Agriculture 1: Rahmat Budiman, S.S

Module 1
Agriculture 1
Rahmat Budiman, S.S.
IN TR O D U C TIO N
T his module consists of two learning activities. The first one contains
(a) some original texts written in English, (b) the translation of the
original in bahasa Indonesia, (c) exercises and formative test. The second one
is more or less the same. The texts are slightly longer. They were taken from
journals, magazines, encyclopedia, newspapers, etc.
After learning this module, you are expected to be able to translate some
texts relating to agriculture from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
Before you move on to Learning Activity 1 it is necessary for you to
look at things you have to bear in mind when you are translating.
1. Be careful with word by word translation (literal translation).
Sometimes you need to translate words in the source language,
sometimes you don’t when they refer to names of companies, streets,
islands, restaurants, etc.
2. Meaning in the source language should be conveyed accurately in the
target language. This means try to avoid loss of meaning.
3. Meaning transferred into the target language are not restricted by
vocabulary, grammatical forms of the source language.
4. Be aware of the term register (i.e. words, style and grammatical features)
you use.
5. Do not use ‘everyday’ language.
6. Your translation should only be based on meanings in the source
language.
These aspects of translation are summarized he band descriptors. (see

Appendix).
1.2 Translation 1 
Learning Activity 1
English – Bahasa Indonesia Translation
R ead the following text very carefully to get a general impression of it,
analyze it and then do the exercises that follow.
A. CORN
Corn, or maize, is one of the most useful plants known to man. Scientists
believe that it originated somewhere in Central or South America. Prehistoric
Indians probably selected seeds year after year from wild grasses, until after
several centuries they had developed a plant very like the corn we know
today. Corn is so much the creation of man that it cannot survive unless man
cares for it.
Indians had their own stories about the origin of corn. In one tale a
young girl turned herself into the corn plant to give mankind a new grain. She
left her hair on the plant as corn silks to remind people to take good care of
her gift.
The Indians liked corn with blue, red, and black kernels. They gave their
colorful corn to the Pilgrims to feed them during the first cold winter in
America. The next year the Pilgrims shared their own harvest with the
Indians. This was the first Thanksgiving.
Corn was first introduced to the Old World by Christopher Columbus as
maiz, the Indian name for the grain. It has kept this name, spelled in a variety
of ways, in most countries. Since the word "corn" in England meant any kind
of grain, the Pilgrims called this new grain "Indian corn".
B. THE CORN PLANT
Corn is a member of the grass family, with large, coarse stalks and
leaves. The plants are usually 6 to 7 feet tall, but may be as short as 2 feet or
as tall as 20 feet. A single stalk, or stem, emerges from the seed. From buds
at the base, other stems, or "suckers," may develop. The main stalk bears one
or more ears, protected by husks. The ears grow on shanks, branches below
the middle of the stalk.
 BING3317/MODULE 1 1.3
A tassel full of pollen grows at the end of the corn stalk. The unformed
kernels on the cobs send up long threads called corn silks, which end in a tuft
above the husks. Wind shakes the pollen onto the silks. A fine tube grows
from the pollen grain through the silk to the egg cell in the young kernel. The
male cell from the pollen fuses with the egg. The egg develops into the
embryo, or miniature new plant, inside the kernel. A ripe ear of corn is 3 to
18 inches long and has 8 to 24 rows of kernels.
Most corn grown today is hybrid. This means that pollen from one
carefully selected variety has pollinated the corn silks of another. The
resulting hybrid seed produces a strong, high-yielding corn. Every year the
farmer buys the kind of hybrid seed he wants to plant from special growers.
The kernels of different varieties may be white, yellow, red, or purple.
Six kinds lead corn production. The most widely grown corn in the United
States is called dent corn because it has a definite notch at the top of the
kernel. Flint corn has hard kernels and withstands cold and disease. These
two varieties are used to feed livestock and in industry.
Eating corn is usually sweet corn, flour corn, or popcorn. Sweet corn is
high in sugar and can be recognized by clear kernels that wrinkle when they
are ripe. The Indians in South America use flour corn, since the large amount
of starch in the mealy kernels makes them easy to pound or chew.
C. CULTURE
Corn thrives best on rich loam soil, but it grows well on fertile sandy or
clay soil. Corn needs warm weather and plentiful moisture. Planting takes
place in the spring when the soil temperature reaches 55 degrees Fahrenheit
or higher, but young plants can be killed by a sudden freeze. Corn seed is
planted in rows about 3 to 4 feet apart. Several kernels are dropped in each
hill, or spot. These are spaced 2 to 4 feet apart in the row.
Weeds must be kept down so that they will not choke out the young corn
plants. The weeds must be chopped and the soil loosened around the plants.
This must be done three to five times during the growing season.
Most corn is ripe about 4 to 5 months after it is planted. The ears are
snapped off the shanks by hand or machine. Corn for livestock feed must be
husked and dried before storing. Snapping, husking, and shelling the corn in
the field can be done in one rapid operation by machines. Such corn is still so
damp that it must be dried under artificial heat. (The New Book of
Knowledge, 1977).
■ Task 1
Now, learn the model answer below together with a short explanation about
it.
MODEL
Source Language Target Language
Paragraph 1
CORN JAGUNG
Corn, or maize, is one of Jagung atau maizena adalah salah satu
the most useful plants known tanaman yang paling bermanfaat yang
to man. Scientists believe that dikenal umat manusia. Para ilmuwan
it originated somewhere in percaya bahwa jagung berasal dari suatu
Central or South America. tempat di Amerika Tengah atau Selatan.
Prehistoric Indians probably Orang-orang Indian zaman prasejarah
selected seeds year after year barangkali memilih benih-benih rumput
from wild grasses, until after liar selama beberapa tahun, hingga setelah
several centuries they had beberapa abad, mereka mengembangkan
developed a plant very like sebuah tanaman yang sangat mirip dengan
the corn we know today. jagung yang kita kenal sekarang. Jagung
Corn is so much the creation benar-benar hasil daya cipta manusia
of man that it cannot survive sehingga tidak dapat bertahan jika tidak
unless man cares for it. dirawat oleh manusia.
Penjelasan:
Perhatikan kalimat pertama pada bahasa sumber ‘…useful plants known
to man.’ Kata man, apabila tidak hati-hati (full awareness of registers) dan
juga penguasaan vocabulary yang terbatas, akan diterjemahkan menjadi
‘laki-laki.’ Padahal, man juga berarti manusia pada umumnya, baik pria
maupun wanita. Kalimat pertama adalah bentuk kalimat pasif (passive voice)
maka perhatikanlah dengan saksama. Tidak semua kalimat pasif dalam
bahasa sumber diterjemahkan pula menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bahasa
sasaran. Untuk hal-hal tertentu, Anda bisa merubah kalimat pasif menjadi
kalimat aktif atau sebaliknya.
Perhatikan pula kata ganti it dalam ‘… it originated somewhere …’

diterjemahkan. Kata ganti it pada kalimat itu mengacu ada kata Corn, or
maize pada awal kalimat.
Selain itu, perhatikan pula penggunaan kata kerja frasa (phrasal verb)
seperti kata cares for di atas. Kata ini diterjemahkan dengan sempurna.
EXER CI SE S 1
 Task 2
Translate the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia.
Paragraph 2
Indians had their own stories ...........................................................

about the origin of corn. In one tale ...........................................................
a young girl turned herself into the ...........................................................
corn plant to give mankind a new ...........................................................
grain. She left her hair on the plant as ...........................................................
corn silks to remind people to take ...........................................................
good care of her gift. ........................................................
■ Task 3

Paragraph 3
The Indians liked corn with ...........................................................

blue, red, and black kernels. They ...........................................................
gave their colorful corn to the ...........................................................
Pilgrims to feed them during the ...........................................................
first cold winter in America. The ...........................................................
next year the Pilgrims shared their ...........................................................
own harvest with the Indians. This ...........................................................
was the first Thanksgiving. ...........................................................
■ Task 4

Paragraph 4
Corn was first introduced to the ...........................................................

Old World by Christopher ...........................................................
Columbus as maiz, the Indian name ...........................................................
for the grain. It has kept this ...........................................................
name, spelled in a variety of ways, ...........................................................
in most countries. Since the word ...........................................................
"corn" in England meant any kind ...........................................................
of grain, the Pilgrims called this new ...........................................................
grain "Indian corn." ...........................................................
■ Task 5

Paragraph 5
THE CORN PLANT

Corn is a member of the grass ...........................................................
family, with large, coarse stalks and ...........................................................
leaves. The plants are usually 6 to 7 ...........................................................
feet tall, but may be as short as 2 ...........................................................
feet or as tall as 20 feet. A single ...........................................................
stalk, or stem, emerges from the seed. ...........................................................
From buds at the base, other stems, ...........................................................
or "suckers," may develop. The ...........................................................
main stalk bears one or more ears, ...........................................................
protected by husks. The ears grow on ...........................................................
shanks, branches below the middle ...........................................................
of the stalk. ...........................................................
■ Task 6

Paragraph 6
A tassel full of pollen grows at ...........................................................

the end of the corn stalk. The ...........................................................
unformed kernels on the cobs send up ...........................................................
long threads called corn silks, which ...........................................................
end in a tuft above the husks. Wind ...........................................................
shakes the pollen onto the silks. A fine ...........................................................
tube grows from the pollen grain ...........................................................
through the silk to the egg cell in the ...........................................................
young kernel. The male cell from the ...........................................................
pollen fuses with the egg. The egg ...........................................................
develops into the embryo, or minia- ...........................................................
ture new plant, inside the kernel. A ...........................................................
ripe ear of corn is 3 to 18 inches long ...........................................................
and has 8 to 24 rows of kernels. ...........................................................
■ Task 7

Paragraph 7
Most corn grown today is ...........................................................

hybrid. This means that pollen from ...........................................................
one carefully selected variety has ...........................................................
pollinated the corn silks of another. ...........................................................
The resulting hybrid seed produces a ...........................................................
strong, high-yielding corn. Every ...........................................................
year the farmer buys the kind of ...........................................................
hybrid seed he wants to plant from ...........................................................
special growers. ...........................................................
■ Task 8

Paragraph 8
The kernels of different ...........................................................

varieties may be white, yellow, ...........................................................
red, or purple. Six kinds lead corn ...........................................................
production. The most widely grown ...........................................................
corn in the United States is called ...........................................................
dent corn because it has a definite ...........................................................
notch at the top of the kernel. Flint ...........................................................
corn has hard kernels and withstands ...........................................................
cold and disease. These two varieties ...........................................................
are used to feed livestock and in ...........................................................
industry.a ...........................................................
■ Task 9

Paragraph 9
Eating corn is usually sweet corn, ...........................................................

flour corn, or popcorn. Sweet corn is ...........................................................
high in sugar and can be recognized ...........................................................
by clear kernels that wrinkle when ...........................................................
they are ripe. The Indians in ...........................................................
South America use flour corn, since ...........................................................
the large amount of starch in the ...........................................................
mealy kernels makes them easy to ...........................................................
pound or chew. ...........................................................
■ Task 10

Paragraph 10
CULTURE
Eating corn is usually sweet corn, ...........................................................
flour corn, or popcorn. Sweet corn is ...........................................................
high in sugar and can be recognized ...........................................................
by clear kernels that wrinkle when ...........................................................
they are ripe. The Indians in ...........................................................
South America use flour corn, since ...........................................................
the large amount of starch in the ...........................................................
mealy kernels makes them easy to ...........................................................
pound or chew. ...........................................................
KEY TO EXERCISES 1
■ Task 2

Paragraph 2
Indians had their own Orang-orang Indian mempunyai

stories about the origin of beberapa cerita mereka sendiri tentang asal-
corn. In one tale a young girl muasal jagung. Dalam sebuah kisah,
turned herself into the corn seorang gadis muda belia menjelma
plant to give mankind a new menjadi pohon jagung untuk memberi umat
grain. She left her hair on the manusia sebuah padi-padian baru. Dia
plant as corn silks to remind meninggalkan rambut-nya pada tanaman
people to take good care of itu untuk mengingatkan manusia agar
her gift. merawat pemberiannya dengan hati-hati.
Perhatikan kata kerja frasa ‘turned into’ diterjemahkan menjadi

‘menjelma’. Kata ganti ‘She’ dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi ‘dia’ atau ‘ia’.
■ Task 3

Paragraph 3
The Indians liked corn with Orang-orang Indian menyukai jagung

blue, red, and black kernels. yang butiran bijinya berwarna biru,
They gave their colorful corn merah, dan hitam. Mereka memberi
to the Pilgrims to feed them jagung mereka yang berwarna-warni itu
during the first cold winter in kepada para pendatang untuk makanan
America. The next year the mereka selama musim dingin pertama di
Pilgrims shared their own Amerika. Tahun berikutnya para
harvest with the Indians. This pendatang ini membagikan hasil panen
was the first Thanksgiving. kepada orang-orang Indian. Inilah
pertama kalinya dilakukan acara
Thanksgiving.1
Kata ganti ‘They’ diterjemahkan menjadi ‘mereka’. Terdapat pergeseran

bentuk kata sifat ‘colorful’ yang diterjemahkan menjadi kata sifat
pengulangan ‘berwarna-warni’.
■ Task 4

Paragraph 4
Corn was first introduced to Untuk pertama kali, jagung

the Old World by Christopher diperkenalkan kepada Dunia Lama oleh
Columbus as maiz, the Indian Christopher Columbus sebagai maize,
name for the grain. It has nama Indian untuk padi-padian ini.
kept this name, spelled in a Namanya tetap demikian, di banyak
variety of ways, in most negara namanya dieja dalam berbagai
countries. Since the word cara. Karena kata ‘jagung’ di Inggris
1
Thanksgiving: Thanksgiving sebenarnya adalah perayaan panen. Thanksgiving
sekarang dirayakan di Amerika setiap hari Kamis keempat setiap bulan November
setiap tahunnya. Dalam merayakan Thanksgiving ini, setiap keluarga biasanya
menyajikan panggang ayam kalkun.
"corn" in England meant any berarti segala jenis padi-padian, orang-

kind of grain, the Pilgrims called orang Pendatang menyebut padi-padian
this new grain "Indian corn." baru ini ‘Jagung Indian.’
Kata ganti ‘grain’ bergeser bentuknya menjadi kata benda pengulangan/

majemuk dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hati-hati dalam menerjemahkan kata ganti
‘It’ yang mengacu kepada ‘maize’ yang disebutkan pada kalimat sebelumnya.
■ Task 5

Paragraph 5
THE CORN PLANT TANAMAN JAGUNG

Corn is a member of the Jagung adalah anggota famili
grass family, with large, coarse rumput, dengan batang dan daun yang
stalks and leaves. The plants are kasar yang lebar. Tanaman ini biasanya
usually 6 to 7 feet tall, but may tingginya 6 hingga 7 kaki, tapi bisa
be as short as 2 feet or as tall as sependek 2 kaki atau setinggi 20 kaki.
20 feet. A single stalk, or stem, Batang tunggal atau tangkai muncul
emerges from the seed. From kepermukaan dari benih. Dari kuncup di
buds at the base, other stems, or bagian dasar, batang yang lain atau
"suckers," may develop. The ‘penghisap’ mungkin tumbuh. Batang
main stalk bears one or more utamanya menahan satu atau lebih
ears, protected by husks. The ears telinga yang dilindungi oleh kulit sekam.
grow on shanks, branches below Telinga-telinga ini tumbuh di kulit sekam
the middle of the stalk. ini, cabang-cabang di bawah tengah-
tengah batang.
Teknik menerjemahkan ‘large coarse stalks’ adalah bahwa kata sifat

terdekat dengan kata benda ‘stalks’ diterjemahkan terlebih dahulu.
Kemudian, kata sifat ‘large’.
■ Task 6

Paragraph 6
A tassel full of pollen Bunga jantan yang penuh tepung sari

grows at the end of the corn tumbuh di ujung batang pohon jagung.
stalk. The unformed kernels on Biji-bijian yang belum terbentuk di
the cobs send up long threads tongkol jagung mengirimkan benang-
called corn silks, which end in benang panjang yang disebut rambut
a tuft above the husks. Wind jagung, yang berakhir di sebuah
shakes the pollen onto the silks. lempengan di atas kuilt sekam. Angin
A fine tube grows from the mengoyang-goyangkan tepung sari masuk
pollen grain through the silk to kedalam rambut. Sebuh tube halus tumbuh
the egg cell in the young kernel. dari serbuk sari biji-bijian melalui rambut
The male cell from the pollen ke sel telur dalam tongkol jangung muda.
fuses with the egg. The egg Sel jantan dari serbuk sari bergabung
develops into the embryo, or dengan telur. Telur berkembang menjadi
miniature new plant, inside the embrio atau miniatur tanaman, di dalam
kernel. A ripe ear of corn is 3 tongkol jagung. Sebuah telinga yang sudah
to 18 inches long and has 8 to matang panjangnya 3 sampai 18 inci dan
24 rows of kernels. memiliki 8 sampai 24 baris tongkol
jagung.
Kata ‘unformed’ berpadanan dengan beberapa kata dalam bahasa

Indonesia ‘yang belum terbentuk’.
■ Task 7

Paragraph 7
Most corn grown today is Sekarang ini, kebanyakan jagung

hybrid. This means that pollen yang ditanam adalah hasil persilangan.
from one carefully selected Ini berarti bahwa serbuk sari dari varietas
variety has pollinated the corn yang dipilih secara saksama menyerbuki
silks of another. The resulting rambut jagung yang lain. Benih dari hasil
hybrid seed produces a strong, perkawinan ini meng-hasilkan jagung

high-yielding corn. Every year yang tinggi kualitasnya dan kuat. Setiap
the farmer buys the kind of tahun, petani membeli benih hasil
hybrid seed he wants to plant perkawinan ini yang ia ingin tanam dari
from special growers. para pembenih khusus.
Kata sifat ‘strong, high-yielding corn’ padanannya dalam bahasa

Indonesia adalah ‘tinggi kualitasnya dan kuat’.
■ Task 8

Paragraph 8
The kernels of different Tongkol-tongkol jagung dari

varieties may be white, yellow, berbagai varietas mungkin berwarna
red, or purple. Six kinds lead putih, kuning, merah atau ungu. Enam
corn production. The most jenis di antaranya adalah nomor satu
widely grown corn in the United dalam produksi jagung. Jagung yang
States is called dent corn be- paling banyak ditanam di Amerika
cause it has a definite notch at Serikat disebut dent corn karena jagung
the top of the kernel. Flint corn ini memiliki sebuah takikan yang jelas di
has hard kernels and withstands atas tongkolnya. Flint corn memiliki
cold and disease. These two tongkol yang keras dan tahan terhadap
varieties are used to feed dingin dan penyakit. Kedua varietas ini
livestock and in industry. digunakan untuk memberi makan ternak
dan industri.
Kata ‘lead’ dapat diterjemahkan menjadi ‘nomor satu’ atau

‘mengungguli’. Ini berarti bahwa dalam penerjemahan dimungkinkan adanya
versi terjemahan.
■ Task 9

Paragraph 9
Eating corn is usually Jagung yang dimakan biasanya adalah

sweet corn, flour corn, or jagung manis, tepung jagung atau
popcorn. Sweet corn is high in berondong jagung. Jagung manis berkadar
sugar and can be recognized gula tinggi dan dapat dikenali dengan
by clear kernels that wrinkle tongkol-tongkolnya yang jelas yang berkerut
when they are ripe. The apabila sudah matang. Orang-orang Indian
Indians in South America di Amerika Selatan menggunakan tepung
use flour corn, since the large jagung karena jumlah zat tepung yang
amount of starch in the mealy banyak dalam tepung tongkol membuat
kernels makes them easy to mereka mudah untuk menumbuk atau
pound or chew. mengunyahnya.
■ Task 10

Paragraph 10
CULTURE PEMBUDIDAYAAN
Corn thrives best on Jagung tumbuh dengan sangat baik di
rich loam soil, but it grows tanah lempung yang subur, tapi tumbuh
well on fertile sandy or clay dengan baik di tanah berpasir atau tanah liat
soil. Corn needs warm yang subur. Jagung butuh udara yang
weather and plentiful hangat dan sangat lembab. Penanaman
moisture. Planting takes place berlangsung pada musim semi pada saat
in the spring when the soil temperatur tanah mencapai 55 derajat
temperature reaches 55 Fahrenheit atau lebih tinggi. Tetapi tanaman
degrees Fahrenheit or higher, jagung muda bisa mati oleh udara yag
but young plants can be killed sangat dingin yang datang tiba-tiba. Benih
by a sudden freeze. Corn seed jagung ditanam dalam bedengan-bedengan
is planted in rows about 3 to 4 yang jaraknya kira-kira 3 hingga 4 kaki.
feet apart. Several kernels are Beberapa tongkol jagung dijatuhkan di
dropped in each hill, or setiap gundukan atau lubang. Dalam
spot. These are spaced 2 to 4 bedengan, jaraknya adalah 2 hingga 4 kaki.
feet apart in the row.
Kalimat majemuk atau kompleks sebaiknya diterjemahkan menggunakan

kalimat sederhana untuk menghindari terjemahan terkesan mengikuti bentuk
bahasa sumber.
S UM MAR Y
Dari Kegiatan Belajar ini ada beberapa hal yang bisa ditarik sebagai
kesimpulan, yaitu sebagai berikut.
1. Sebelum mulai menerjemahkan, pahami seluruh paragraf (analisis
teksnya) dengan membaca berulang-ulang, dan kemudian baru
kalimat demi kalimat.
2. Hati-hati dengan idiomatic expressions atau phrasal verbs, misalnya
snapped off.
3. Jangan pernah mencoba menerjemahkan kata per kata.
4. ‘Meaning’ di alihkan secara tepat ke dalam bahasa sumber dengan
memperhatikan pilihan kata (vocabulary), bentuk kalimat
(grammatical forms) dan laras bahasa (register).
FOR M AT IV E TE S T 1
Read each of the paragraphs below along with its translation version,
then identify the possible weaknesses of it by underlining them on the basis of
the criteria in the band descriptors.(see Appendix).

Paragraph 11
Weeds must be kept down so Rumput liar harus di bawah

that they will not choke out the sedemikian sehingga mereka tidak akan
young corn plants. The weeds mencekik ke luar jagung yang muda
must be chopped and the soil menanam. Rumput liar harus dicincang
loosened around the plants. This dan lahan mengendurkan di sekitar itu.
must be done three to five times Ini harus dilakukan 3 ke 5 kali
during the growing season. sepanjang itu bertumbuh musim.

Paragraph 12
Most corn is ripe about 4 to Kebanyakan jagung adalah matang

5 months after it is planted. The sekitar 4 kepada 5 bulan setelah itu
ears are snapped off the shanks by ditanam. Telinga terputus dengan tiba-
hand or machine. Corn for tiba tulang kering dengan tangan atau
livestock feed must be husked and mesin. Jagung untuk makanan ternak
dried before storing. Snapping, harus dikupas dan mengeringkan
husking, and shelling the corn in penyimpanan. Gertakan, mengupas, dan
the field can be done in one rapid kulit jagung di bidang bisa dilakukan di
operation by machines. Such satu operasi cepat oleh mesin. Jagung
corn is still so damp that it must seperti masih basah juga bahwa itu
be dried under artificial heat. harus mengeringkan di bawah panas
tiruan.
Learning Activity 2
English – Bahasa Indonesia Translation
R ead the following text very carefully to get a general impression of it,
analyze it and then do the exercises that follow.
A. AGRICULTURE
If you ask the average person what agriculture is, he will probably reply,
"Why, it means farming, of course". He will be partly right, for raising crops
is a branch of agriculture. So also are livestock raising, dairy farming, fruit
growing, chicken raising, and even fur farming. Agriculture includes the
raising of every kind of plant and animal that is useful to man.
With all its many branches, agriculture is the world's most important
industry. It supplies the food we eat and many of the materials from which
we make our clothing. Modern agriculture also provides business for many
other industries. Farmers buy tractors, plows, seeders, and many other kinds
of equipment. They buy supplies such as fertilizer, chemical sprays, and
animal feed. The manufacturers from whom they buy these things in turn buy
raw materials from other industries. Grocery stores and supermarkets,
restaurants and lunch counters, and companies that can and freeze food
would have nothing to sell without agriculture. Railroads and truck lines that
carry farm products to market are among the other industries that depend
directly or indirectly on agriculture.
B. TYPES OF FARMING
Farms are classified according to the type of farming that is done and the
kinds of crops and livestock that are raised. They may be classified in several
different ways, such as general, specialized, intensive, and extensive farms.
A farm may fall into more than one classification at the same time. For
example, it may be both extensive and specialized.
1. General Farming
A farm where a variety of things are raised is called a general farm. On
such a farm there may be a herd of dairy cows whose milk the farmer sells.
There may also be hogs, sheep, or poultry to provide extra income and supply
some of the family's needs. The farmer may raise some of the hay and grain
for feeding his animals. There may be some "cash crop" such as tobacco,
soybeans, or vegetables. Cash crops, as the name indicates, are raised to be
sold rather than for use on the farm.
2. Specialization
There are many factors that influence the types of crops and livestock
that a farmer raises. One of the most important is climate, which includes
temperature, length of growing season, sunshine, and rainfall. Another is the
type of soil. A third is the amount of water available for irrigation. Other
factors are the terrain (whether the land is level and easily cultivated or steep
and rocky), distance to markets, perishability of the product, and demand for
the product.
By concentrating on the particular crops or animals that fit in best with
his situation, the specialized farmer hopes to use his land in the most efficient
and profitable way.
For example, farmers in the semi-arid western plains of the United States
and Canada specialize in raising wheat and other drought-resisting grains.
The reason is that these plants will survive there while moisture-loving crops
would fail. The land is generally level and the soil is free from large stones,
so that it is practical to use large machines for cultivation and harvesting.
Farmers in this region of vast natural grasslands could also raise cattle if they
wished, but grain pays them better.
West of the plains there are vast mountainous regions where the land is
too steep and rocky to cultivate. However, there are natural grasses that cattle
and sheep can eat. Mountain streams provide a water supply. Here ranching
takes the place of farming, for livestock can be raised profitably but plant
crops cannot.
Many farmers in New England, New York State, and Pennsylvania have
found it profitable to specialize in producing fresh milk for the towns and
cities of the northeastern states. The relatively cool summers and heavy
rainfall are almost ideal conditions for pasture land, hay, and other feed
crops. And markets are within easy trucking distance. (The New Book of
Knowledge The Children Encyclopedia, 1977).
■ Task 1
Now, learn the model answer below together with a short explanation about
it.
MODEL

Paragraph 1
AGRICULTURE PERTANIAN
If you ask the average Jikalau Anda bertanya pada
person what agriculture is, he kebanyakan orang apa pertanian itu, ia
will probably reply, "Why, it barangkali akan menjawab, "Memangnya
means farming, of course." He kenapa, tentu saja artinya pertanian". Ia
will be partly right, for ada benarnya juga karena memelihara
raising crops is a branch of tanaman adalah satu cabang pertanian.
agriculture. So also are Demikian pula dengan memelihara
livestock raising, dairy farming, ternak, peternakan sapi perah, bertanam
fruit growing, chicken raising, buah-buahan, beternak ayam, dan bahkan
and even fur farming. memelihara hewan untuk diambil
Agriculture includes the bulunya. Pertanian meliputi pemeliharaan
raising of every kind of plant segala jenis tanaman dan hewan yang
and animal that is useful to man. berguna bagi manusia.
Penjelasan:
Model answer di atas ditampilkan dengan sangat baik. Perhatikan
kalimat "Why, it means farming, of course". Kata of course dalam bahasa
sasaran tidak disimpan diakhir kalimat karena akan menjadikan kalimat
tersebut terasa sebagai sebuah kalimat terjemahan (read as translation).
Dalam bahasa sasaran, kata tersebut disimpan di awal kalimat kedua
sehingga terasa lumrah karena sesuai dengan kebiasaan yang berlaku pada
bahasa sasaran.
Kemudian, kata for (selain kata since dan because). Model answer dibuat
dengan sangat teliti dan kosa kata yang dimilikinya sangat luas (not restricted
by the forms; i.e. vocabulary, grammar). Kata for yang sering kali
diterjemahkan menjadi untuk atau bagi, ternyata diterjemahkan dengan
sempurna menjadi karena/sebab.
Kalimat-kalimat pada bahasa sumber adalah kalimat kompleks. Namun,
hasil terjemahan berhasil dengan baik menerjermahkannya karena juga
didukung oleh pemilihan kata yang tepat (full awareness of register; i.e.
words, style and grammatical features). Perhatikan kata meliputi sebagai
terjemahan kata include, frasa perusahaan pemerahan susu untuk kata dairy
farming.
EXER CI SE S 2
 Task 2

Paragraph 2
With all its many branches, ............................................................

agriculture is the world's most ............................................................
important industry. It supplies the ............................................................
food we eat and many of the mate- ............................................................
rials from which we make our ............................................................
clothing. Modern agriculture also ............................................................
provides business for many other ............................................................
industries. Farmers buy tractors, ............................................................
plows, seeders, and many other ............................................................
kinds of equipment. They buy ............................................................
supplies such as fertilizer, ............................................................
chemical sprays, and animal feed. ............................................................
The manufacturers from whom ............................................................
they buy these things in turn buy ............................................................
raw materials from other indus- ............................................................
tries. Grocery stores and ............................................................
supermarkets, restaurants and lunch ............................................................
counters, and companies that can ............................................................
and freeze food would have .............................................................

nothing to sell without .............................................................
agriculture. Railroads and truck .............................................................
lines that carry farm products to .............................................................
market are among the other .............................................................
industries that depend directly or .............................................................
indirectly on agriculture. .............................................................
■ Task 3

Paragraph 3
TYPES OF FARMING
Farms are classified according .............................................................
to the type of farming that is done .............................................................
and the kinds of crops and livestock .............................................................
that are raised. They may be .............................................................
classified in several different ways, .............................................................
such as general, specialized, .............................................................
intensive, and extensive farms. .............................................................
.............................................................
■ Task 4

Paragraph 4
A farm may fall into more .............................................................

than one classification at the same .............................................................
time. For example, it may be both .............................................................
extensive and specialized. .............................................................
■ Task 5

Paragraph 5
General Farming
A farm where a variety of ............................................................
things are raised is called a general ............................................................
farm. On such a farm there may be ............................................................
a herd of dairy cows whose milk the ............................................................
farmer sells. There may also be ............................................................
hogs, sheep, or poultry to provide ............................................................
extra income and supply some of ............................................................
the family's needs. The farmer ............................................................
may raise some of the hay and ............................................................
grain for feeding his animals. ............................................................
There may be some "cash crop" ............................................................
such as tobacco, soybeans, or ............................................................
vegetables. Cash crops, as the name ............................................................
indicates, are raised to be sold ............................................................
rather than for use on the farm. ............................................................
■ Task 6

Paragraph 6
Specialization
There are many factors that ............................................................
influence the types of crops and ............................................................
livestock that a farmer raises. One ............................................................
of the most important is climate, ............................................................
which includes temperature, length ............................................................
of growing season, sunshine, and ............................................................
rainfall. Another is the type of ............................................................
soil. A third is the amount of .............................................................

water available for irrigation. .............................................................
Other factors are the terrain .............................................................
(whether the land is level and .............................................................
easily cultivated or steep and .............................................................
rocky), distance to markets, .............................................................
perishability of the product, and .............................................................
demand for the product. .............................................................
■ Task 7

Paragraph 7
By concentrating on the .............................................................

particular crops or animals that fit .............................................................
in best with his situation, the .............................................................
specialized farmer hopes to use his .............................................................
land in the most efficient and .............................................................
profitable way.
■ Task 8

Paragraph 8
For example, farmers in the .............................................................

semi-arid western plains of the .............................................................
United States and Canada .............................................................
specialize in raising wheat and .............................................................
other drought-resisting grains. The .............................................................
reason is that these plants will .............................................................
survive there while moisture-loving .............................................................
crops would fail. The land is .............................................................
generally level and the soil is free .............................................................
from large stones, so that it is ............................................................

practical to use large machines ............................................................
for cultivation and harvesting. ............................................................
Farmers in this region of vast ............................................................
natural grasslands could also ............................................................
raise cattle if they wished, but ............................................................
grain pays them better. ............................................................
■ Task 9

Paragraph 9
West of the plains there are ............................................................

vast mountainous regions where ............................................................
the land is too steep and rocky to ............................................................
cultivate. However, there are ............................................................
natural grasses that cattle and ............................................................
sheep can eat. Mountain streams ............................................................
provide a water supply. Here ............................................................
ranching takes the place of farming, ............................................................
for livestock can be raised ............................................................
profitably but plant crops cannot. ............................................................
............................................................
■ Task 10

Paragraph 10
Many farmers in New England, ............................................................

New York State, and Pennsylvania ............................................................
have found it profitable to ............................................................
specialize in producing fresh milk ............................................................
for the towns and cities of the ............................................................
northeastern states. The relatively .............................................................

cool summers and heavy rainfall are .............................................................
almost ideal conditions for pasture .............................................................
land, hay, and other feed crops. And .............................................................
markets are within easy trucking .............................................................
distance. .............................................................
KEY TO EXERCISES 2
■ Task 2

Paragraph 2
With all its many branches, Dengan cabangnya yang banyak,

agriculture is the world's most pertanian adalah industri paling
important industry. It supplies the penting di dunia. Pertanian
food we eat and many of the mate- menyediakan makanan dan banyak
rials from which we make our bahan yang kita gunakan untuk
clothing. Modern agriculture also membuat pakaian. Pertanian modern
provides business for many other juga menyediakan bisnis bagi banyak
industries. Farmers buy tractors, industri lain. Para petani membeli
plows, seeders, and many other traktor, bajak, benih, dan banyak lagi
kinds of equipment. They buy peralatan lain. Mereka membeli
supplies such as fertilizer, pupuk, bahan-bahan semprot kimia,
chemical sprays, and animal feed. dan pakan ternak. Sebaliknya, pabrik-
The manufacturers from whom pabrik di mana para petani membeli
they buy these things in turn buy alat-alat ini, membeli bahan-bahan
raw materials from other indus- mentah dari industri lain. Tanpa
tries. Grocery stores and pertanian, toko-toko bahan makanan
supermarkets, restaurants and lunch dan supermarket, rumah makan dan
counters, and companies that can kedai makan, perusahaan-perusahaan
and freeze food would have yang mengalengkan dan membekukan
nothing to sell without makanan tidak akan punya apa-apa
agriculture. Railroads and truck untuk dijual. Jalan-jalan dan truk-truk
lines that carry farm products to yang membawa hasil-hasil pertanian
market are among the other ke pasar adalah di antara industri lain
industries that depend directly or yang tergantung baik langsung atau

indirectly on agriculture. tidak pada pertanian.
■ Task 3

Paragraph 3
TYPES OF FARMING JENIS-JENIS PERTANIAN

Farms are classified Pertanian digolongkan berdasarkan
according to the type of farming pada jenis pertanian yang dilakukan dan
that is done and the kinds of crops jenis tanaman serta binatang ternak
and livestock that are raised. yang dipelihara. Pertanian dapat
They may be classified in several digolongkan dalam beberapa cara,
different ways, such as general, seperti pertanian umum, khusus,
specialized, intensive, and intensif, dan ekstensif.
extensive farms.
Perhatikan kata ganti ‘They’ dan padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia.
■ Task 4

Paragraph 4
A farm may fall into more Pada saat yang bersamaan, sebuah
than one classification at the pertanian dapat digolongkan ke dalam
same time. For example, it may be lebih dari satu penggolongan. Sebagai
both extensive and specialized. contoh, pertanian dapat sekaligus
ekstensif dan khusus.
Perhatikan fasa kata kerja fall into yang diterjemahkan menjadi

digolongkan. Di sini pun terjadi perubahan bentuk kalimat aktif menjadi
pasif.
■ Task 5

Paragraph 5
General Farming Pertanian Umum

A farm where a variety of Sebuah tempat pertanian di mana
things are raised is called a bermacam-macam varietas dikembang-
general farm. On such a farm biakkan disebut pertanian umum. Dalam
there may be a herd of dairy pertanian seperti ini mungkin terdapat
cows whose milk the farmer sekelompok sapi perah yang susunya
sells. There may also be hogs, dijual oleh petani. Mungkin pula terdapat
sheep, or poultry to provide babi, biri-biri atau peternakan ayam untuk
extra income and supply some menyediakan pendapatan tambahan dan
of the family's needs. The mensuplai kebutuhan keluarga. Petani
farmer may raise some of the mungkin juga menanam ruput dan gandum
hay and grain for feeding his untuk memberi makan ternaknya.
animals. There may be some Mungkin juga ada beberapa ‘cash crop’
"cash crop" such as tobacco, (tanaman langsung jual), seperti tembakau,
soybeans, or vegetables. Cash kedelai atau sayuran. Cash crop, seperti
crops, as the name indicates, are diindikasikan oleh namanya, ditanam
raised to be sold rather than for untuk dijual, bukannya dimanfaatkan di
use on the farm. tempat pertanian.
■ Task 6

Paragraph 6
Specialization Spesialisasi
There are many factors that Ada faktor-faktor yang
influence the types of crops and mempengaruhi jenis-jenis tanaman
livestock that a farmer raises. One dan binatang ternak yang dipelihara
of the most important is climate, oleh petani. Satu yang terpenting
which includes temperature, length adalah iklim, termasuk temperatur,
of growing season, sunshine, and lama musim tanam, sinar matahari,
rainfall. Another is the type of dan curah hujan. Faktor lain adalah
soil. A third is the amount of jenis tanah. Dan faktor ketiga adalah
water available for irrigation. banyaknya air untuk irigasi. Faktor
Other factors are the terrain lain adalah teras siring (apakah
(whether the land is level and easily tanahnya bertingkat dan mudah diolah
cultivated or steep and rocky), atau curam dan berbatu), jarak ke
distance to markets, perishability pasar, tingkat kebusukan hasil panen,
of the product, and demand for the dan permintaan akan hasil tersebut.
product.
■ Task 7

Paragraph 7
By concentrating on the Dengan memusatkan perhatian

particular crops or animals that fit hanya pada tanaman atau hewan
in best with his situation, the ternak tertentu yang cocok dengan
specialized farmer hopes to use his keadaaan, petani khusus berharap
land in the most efficient and untuk menggunakan lahannya dengan
profitable way. cara paling efisien dan menguntung-
kan.
■ Task 8

Paragraph 8
For example, farmers in the Sebagai contoh, para petani di

semi-arid western plains of the dataran semi kering di wilayah barat
United States and Canada Amerika Serikat dan Kanada
specialize in raising wheat and mengkhususkan menanam gandum dan
other drought-resisting grains. tanaman padi-padian yang tahan
The reason is that these plants terhadap kekeringan. Alasannya adalah
will survive there while moisture- tanaman ini akan bertahan, sementara
loving crops would fail. The land tanaman yang butuh kelembaban tidak.
is generally level and the soil is Tanah di wilayah ini pada umumnya
free from large stones, so that it bertingkat dan terbebas dari batu-batu
is practical to use large besar sehingga mudah untuk meng-

machines for cultivation and gunakan mesin untuk mengolah dan
harvesting. Farmers in this re- memanen hasilnya. Para petani di
gion of vast natural grasslands wilayah yang padang rumputnya sangat
could also raise cattle if they luas juga memelihara sapi jika mereka
wished, but grain pays them mau, akan tetapi tanaman padi-padian
better. memberi mereka keuntungan lebih baik.
■ Task 9

Paragraph 9
West of the plains there are Di sebelah barat dataran ini,

vast mountainous regions where terdapat wilayah pegunungan padang
the land is too steep and rocky to rumput di mana tanahnya terlalu curam
cultivate. However, there are dan berbatu untuk diolah. Akan tetapi,
natural grasses that cattle and terdapat rumput alami yang bisa
sheep can eat. Mountain dimakan oleh sapi dan biri-biri. Sungai
streams provide a water supply. pegunungan menyediakan pasokan air.
Here ranching takes the place of Di sini, peternakan menggantikan
farming, for livestock can be pertanian karena bahan-bahan kebutuhan
raised profitably but plant crops hidup dapat diternakkan secara
cannot. menguntungkan, tetapi tanaman tidak.
Infinitive of purpose berubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bahasa

Indonesia.
■ Task 10

Paragraph 10
Many farmers in New Kebanyakan petani di New England,

England, New York State, and negara bagian New York, dan
Pennsylvania have found it Pennsylvania telah membuktikan bahwa
profitable to specialize in pengkhususan dalam memproduksi susu
producing fresh milk for the segar itu menguntungkan karena terdapat
towns and cities of the kota-kota kecil dan besar di sebelah timur
northeastern states. The laut kota tersebut. Musim panas yang
relatively cool summers and relatif dingin dan curah hujan yang tinggi
heavy rainfall are almost ideal adalah kondisi yang hampir ideal bagi
conditions for pasture land, padang rumput, jerami, dan berbagai
hay, and other feed crops. tanaman pakan ternak lainnya. Dan pasar
And markets are within easy yang tidak terlalu jauh bila dicapai
trucking distance. dengan alat transportasi truk.
S UM MAR Y
Beberapa hal yang bisa ditarik sebagai kesimpulan adalah sebagai

berikut.
1. Hati-hati dengan laras bahasa (full awareness of registers).
2. Bentuk kalimat pasif (passive voice) dalam bahasa sumber dapat
diubah menjadi kalimat aktif dalam bahasa sasaran atau sebaliknya.
Akan tetapi, apabila hal ini tidak merubah makna.
3. Perhatikan penggunaan phrasal verbs dan idiomatic expressions.
4. Pastikan pesan dalam bahasa sumber dialihkan dengan benar ke
dalam bahasa sasaran.
FOR M AT IV E TE S T 2
Read paragraphs below and its translation version, then identify the
possible weaknesses of it by underlining them and put the kinds of mistakes
based on the criteria in the band descriptors.

Paragraph 11
Even getting in the hay to feed Bahkan memasukkan jerami untuk

the cows in winter is a thoroughly makan sapi pada musim dingin adalah
mechanized process from melalui proses mekanis dari awal
beginning to end. The farmer mows hingga akhir. Para petani memotong
and bales the hay with tractor- dan mengepak jerami tersebut dengan
operated machines. A traktor menjalankan mesin. Alat
mechanical loader lifts the bales angkat mekanis mengangkat pak-pak

onto tractor-drawn wagons or jerami ke atas bak yang ditarik traktor
trucks. At the barn another atau truk. Di kandang sapi, mesin yang
machine lifts the bales into the lain mengangkat pak-pak jerami ke
loft for storage. dalam rak di atas untuk disimpan.

Paragraph 12
These examples of the use Contoh-contoh penggunaan mesin

of machinery apply to all types of ini menggunakan pada semua jenis
agriculture. Machines are now pertanian. Mesin sekarang sedang
doing most of the heavy work on mengerjakan banyak kerja keras di
the modern farm. They make it pertanian modern. Mereka ini
possible to do more work and do memungkinkan mengerjakan lebih
it faster. But farm machines are banyak pekerjaan dan mengerjakan hal
expensive. To pay for them the ini lebih cepat. Akan tetapi, mesin-
farmer must raise large quantities mesin pertanian ini mahal. Untuk
of produce to sell. This is one of membayar mereka, petani harus
the reasons why today's farms are meningkatkan jumlah produksi untuk
becoming larger. Modern dijual. Ini adalah salah satu alasan
agriculture is no longer a way of mengapa pertanian sekarang ini menjadi
life in the country. Instead it is a lebih besar. Pertanian modern bukan
business enterprise. lagi jalan kehidupan di desa.
Melainkan, sudah menjadi perusahaan
bisnis.
Key to Formative Test
Formative Test 1

Paragraph 11
Weeds must be kept down so Rumput liar harus di bawah

that they will not choke out the sedemikian sehingga mereka tidak akan
young corn plants. The weeds mencekik ke luar jagung yang muda
must be chopped and the soil menanam. Rumput liar harus dicincang
loosened around the plants. This dan lahan mengendurkan di sekitar itu.
must be done three to five times Ini harus dilakukan 3 ke 5 kali
during the growing season. sepanjang itu bertumbuh musim.
Hasil terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia sangat terasa adanya proses

penerjemahan kata per kata (word by word translation). Perhatikan kata ‘di
bawah’ dalam bahasa Indonesia sebagai padanan kata ‘down’ dalam bahasa
Inggris. Kata ‘they’ yang diterjemahkan menjadi kata ‘mereka’ pun kurang
tepat karena dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak lazim kata ‘mereka’ menjadi kata
ganti benda jamak. Selanjutnya adalah ‘so that’ yang diterjemahkan menjadi
‘sedemikian sehingga’, kata kerja frasa ‘choke out’ yang diterjemahkan
menjadi ‘mencekik keluar’ kata ‘plants’ yang sebenarnya adalah kata benda,
bukannya kata kerja dari subyek ‘corn’. Selain itu, perhatikan pula kata ‘to’
yang diterjemahkan menjadi kata depan ‘ke’ dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Yang juga patut dikomentari adalah kata ‘loosened’ yang diterjemahkan
dengan tidak tepat karena keterbatasan dalam bentuk kalimat (lihat point d
pada Band Descriptors).
Secara keseluruhan, hasil terjemahan di atas sangat jauh dari
menggembirakan. Berikut alternatif jawaban, coba Anda bandingkan dengan
jawaban di atas.

Paragraph 12
Most corn is ripe about 4 to Kebanyakan jagung adalah matang

5 months after it is planted. The sekitar 4 kepada 5 bulan setelah itu
ears are snapped off the shanks by ditanam. Telinga terputus dengan tiba-
hand or machine. Corn for tiba tulang kering dengan tangan atau
livestock feed must be husked and mesin. Jagung untuk makanan ternak
dried before storing. Snapping, harus dikupas dan mengeringkan
husking, and shelling the corn in penyimpanan. Gertakan, mengupas,
the field can be done in one rapid dan kulit jagung di bidang bisa
operation by machines. Such dilakukan di satu operasi cepat oleh
corn is still so damp that it must mesin. Jagung seperti masih basah juga
be dried under artificial heat. bahwa itu harus mengeringkan di
bawah panas tiruan.
Perhatikan kata ‘adalah matang’ sebagai terjemahan dari ‘is ripe’ dan
kata ‘itu’ sebagai terjemahan dari ‘it’, juga beberapa kata lain yang
digarisbawahi. Hal ini menunjukkan ‘word by word translation’ dan sebagai
akibatnya adalah bahwa hasil terjemahan menjadi terbaca seperti hasil
terjemahan (read as translation). Selain itu, karena terbatasnya
perbendaharaan kata, banyak kata yang tidak tepat dipakai seperti kata
‘tulang punggung’ sebagai padanan kata ‘shanks’, ‘gertakan’ untuk padanan
kata ‘snapping’ dan ‘terputus’ untuk frasa ‘snapped off.’
Berikutnya adalah kelemahan dalam penguasaan bentuk aktif – pasif.
Pada klausa ‘must be dried’ yang ditejemahkan menjadi ‘harus
mengeringkan’ adalah contoh kelemahan tersebut (full awareness of register).
 Possible Answers for Formative Test 1:

Paragraph 11
Weeds must be kept down Rumput liar harus dibasmi sehingga

so that they will not choke out rumput liar ini tidak akan membelit
the young corn plants. The tanaman jagung muda. Rumput liar ini
weeds must be chopped and the harus dicincang dan tanah di sekitar
soil loosened around the plants. tanaman harus digemburkan. Hal ini harus
This must be done three to five dilakukan tiga hingga lima kali dalam
times during the growing season. musim tanam.

Paragraph 12
Most corn is ripe about 4 to 5 Kebanyakan jagung matang sekitar

months after it is planted. The 4 hingga 5 bulan setelah ditanam.
ears are snapped off the shanks by Telinga-telinganya dipatah-patahkan
hand or machine. Corn for dengan tangan atau mesin. Jagung
livestock feed must be husked and untuk pakan ternak harus dipipil dan
dried before storing. Snapping, dijemur terlebih dahulu sebelum
husking, and shelling the corn in disimpan. Mematahkan, memipil, dan
the field can be done in one rapid mem-buang kulit dapat dilakukan
operation by machines. Such dengan cepat di lahan pertanian dengan
corn is still so damp that it must mesin. Jagung seperti ini masih basah
be dried under artificial heat. sehingga harus dikeringkan di bawah
panas buatan.
Formative Test 2

Paragraph 11
Even getting in the hay to Bahkan mengumpulkan jerami

feed the cows in winter is a untuk pakan sapi pada musim
thoroughly mechanized process dinginpun dari awal hingga akhir
from beginning to end. The farmer melalui proses mekanis. Para petani
mows and bales the hay with memotong dan mengepak jerami
tractor-operated machines. A tersebut dengan traktor yang dijalankan
mechanical loader lifts the bales oleh mesin. Alat angkat mekanis
onto tractor-drawn wagons or mengangkat pak-pak jerami ke atas bak
trucks. At the barn another yang ditarik traktor atau truk. Di
machine lifts the bales into the kandang sapi, mesin yang lain
loft for storage. mengangkat pak-pak jerami ke dalam
rak di atas untuk disimpan.
Hasil terjemahan di atas sudah hampir sempurna meskipun masih

dimungkinkan untuk menghasilkan versi terjemahan yang lain. Perhatikan
kata kerja frasa ‘get in’ yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
menjadi kata benda. Perhatikan pula kata ‘feed’ yang berubah menjadi kata
benda dalam bahasa Indonesia termasuk kata benda ‘storage’ menjadi bentuk
kata pasif ‘disimpan’.

Paragraph 12

of machinery apply to all types ini menggunakan pada semua jenis
of agriculture. Machines are now pertanian. Mesin sekarang sedang
doing most of the heavy work on mengerjakan banyak kerja keras di
the modern farm. They make pertanian modern. Mereka ini
it possible to do more work memungkinkan mengerjakan lebih
and do it faster. But farm banyak pekerjaan dan mengerjakan hal
machines are expensive. To ini lebih cepat. Akan tetapi, mesin-mesin
pay for them the farmer must pertanian ini mahal. Untuk membayar
raise large quantities of produce mereka, petani harus meningkatkan
to sell. This is one of the reasons jumlah produksi untuk dijual. Ini adalah
why today's farms are becoming salah satu alasan mengapa pertanian
larger. Modern agriculture is no sekarang ini menjadi lebih besar.
longer a way of life in the Pertanian modern bukan lagi jalan
country. Instead it is a business kehidupan di desa. Melainkan, sudah
enterprise. menjadi perusahaan bisnis.
Kalimat aktif yang ditandai dengan penggunaan kata ‘apply’ dalam

bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan menjadi kalimat pasif – pergeseran bentuk.
Pada hasil terjemahan yang berbunyi ‘menggunakan’ mengacu pada konsep
‘meaning transferred into the target language are restricted by the forms of
the source language. (Lihat band descriptors).
Perhatikan juga kata ganti ‘they’ dan ‘them’ yang mengacu pada kata
‘machines’ serta padananya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kedua kata ini masing-
masing diterjemahkan menjadi ‘mereka’ dan ‘hal ini’ dan ini merupakan
akibat dari tidak terpenuhinya ‘full awareness of register. Hati-hati dalam
menerjemahkan kata ganti ‘it’ dalam konteks kalimat di atas.
 Possible Answers for Formative Test 2:

Paragraph 11
Even getting in the hay to Bahkan penyimpanan jerami untuk

feed the cows in winter is a pakan sapi pada musim dingin
thoroughly mechanized process merupakan satu proses mekanis yang
from beginning to end. The menyeluruh dari awal hingga akhir. Para
farmer mows and bales the petani memotong dan mengepak jerami
hay with tractor-operated tersebut dengan traktor bermesin. Alat
machines. A mechanical angkat mekanis mengangkat pak-pak
loader lifts the bales onto jerami tersebut ke atas bak yang ditarik
tractor-drawn wagons or dengan traktor atau truk. Di kandang,
trucks. At the barn another mesin yang lain mengangkat pak-pak
machine lifts the bales into jerami ke dalam rak di atas kandang
the loft for storage. untuk disimpan.

Paragraph 12

of machinery apply to all types ini diterapkan pada semua jenis
of agriculture. Machines are now pertanian. Sekarang, dalam pertanian
doing most of the heavy work on modern mesin-mesin melakukan hampir
the modern farm. They make semua pekerjaan. Dimungkinkan dengan
it possible to do more work mesin-mesin tersebut untuk mengerjakan
and do it faster. But farm lebih banyak pekerjaan dan lebih cepat.
machines are expensive. To Akan tetapi, mesin-mesin pertanian ini
pay for them the farmer must mahal. Untuk pembayarannya, petani
raise large quantities of produce harus meningkatkan produksi dalam
to sell. This is one of the reasons jumlah banyak untuk dijual. Ini adalah
why today's farms are becoming salah satu alasan mengapa pertanian
larger. Modern agriculture is no sekarang ini menjadi lebih besar.
longer a way of life in the Pertanian modern bukan lagi jalan hidup
country. Instead it is a business di desa. Melainkan, sudah menjadi
enterprise. sebuah perusahaan bisnis.
Bibliography
______. (1977). The New Book of Knowledge. Canada: Grolier Inc.
______. (1977). The New Book of Knowledge The Children Encyclopedia.

Canada: Grolier Inc.

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Module 1

These aspects of translation are summarized he band descriptors. (see

English – Bahasa Indonesia Translation

B. THE CORN PLANT

Perhatikan pula kata ganti it dalam ‘… it originated somewhere …’

Indians had their own stories ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

The Indians liked corn with ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

Corn was first introduced to the ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

THE CORN PLANT

Source Language Target Language

A tassel full of pollen grows at ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

Most corn grown today is ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

The kernels of different ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

Eating corn is usually sweet corn, ...........................................................

Source Language Target Language

Source Language Target Language

Indians had their own Orang-orang Indian mempunyai

Perhatikan kata kerja frasa ‘turned into’ diterjemahkan menjadi

Source Language Target Language

The Indians liked corn with Orang-orang Indian menyukai jagung

Kata ganti ‘They’ diterjemahkan menjadi ‘mereka’. Terdapat pergeseran

Source Language Target Language

Corn was first introduced to Untuk pertama kali, jagung

"corn" in England meant any berarti segala jenis padi-padian, orang-

Kata ganti ‘grain’ bergeser bentuknya menjadi kata benda pengulangan/

Source Language Target Language

THE CORN PLANT TANAMAN JAGUNG

Teknik menerjemahkan ‘large coarse stalks’ adalah bahwa kata sifat

Source Language Target Language

A tassel full of pollen Bunga jantan yang penuh tepung sari

Kata ‘unformed’ berpadanan dengan beberapa kata dalam bahasa

Source Language Target Language

Most corn grown today is Sekarang ini, kebanyakan jagung

hybrid seed produces a strong, perkawinan ini meng-hasilkan jagung

Kata sifat ‘strong, high-yielding corn’ padanannya dalam bahasa

Source Language Target Language

The kernels of different Tongkol-tongkol jagung dari

Kata ‘lead’ dapat diterjemahkan menjadi ‘nomor satu’ atau

Source Language Target Language

Eating corn is usually Jagung yang dimakan biasanya adalah

Source Language Target Language

Kalimat majemuk atau kompleks sebaiknya diterjemahkan menggunakan

Source Language Target Language

Weeds must be kept down so Rumput liar harus di bawah

Source Language Target Language

Most corn is ripe about 4 to Kebanyakan jagung adalah matang

English – Bahasa Indonesia Translation

Source Language Target Language

Source Language Target Language

With all its many branches, ............................................................

and freeze food would have .............................................................

Source Language Target Language

Source Language Target Language