A

REPORT
ON

STUDY OF TEHRI DAM CIVIL

STRUCTURES & ESTIMATION OF
R/WALL
UNDER PLANNING AND MONITORING
DEPARTMENT, THDCIL

SUBMITTED BY:
Aayushi Negi,
140970107001
Civil Engineering, THDC-IHET

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ABSTRACT

This report is based on the STUDY OF ESTIMATION of various

structures to be built under planning and monitoring department of
Tehri Hydro Development Corporation India Ltd (THDCIL) at
Bhagirathipuram.

Period of training:

From: 15 June 2017 to 25 July 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Aayushi Negi is grateful to my colleagues and friends for their

constant support and encouragement during the completion of this
project report. I would also like to devote my sincere thanks to Mr. A
K Bharadwaj (Deputy General Manager, Planning) under whose
supervision this report was completed. I would also like to thank Mr.
Sanjay Mahar (Sr. Manager) & Mr. Arvind Verma (Manager) who took
us to the sites and helped us knowing about PSP. Finally, I would like
to thank all the mentors who were always there for guiding us and
were a constant source of inspiration.

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CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 THE TEHRI DAM PROJECT

 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 RAW MATERIAL
 DAM

 SPILLWAYS
 CHUTE SPILLWAY
 SHAFT SPILLWAY
 ILO

 POWER HOUSE
 HRT
 PENSTOCK
 BUTTERFLY VALVE
 TURBINE
 GENERATOR
 TRT

 PUMP STORAGE PLANT

 PLANNING
 MONITORING
 ESTIMATION
 RETAINING WALL

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INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In November, 1986, the government had approved the

implementation of the 2400 MW Tehri Hydro Power Complex, as a
joint venture of the Government of India and the state of Uttar
Pradesh.

THDC was set up as a joint venture corporation of Govt. Of India

and Govt. of U.P in July, 1988, and the works transferred to the
corporation in Feb. 1989. The financial participation of govt. of India
(GOI) & Govt. of U.P. (GOUP) in the implementation of the above
complex was agreed to as 75:25 for power component, while the
irrigation component was to be funded entirely by the GOUP.

A preliminary investigation for the Tehri Dam Project was

completed in 1961 and its design was completed in 1972 with a
600 MW capacity power plant based off the study. Construction
began in 1978 after feasibility studies but was delayed due to
financial, environmental and social impacts.
In 1986, technical and financial assistance was provided by
the USSR but this was interrupted years later with political instability.
India was forced to take control of the project and at first it was
placed under the direction of the Irrigation Department of Uttar
Pradesh. However, in 1988 the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation
was formed to manage the dam and 75% of the funding would be
provided by the federal government, 25% by the state. Uttar Pradesh
would finance the entire irrigation portion of the project. In 1990, the
project was reconsidered and the design changed to its current multi-

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purpose. Construction on the Tehri Dam was complete in 2006 while
the second part of the project, the Koteshwar Dam, remains ongoing.

THE TEHRI DAM

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
The dam is a 260 meters (850 ft) high rock and earth- fill
embankment dam. Its length is 575 meters (1886 ft), crest width 20
meters (66 ft), and base width 1128 meters (3701 ft). The dam
creates a reservoir of 2.6 cubic kilometres (2,100,000 acre.ft) with a
surface area of 52 square kilometres (20 sq mi.). The installed hydro
capacity is 1000 MW along with an additional 1000 MW of Pumped
Storage hydroelectricity.

The Tehri Dam and the Tehri Pumped Storage

Hydroelectric Power Plant are part of the Tehri Hydropower Complex

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which also includes the 400 MW Koteshwar Dam downstream. The
Complex will afford irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares( 670,000
acres), irrigation stabilization to an area of 600,000
hectares( 1,500,000 acres) and a supply of 270 million gallons of
drinking water per day to the industrialized areas of Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

SPECIFICATIONS
A.RESERVOIR

 Catchment Area : 7511.00 Sq. Km.

 Full Reservoir Area : EL 830.00 meters.
 Minimum Draw Down Level : EL 740 meters.
 Gross Storage : 3540 million cumecs.
 Live Storage : 2615 million cumecs.
 Average annual run off : 8000 million cumecs.

B. DAM

 Type : Earth & Rockfill Dam.

 Top Level : EL 839.5 meters.
 Height : 260.5 meters.
 Width at river bed : 1125 meters.
 Width at Top : 20m flared to 25m at
abutments.
 Length at Top : 592.00 meters.

C. DIVERSION TUNNELS (HORSE SHOE TYPE)

 On Left Bank (2 no.s.) : 11m dia, 1774m & 1778m long.

 On Right Bank (2 no.s.) : 11m dia, 1298m & 1429m
long.

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D. GALLERIES (Underground)

 Inspection Gallery at : EL +_ 725/730 – 309 RM.

 Top Inspection Gallery at : EL +_ 835/838 – 616 RM.
 Grouting and Drainage gallery : 3937.29 RM.
 Grouting and Drainage gallery : 3937.29 RM.
(underground)
 Main Dam instrument in : 357 No.
Dam body

PROJECT COST:

 Expected financial assistance : 1 Billion Dollars.

from USSR
 Estimated Budget : 4200 Crore Rupees.
 Completion Cost of Tehri: 8392.45 Crore Rupees.
Dam & HPP (Stage I)
 Financial Assistance not received from USSR because of its
disintegration.

PROJECT COMMISSIONED : 2006-07

PROJECT BENEFITS

 Annual energy availability units : 3568 million units (Stage I)

Total 6500 million units.
 Irrigation (Additional) : 2.70 lakh hectares.
 Irrigation besides above : 6.04 lakh hectares.
 Drinking water supply of Delhi : 300 cumecs.
(162 million gallons per day)
 Drinking water for other town : 200 cusecs (108 million
gallons
and villages of UP per day)
 Integrated development of Region : Civic Facilities, horticulture,
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 Communication & tourism.

MATERIALS USED IN THE DAM

ROCKS

There are basically three types of rocks:-

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS:

These rocks are formed by volcanic eruptions. Due to the

high amount of heat generated under the earth, the material
gets converted into the molten state i.e. semi solid state. This
molten material comes out of the volcanic mountains at the
time of eruptions. When this material comes into contact
with the atmospheric temperature, it solidifies into hard
rocks. These rocks are called Igneous Rocks.

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:

Organic matter comprised of plants and animals lay buried

under the earth for millions of years. With the passage of
time, this organic matter starts forming layers over one
another because of the high earth pressure over it.
Such type of rocks is called Sedimentary Rocks.

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS:

Earth is made of a number of tectonic plates which are

continuously in motion. These tectonic movements cause
the rocks to fold or slide over each other. As a result, the
rocks get deformed and joints are developed in them. Such
rocks are called Metamorphic Rocks.
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These rocks have high strength and density and poor
absorbers of water. They cannot be compacted

Metamorphic Rocks were used in the construction of the

Tehri Dam.
The main substance used was Clay.
Other materials used in the construction were Boulders,
Coarse and Fine Sand and Rip-Rap material.

The construction of the Dam began with the building of

Coffer Dam. Coffer Dam is the actual Dam. It was built using
CLAY.
Coffer Dam was built by the compaction of several layers of
Clay. A layer of 1 meter depth of Clay was compacted into a
layer of 35 centimetres. This was done with the help of
COMPACTER.
After Compaction, Perforation Tests were carried out on
the Clay Layer to check water enters into the Clay or not. If
the water enters, further Compaction is carried out till the
water stops entering the layer. Due to Compaction, the Clay
Layer becomes as strong as the Concrete Wall.

Clay has the property of swelling up when water seeps into

it. Hence to protect the water from reaching the Coffer Dam,
many precautions were taken. Coffer Dam was surrounded
by the Fine Filter. This layer is made of fine particles of Sand.
This Sand is not the normal sand. This sand is obtained by
crushing the boulders into fine pieces and then washing
them. Fine Filter is protected by the Coarse Filter which is
made of relatively bigger particles of sand.

For Further Protection, Shell Material was used. This is a

mixture of Boulders and Sand particles. At the time of
construction, 1000 trucks used to deposit this material 24
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hours a day. Nearly 1 Lakh Litres of Diesel used to be
consumed every day for the movement of these trucks. 40
tankers were continuously involved in bringing the diesel
from the fuel station far away from the construction site.

The outermost layer is known as the RIP-RAP layer. This

layer was made of special rocks. Actually the rocks available
in the Himalayas can be crushed easily. But some 15
kilometers away from the Dam site, rocks were found which
were very strong and could not be broken by the waves
generated by the river water flow. This layer prevents the
sand from getting eroded by the river water.

Finally this RIP-RAP layer is bounded by a Concrete Wall to

prevent initial percolation of river water.

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 TEHRI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED

MAIN DAM AXIS

FSL 830.0 M EL. 839.5 M

RIP-RAP

RIP-RAP INSPECTION
U/S GALLERY
FINE
D/S
FILTER
COARSE
SHELL FILTER
SHELL EL. 632.0 M
COFFER DAM

MAIN DAM CROSS SECTION

SHELL : 201.6 LAC CUM
CLAY : 35.3 LAC CUM
FILTERS : 15.10 LAC CUM
RIP RAP : 27.8 LAC CUM
TOTAL QTY OF FILL PLACEMENT : 279.8 LAC CUM

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 SPILLWAYS

Spillways are mega structures that used to discharge the excess

water from the reservoir. Mostly in the rainy season, when the water
level reaches a certain height at which water can be dangerous for
dam, then spillways are used.These are designed and constructed for
making it possible that there is no harm to the valuable structure of
dam during extreme flood condition. The total discharging capacity of
all spillways that are used under this project is 13,000 cumecs (cubic-
meter/sec). The spillway system has been designed for a probable
maximum flood (PMF) of 15,540 cumecs. Probability of flood of this
magnitude is considered as 0.01% (i.e. 1 in 10,000 years). The routed
discharge corresponding to MWL of 835m through the spillway would
be of order of 1,340 cumecs. It would involve a drop of 220m which
has been negotiated by construction suitable energy dissipation
arrangement of well designed stilling basin. The maximum velocity of
flow would be about 55m/s. There are basically two types of
spillways installed under Tehri dam project:

1. CHUTE SPILLWAY:

Front view of Chute Spillway

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 The Chute spillway has been provided to negotiate gross head of
about 220m and the velocities generated are of the order of 55m/s at
the end of glacis. Aerators have been conferred to provide an air
cushion under the water flowing over the concrete surface of chute
so as to save the surface from cavitations’ damage.

 The Stilling Basin (L=140m, W=50m) has been designed as monolithic

concrete structure in the upside portion under which lies a shear
zone. The size of monolithic concrete block being placed in Stilling
Basin is (L=60m, W=80m). Placing such a large Stilling Basin on a wide
shear zone is unique.

 Baffle wall is provided for the dissipation of the energy. It dissipates

about 26% of the energy.

Specification:

Crest Level : EL 815m

Type : Radial Gated and Stop-log
Water Way : 3 bays
Size : 10.5×15.5m
Length : 578m
No. of Aerators :3
Stilling Basin : Floor Finish Level, EL 596m
Length of Stilling Basin : 218m
Type of hoist- Radial : Rope drum hoist
Stop-log : Gantry Crane
Design Discharge : 5480 cumecs

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2. SHAFT SPILLWAY:

 Apart from the chute spillway four vertical shaft spillways have been
provided. Negotiating a head of about 220m through vertical shaft
spillway has been done for the first time for such a big head.

 The right bank vertical shaft spillway have been joined with existing
diversion tunnels T-3 and T-4 eccentrically through a narrow section
including swirling motion to the flow for energy dissipation in shaft to
avoid extensive erosion damage from the water fall.

 In the left bank shaft spillway the junction of vertical shafts with the
horizontal tunnel, the air accompanied the flow in vertical shaft, is
forced to be located in a central core by way of centrifugal force. This
air core is the pressurised air zone from where air is taken out to the
atmosphere through de-aeration tunnel.

 RIGHT BANK SHAFT SPILLWAY:

Specification:
Crest Level : EL 830.2m
Type : Ungated
No. of Shafts :2
Diameter of the Shaft : 12m
Height of Shaft : 225m
Design Discharge : 1900 cumecs each

 LEFT BANK SHAFT SPILLWAY:

Specification:
Crest Level : EL 815m
Type : Radial Gate and Stop-log Gate
No. of Shafts :2
Diameter of the Shaft : 12m
Height of Shaft : 203m
Type of hoist- Radial : Rope drum hoist

Stop-log : Electric Winch

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 Design Discharge : 1900 cumecs each

3. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OUTLET (ILO):

 ILO is at an elevation of 700m and is 276m long joining T-3 shaft

spillway through a tangential junction. Application of special coating
of ‘polyurea’ is applied for abrasion resistance in ILO. The main
function of ILO is that to regulate the water at the downstream when
no unit is operational. Mostly at the time of maintenance of dam and
appliances which are used to generate power i.e. turbines. ILO
contains a regulating gate which is a radial and other one is
emergency gate which is of fixed type.

Specification:
Crest Level : EL 700m
Type : Radial Gated and Emergency Gate
Size : 4.5m×6m
Length : 276m
Weight :100 MT
Type of hoist- Radial : Hydraulic hoist
Emergency : Hydraulic hoist
Design Discharge : For regulation

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 Power House

The Power House Complex consists of two main parallel caverns

namely the Machine Hall (MH) and the Transformer Hall (TH) located
about 350 m below the surface. The MH cavern is 197 m long, 24 m
wide (at crane beam level) and 47.2 m high. There are four turbine
pits 16 m deep. The TH is 161 m long 18.5 m wide and 29 m high
located upstream of the MH with a 41.7 m rock pillar between them.
The roof arch of machine hall and transformer hall cavities has been
supported by rock reinforcement in form of rock bolts and reinforced
shotcrete. The vertical walls of cavities are supported by long rock
bolts and pre-stressed cable anchors. The design of rock reinforcing
elements is guided by the stress strain analysis of multiple cavities of
powerhouse complex.
 Headrace Tunnel :
There are 04 Numbers of HRTs on the Right Bank of the reservoir
having circular shape, 8.5 m diameter. The lengths of HRTs are 779 m,
855 m, 997 m &1033 m. It takes water from reservoir and supplies it
to power house machines for generation. HRT-1 and HRT-2 carry the
water to Hydro power plant (HPP). HRT-3 and HRT-4 carry the water
to the pump storage plant (PSP) which is still an ongoing project and
is not functional right now.

This figure shows the snapshot of

The Head race tunnels at Tehri
Dam.

 Penstock:

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 There are 04 Numbers of penstocks attached with butterfly valve.
Water enters through the different penstocks to the different
generating units. Each penstock comprises upper horizontal, vertical
& lower horizontal reach including upper & lower bend. The diameter
of penstock is 5.75 m.
 Butterfly Valve:
One Butterfly Valve installed at mouth of the each penstock. The
valve remains
close in case of Unit Shutdown. When the unit is started then after
sensing the
starting command, valve opens first to build-up pressure in spiral
casing and supply the water to the penstock.
 Turbine:
It is vertical Francis type turbine having net head of 188 m and rated
output of 255 MW at a discharge of 150cum/ sec at a rated speed of
214.3 rpm. Water from the spiral casing enters through the 28 guide
vanes and strikes the 14 blades of therunner, which is coupled to the
main shaft. The shaft is coupled to the rotor of the generator at the
other end. The opening of guide vanes depends upon the generation
requirement. Water after striking the blades of the runner, fall axially
in the draft tube. For keeping shaft vertically, Turbine guide bearing is
installed which is of rotating sump self cooled type. Runner removal
from the bottom of the unit is possible through the runner removal
gallery.

Rated Output 255.0MW

Head Maximum 230.1m
Head Rated 188.0m
Head Minimum 122.6m

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 This figure illustrates the specification of Installed turbines and diagram of
francis turbine.

 Generator:
It is 278 MVA, 0.9 pf, 50HZ, 3 Phase generator which generates
power at a voltage of 15.75 KV. A generator has two parts, Stator and
Rotor. Power generated is transmitted through isolated phase bus
duct to transformer gallery from where it is stepped up to 400 KV by
GSU transformers. Two bearings named as Thrust bearing and upper
guide bear ing are installed for sustaining the outward thrust of rotor
and keeping shaft verticality. Both the bearings are of water cooled
type. It has 10% overload capacity for short duration. Carbon dust
collection system has been installed which works during application
of brakes.
.

Figure illustrates the specifications

Of the generator and the
diagram of Unit-4 of the
powerhouse

 Transformer Gallery :
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 4 in numbers, 306 MVA, 15.75/ 400KV GSU 3 Phase transformers are
installed in transformer gallery (TG) for the four units. 15.75 KV is
generated from the each unit and this power is stepped up to 400 KV
here and sent to switchyard through oil filled cables. These
generating transformers are provided with makeup valve which is
filled with water that cools the oil that is being used to cool the
transformer. These transformers are also equipped with micro wave
detector which detects the microwave that generated incase of some
spark and raises the alarm.

 Tailrace Tunnel (TRT):

There are TRT-1, TRT-2 for the 4 Units. The dia. of the TRT is 9.0 m
and the lengths of TRTs are 748 m & 862 m. Tail race tunnels basically
carry the water from the draft of Hydro Power plant (HPP) to the
main stream river.

Power Generation in the

Powerhouse:

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This figure illustrates the general layout of the Tehri Hydro project and Pump
storage plant.

 Water from the reservoir enters the HRT-1 and HRT-2.

 Each HRT further divides into 2 penstocks, which is equipped with
butterfly valve, which controls the water flow in the penstock.
 Thus four penstocks leads to 4 turbines.
 There, water rotates the turbine blades which rotates the excited
rotor, thus induces changing flux in AC the stator winding.
 Thus is how power is generated from 4 units.
 Water from the turbine enters the Tailrace tunnel (TRTs). TRT-1
and TRT-2 takes the water from HPP.
 These TRTs take the water to the mainstream river.

PUMPED STORAGE PLANT (1000 MW)

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 This figure shows the cross section of PSP through water way.

Tehri PSP comprising of four reversible pump turbine units of 250

MW each involves construction of an Underground Machine Hall on
the left bank of river Bhagirathi. The main feature of the Project is the
large variation of about 90 m between the maximum and minimum
head, under which the reversible units shall operate. The operation
of Tehri PSP is based on the concept of recycling of water discharged
between upper reservoir and lower reservoir. The Tehri Dam
reservoir shall function as the upper reservoir and Koteshwar
reservoir as the balancing reservoir.

Planning
Planning  is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities
required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require
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 conceptual skills. There are even a couple of tests to measure
someone’s capability of planning well. As such, planning is a
fundamental property of intelligent behaviour.
Also, planning has a specific process and is necessary for multiple
occupations (particularly in fields such as management, business,
etc.). In each field there are different types of plans that help
companies achieve efficiency and effectiveness. An important, albeit
often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds
to forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the
future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future
should look like for multiple scenarios. Planning combines forecasting
with preparation of scenarios and how to react to them. Planning is
one of the most important project management and time
management techniques. Planning is preparing a sequence of action
steps to achieve some specific goal. If a person does it effectively, he
can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal.
A plan is like a map. When following a plan, he can always see how
much he has progressed towards his project goal and how far he is
from his destination.

 Planning process
Three-step result-oriented process for planning:

1. Identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved.

2. Formulates strategies to achieve them.

3. Arranges or creates the means required.
4. Implements, directs, and monitors all steps in their proper
sequence.
In organizations, planning is a management process, concerned with
defining goals for company's future direction and determining on the
missions and resources to achieve those targets. To meet the goals,
managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing
plan. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may be
achievement of certain goals or targets.
 Main characteristics of planning in organizations are:
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Planning increases the efficiency of an organization. It reduces the
risks involved in modern business activities. It utilizes with maximum
efficiency the available time and resources. The concept of planning
is to identify what the organization wants to do by using the four
questions which are : -
1. Where are we today in terms of our business or strategy
planning?
2. Where are we going?
3. Where do we want to go?
4. How are we going to get there?

Monitoring
Monitoring is the regular observation and recording of activities
taking place in a project or programme. It is a process of routinely
gathering information on all aspects of the project.
To monitor is to check on how project activities are progressing. It is
observation; ─ systematic and purposeful observation.
Monitoring also involves giving feedback about the progress of the
project to the donors, implementers and beneficiaries of the project.
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 Reporting enables the gathered information to be used in making
decisions for improving project performance.
 Purpose of Monitoring:
Monitoring is very important in project planning and implementation.
It is like watching where you are going while riding a bicycle; you can
adjust as you go along and ensure that you are on the right track.
 Monitoring provides information that will be useful in:
Analysing the situation in the community and its project;
Determining whether the inputs in the project are well utilized;
Identifying problems facing the community or project and finding
solutions;
Ensuring all activities are carried out properly by the right people and
in time;
Using lessons from one project experience on to another; and
Determining whether the way the project was planned is the most
appropriate way of solving the problem at hand.

ESTIMATE FOR
CONSTRUCTION 0F
RETAINING WALL
(At Bpuram Township)

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TOTAL AMOUNT OF WORK=Rs. 311085

PREPARED BY:
Aayushi Negi

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