Gene Mapping

Gene Mapping
Dr. Naveeda Riaz

Department of Biological sciences
International Islamic University
Islamabad
Introduction
• Mapping is the finding location of Gene or markers on the Genome.
Mapping is of three different types.
• Genetic Mapping
• Physical Mapping
• Comparative Mapping
• Genetic Mapping is finding the linear arrangement of genes or
markers on the chromosomes.
• Physical Mapping is the fining physical location on chromosomes and
finding exact position in terms of base pairs.
• Comparative mapping is done by making comparison in sequence of
different organisms.
Gene mapping
• Before the discovery of advanced techniques, the mapping was done
by finding frequency of recombinants in the progeny.
• If frequency of recombination between two genes is higher, they are
located far from each other.
• If frequency of recombination between two genes is less, the distance
between them is low.
• Distance in between two genes is expressed in terms of map unit.
• One map unit = 1% of recombination.
Mapping in Drosophila
• Bridges and Olbrcht crossed a mutant strain of Drosohilla
melanogaster homozygous for sex linked genses, echinus (ec, rough
eye), scute (sc, some bristle missing) and crossveinless (cv, certain
wing vein missing) to a wild type.
• The heterozygous F1 female was crossed to mutant male. Cross is
presented on next slide.
• Some gametes were of parental type and some were recombinant
produced as a result of crossing over.
• The frequency of parental type and recombinants was calculated.
Recombination Frequency
• Total no of flies in F2 is 2635
• Parental type are 2108 that is
80%
• Recombination has taken place in
20%
• Next step is to find frequency
recombinants. This is done by
considering two genes at a time.
• Recombination frequency
between ec and sc is 9.1%.
• Recombination frequency
between ec and cv is 10.9%.
• Recombination between sc and
cv is 20%.
• Next step is the construction of
map using recombination
frequencies.
Mapping-continued
• First of all frequency or recombination or distance between two genes is presented on the map
separately eg. Sc and es, ec and cv, and sc and cv.
• Map is constructed as a second step keeping in mind the frequency of recombination or distance
between the genes.
• Recombination between one gene pair is 9.1 and between other pair in 10.9 and between third one is
20. Distance between them is 9.1, 10.9 and 20 map units.
• So the best possible map that can full fill all the criteria in terms of recombination is presented as
follows.
An other Example
• The Table 17.2 describes another
example of linkage and crossing
Over.
• Model organism here is
Drosophila too.
Double Cross Overs
• Recombination among three loci ie. A
B and C will theoretically produce
2x2x2 or 8 combinations.
• If a single cross over occurs between
A and B and B and C, some
chromosomes will have both crosses
ie. Double cross overs.
• It has been shown in Figure 17.2.
• Because of small distance between
loci double cross overs are found very
rarely.
Example of double cross overs
• In this example
double cross over
has produced the
wild type (+++) or
completely mutant
(sc ec cv ).
• Double cross over
frequency was
0.02%.
Interference and Coincidence of Coefficient
• Crossing over in one region of chromosome can affect the crossing

over in the same region, in between between other genes. This is
known as interference. This relationship has been expressed by
Muller. He suggested that ratio of observed frequency of double cross
over to expected frequency of double crossovers is known as
coincidence coefficient.
Linkage in Human
• Linkage in organisms with short life cycle is determined by making crosses
ie drosophila, corn, mice etc.
• In human estimation of linkage is done by family data.
• First of all mode of inheritance is determined on the pedigree.
• Segregation and transfer of gene from one generation to the other is
estimated.
• A number of Genes have been linked to different chromosomes in humans
eg. Nail patella syndrome, ABO blood group locus, Rh blood group locus.
• In humans X chromosome locus many loci have been mapped through
family studies.
Linkage in Humans
Reference
• Lecture has been prepared from the book.
• Genetics. Monroe W. Strickberger. 2012. Third Edition. Pearson
Education Inc.

Gene Mapping

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Gene Mapping

Dr. Naveeda Riaz

• Crossing over in one region of chromosome can affect the crossing

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