTIONED ABOUT DIVISION OF

LABOUR

R
● Human society is formed on natural inequalities
● Division of labour leads to organic merger of various sections of

A
society

K
● Division of labour necessary to fulfill the needs of social economic

A
and political needs
Karl Marx says that:
N
● Division of labour creates less skilled workers
BA

● We classify labours to economic labour and social labour

● economic labour goes with technical and cooperation
● Social labour control through class status and stratification
N
EE

● Division of labour can be seen in industrialized society in digital

world it is done through computers
V

● Specialisation creates division of labour

● Deepa knowledge and depth skill in particular field is called
A

specialisation
PR

● it has helped people to gain skill and money

● Class system has emerged due to division of labour
● Business and industrialisation has emerged
● As a result few people could invest and earn profit
● division of labour is based on age interest gender talent capacity
skill and special skill
Inequality in employment:
● earning in cash or kind by providing ones manual and intellectual
is called labour

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 ● reliable that goes against dictum equal labour equal play can be
termed as inequality in labor
● Discrimination in payment on the basis of gender physical effort
and age. Men are paid more than women
● Discrimination of my pet is less in government sector. It is more in
agricultural sector which is based on gender age and capacity
● It is more about educated and uneducated.
Unpaid and paid labours:
if work is done without payment it is called unpaid labour.

R
Ex; Scouts and Guides NCC ITI nursing artists painters family domestic
work done by mother

A
K
The work which is paid or gets compensation is called paid work

A
Factory workers teachers building workers. They get monetary
compensation for the work.
N
BA

Organised labourers:
● Sector which is enrolled as per law of the Government and
provided fixed wage facility within framework of laws
N

● it is guided by minimum wage act factory act special allowances

EE

provident fund
● School hospitals Industries banks are the example
V

● It is mandatory to pay taxes

● They have special facilities employment security
A

● It is guided by legal modalities

PR

Unorganised labours:
● it is the sector where legal provision do not completely
governor
● relationship between employer and employee not guided by legal
provisions
● the sector does not follow legal provisions of government
● There is no tax provision
● Vehicle repair vendors pushcart vendors are the example
● no fixed time duration of work they earn on daily basis
● they will not receive any medical benefits and no paid leaves

Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal 9980803896 

The challenges faced by unorganised workers:
● they do not have fixed wage fixed pay and no definite benefits
● Migration of people in search of work today have no social security
● There is no security no basic facilities
● Workers do not receive as for work duration as per Payment of
Gratuity Act 1971
● Unorganised sector posters child labour they need to work in an
healthy environment mining and crackers production
● Physical and mental exploitation of women.

R
● 77% women are working in unorganised sector.

A
K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

Praveenkumar Banakar Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal 9980803896 

 ECONOMICS
UNIT- DEVELOPMENT

● The process of enhancing societies capacity to satisfy its need on a large scale is
referred as development.
● Economic development refers to increase in a country's capacity to serve the
economic interests of its citizens and overcoming economic problems.

DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT

● The world development refers to progress in a particular field

R
● Prof.Meier and Baldwin - “ economic development is a process whereby an economy
is real national income increased over a long period of time

A
1. Process: operation of forces bring change in factors of production. Demand for

K
product changes due to size and composition of population, level and distration of
income, taste . These changes leads to rise in national income.

A
2. Real national income: the total value of all goods and services produced in a country
during one year is called national income. Higher the national income higher the
N
development. The word real refers to purchasing power of income. Maintaining price
stability leads to development.
BA

3. Long period: increase in real national income should be sustained for long period of
time at least 10 years. Factors of production and demand for goods service should be
continuous.
N

Professor Colin Clark:

● Define economic development as improvement in economic welfare or
EE

reducing economic skills like poverty helping a country to achieve self

sustained growth
● Ensuring every person benefited by the process of development is called
V

inclusive development
● Preserving natural resources and environment for the benefit of future
A

generation is called sustainable development

PR

● Economic development in whole includes increasing income, attaining quality

reducing poverty, unemployment ,conserving resources, nature and enhancing
welfare.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT​:
● It denotes backward level of Living Style lower per capita income and lower
production
● Underdeveloped countries are capable of development and making serious supports
to overcome their problems these are now call developing countries
● World Bank and its report countries are classified as high, medium and low. Medium
and low referred as developing countries
● India is a prominent developing country it has significant rise in income since 1990

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 

Indicators of development:
● The prominent indicator of development is the income generated in the country
● Higher the income higher the development however economic progress will be
slower if the population expands along with increase in national income.
● Comparison of economic development between Nations having different levels of
population will not be correct
● Per capita income means it is the average income of each individual in the country. It
can be calculated national income divided by total population of the country.
● Per capita income is not true measurement of development because it does not
considered distribution of income, does not consider an availability of basic amenities

R
food shelter education health and social factors
● Atoms are made to add other parameters like alternative indicators for HDI

A
K
Human Development indicators:
● The primary purpose of economic progress in enhancement of human welfare

A
● Ensuring basic minimum amenities . only increasing income may not
guarantee quality of life
N
● Mehboob Ul Haq Pakistani economist inspired by Amartya Sen Nobel Laureate.
He define important requirements to enjoy life is ability to lead healthy long life
BA

and being literate.

● Having income to purchase minimum amenities he called this as human
development.
N

Measuring human development:

● It is measured on the basis of three indicators . 1. Life expectancy 2. Education
EE

achievement. 3. Standard of life

● Health is measured in terms of life expectancy
● Education is measured in terms of literacy attainment
V

● Standard of living by purchasing power and per capita income. The average of this 3
is HDI
A

● In 2014 India rank at 135 out of 187 countries. 0.586 HDI

PR

● India is in middle group of human development. In 2012 India ranked 136 out of 186
countries. 0.554 HDI

Gender related development:

● The role of women in the development process is very significant. Gender
discrimination medicine in various dimensions of economy and polity
● Sex ratio is an important indicator shows inequality. It was 945 per thousand men
,2011
● Women Literacy rate was 65.46 In 2011.
● Lower veg compared to men in all sectors. It is more malnutrition among women than
men.
● There is high rate of maternal, infant and child mortality rate.
● Enable practice of detecting the gender is the reason for decline declining sex ratio in
the country.

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 

Promoting participation of women:
Self help group :
● It is a group of women usually 20 members who come together to share resources
obtain external support Undertaker business jointly and earn income

● They are trained in managing accounts and business transactions

● Helping women to earth save and spend at their willingness
● The dignity and autonomy has increased
● Empowerment is a process that influence people with power, access to resources,
expanse individual capacity power of decision.

R
A
K
A
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 

 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

● India is a land of villages 68.8 4 village population In India according to 2011

● ⅓ rural population lives in object poverty programs plans are fail to improve rural
places
● Development of villages is the true development of India said by Gandhiji
● Rural Industries declining due to modern industries
● Rural people are migrating towards urban areas due to poverty
● Liberalisation globalisation deepened the problems

R
● Consequently poverty increasing agriculture contribution to National Income
becoming less and widening the gap between rural and urban areas.

A
Meaning

K
A process of economic and social upliftment of rural areas
Overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life

A
Integrated process of social economic and political development of poorer section of village

Importance
N
● Agriculture and non agricultural development contributes overall development of the
BA

country
● Increase in agricultural production create greater demand for industrial product and
services
N

● With increase literacy skill level higher productivity is possible

● Better health results in higher work participation
EE

● Gradual transformation is possible through Cottage and small scale industries

● Migration will be reduced and poverty as well
Decentralization
V

● Providing administrative power and responsibility of developing village to people

● Power sharing people participation planning are the concept of grama Swaraj of
A

Gandhiji
PR

● Decentralisation reduces exploitation uphold human dignity independence nurture

human values
● Panchayat Raj came to existence in 1993 according to 73rd amendment of Indian
Constitution.
a. The three tier system has been introduced
b. Direct and periodic elections
c. Reservation
d. Finance administration responsibility
e. Staffing
Role of Panchayat Raj institutions in rural development

● Plays a key role in enabling in the rural people to participate in rural development
● Responsible for implementing various schemes related to poverty eradication
security public amenity

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 

 ●They provide basic facility like roads drains water lights toilets School hospitals and
market
● Encourage adult education technical vocational training development of human
resources
● MGNREGS implementation Prime Minister Awas Yojana Ambedkar Valmiki housing
program Ashraya Yojna
● Productive activities like cattle rearing poultry fisheries nurtured
● Social welfare programs for disabled Windows old sick mental retarded people
Women and rural development
● A man's life shaped by women . Her role is significant in development
● Number of women working in form fishery silkworm Horticulture floriculture
● Rendering service in government hospitals IT and BT. plays important role in

R
population control
● Has the opportunity to handle political power and got 50% reservation in local bodies

A
election

K
● To make rural women financially independent Women self help groups are created.
Availing loans productive activities savings. Role in get rid of social evils like dowry

A
child marriage .
● Contribute towards building a clean progressive society.
N
BA
N
EE
V
A
PR

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal - 9980803896 

 BUSINESS STUDIES
BANKING TRANSACTION

● Banks are developed 200 years ago the term of bank related to
financial transactions
● The term bank is derived from Italian word and French word. Italian
word ​Banco​ , French word ​Banque​ . It means money exchange

R
table
● The company which transact the business with Finance is called

A
Bank. It accepts deposits lends money saves customers money.

K
● The services of bank is called banking

Characteristics:
A
N
● Dealing with money
BA

● Individual/ firm/ company

● Acceptance of deposits
● Lending loans
N

● Payment and withdrawal

EE

● Agency and utility services

● Profit and service oriented
V

● Ever increasing functions

● Connecting link between depositor and borrower
A

● Banking business
PR

● Name identity
Functions of bank:
● Accepting deposits from public and others
● Lending money to public and institutions
● Transferring money from place to place
● Collecting money on cheque, draft and bills
● Discounting of bills
● Hiring safe deposit locker
● Conducting foreign exchange transaction
● Keeping valuable materials in custody

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

 ● Issue of letters of credit and guarantee
● Conducting government transactions centre and state

Relationship between bankers and customers:

1. General relationship. Primary relation is debtor and creditor.
Subsidiary relation is Trustee and beneficiary. Agent and principal
relation.
2. Special relationship. Obligations to honour cheques. Obligation to
maintain secrecy of accounts.

R
Services offered by bank:

A
1. Debit Card and Credit Cards

K
2. Personal loans

A
3. Home and vehicle loans
4. Mutual funds
N
5. Safe deposit lockers
BA

6. Trust services
7. Signature guarantee
8. E- Banking
N
EE

Banking transactions:
● Any sort of activity involving in money exchange then and account
V

is viewed as bank transaction

● All the banking transactions in India are controlled by Reserve
A

Bank of India that's why it is called mother of banks or bankers

PR

Bank.
Postal Bank of India and its services:
● Post office savings bank
● It issues national saving certificate
● Kisan Vikas Patra
● Monthly recurring deposits
● Postal life insurance and Pension Payment
● Money transfer
● Promoting a capital investment of thousand crores.

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

Types of bank:
1. Central Bank or RBI
2. Commercial banks
3. Industrial Development Banks
4. Land Development Banks
5. Indigenous banks

R
Types of bank accounts:

A
1. Savings bank account

K
2. Current account

A
3. Recurring deposit account
4. Term of fixed deposit account.
N
Savings bank account:
BA

● Generally opened by salaried persons

● This facility is given to students senior citizens and pensioners
● This type of accounts are open to encourage people to save
N

money
EE

● There is no restrictions on deposition of money

● Money can be withdrawn either by cheque or withdrawal slip
V

Current account:
A

● It is opened by Businessman who have a large number of

PR

transactions
● Amount can be deposited or withdrawal any number of times
● Banks do not give any interest on deposits
● Banks collect service charge on such amount.
Recurring deposit:
● Generally it is open for a purpose to be saved for future
● Deposits are made regularly on monthly basis for wedding, land
And car purchase
● After the period is over amount is repaid with interest.
Fixed deposit account:

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

 ● Account is opened for a fixed period by depositing the money
● The deposit amount cannot be withdrawn before expiry date
● The rate of interest is both depending on the term of deposit.

R
Procedures to open a bank account:
● Decide the type of account which you want to open

A
● Approach the bank of your choice

K
● Fill up the bank account form or proposal form

A
● Give reference for opening new account
● Submit the form duly filled
N
● Verification by the office
BA

● Initial deposit.
Advantages of opening bank account:
● Bank account facilitate safe custody of money
N

● It helps in making of payments

EE

● It helps in collection of money

● Account holders get advances and loans
V

● Bank account helps in smooth financial transaction

● Account holder can get safe deposit locker facility.
A
PR

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

 ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Meaning:
● The word entrepreneur derived from word entreprende French
word which means undertake some activity.

R
● Innovator of new ideas in business process
● it process management skills team building leadership quality on

A
organising a venture and marketing techniques

K
● Computers mobile phones courier service instant food are good

A
example
Entrepreneurship:
N
● it is a process of an action of an entrepreneur who undertake to
BA

establish his Enterprise

● It is a creative activity it is the ability to create and build something
it is knack of sensing opportunity
N

● Attitude of mind the seek opportunities. it is a philosophy

EE

Characteristics:
● Creativity
V

● Dynamism
● Innovation
A

● Team build
PR

● Leadership quality
● Problem solving
● Risk taking
● Commitment
● Goal oriented
● Self confidence
● Motivation
Functions:
● Starts business by preparing plans
● Organise the factors of production

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

 ● Take some decisions
● Coordinates
● Introduce new methods
● Bears risk
● Gives direction for effective operation
Role of an entrepreneur:
● It promotes capital formation and employee resources
● Provides large scale employment to artisans
● Help the country to increase GDP rate of the country

R
● Develops marketing for growth of economy
● enable the people to avail good quality goods at lower prices

A
● Promotes development of industries

K
● Promotes export and import

A
● remove the regional disparities by industrialisation in rural and
urban areas
N
● Contribute towards the development of societies by reducing
BA

concentration of wealth
Self employment opportunities:
● Corner tea shop, scrap dealer, cyber shop etc
N

● MSME Ministry of micro small and medium enterprises. It

EE

encourages entrepreneurship
● Advertising agency
V

● Marketing consultancy
● Industrial consultancy
A

● Photocopy centre
PR

● Internet browsing
● Installation operation of cable TV Network
● Beauty parlour
● Industrial testing Labs.
Self employment schemes and Financial Institutions
● IDBI
● NABARD
● Exim
● SIDBI
● IFCI

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

 ● ICICI
● LIC
● UTI
● Sfc.

R
A
K
A
N
BA

Promotional organisations​.
● these institutions support in respect of training financial and
marketing
N

● District industrial centre

EE

● Small industry Development Corporation Limited

● National Small Industries Corporation
V

● Small scale industry board

● Industrial estates
A

● Khadi and village industry Corporation

PR

● Technical consultancy organisation

● Small industries service institution
Successful entrepreneurs;
1. Dr Pratap Reddy
India's first Hospital group called The Apollo Hospitals created first
medical infrastructure in India
2. Naresh Goyal
Founder and chairman of Jet Airways provide domestic and Tyre service
in India
3. Narayan Murthy

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896 

Founder of Infosys Technology founded in 1999 it is the first company
listed in NASDAQ. employed 50, 000 people
4. Verghese Kurien
Father of white revolution. Manufacturing Amul Milk products.
Established Anand milk dairy Kheda Gujarat .largest Dairy development
Enterprise
5. Dhirubhai Ambani
He rewritten Indian corporate history. Build Global corporate group
Started his career selling books in Himalayas. Civic dance the gas

R
station attendant in Africa. Head business and petrochemicals
communication energy retail textile and Logistics. Reliance is now world

A
leading Global brand.

K
6. Azim Premji

A
Chairman of Wipro Technologies largest software company in the India.
It is the largest research and development provider
N
7. Ekta Kapoor
BA

Queen of Indian television sector and creative director of Balaji telefilms

8. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
Chairman of Biocon Limited biotechnology company established in 1978.
N
EE
V
A
PR

Praveenkumar Banakar . Govt Adarsha Vidyalaya Muddebihal . 9980803896