cs10 Toc 2

This document contains the table of contents for a book on linear and nonlinear inverse problems. The book covers topics such as linear inverse problems, ill-posedness, regularization methods like truncated SVD, Tikhonov regularization, total variation regularization, and Besov space regularization using wavelets. It also discusses nonlinear inverse problems, electrical impedance tomography, simulation of EIT data, and direct solution methods for EIT like complex geometrical optics solutions and a regularized D-bar method. The table of contents provides an overview of the 16 chapters and their section contents to introduce the scope and organization of the material presented in the book.

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cs10 Toc 2

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Nguyễn Quang Huy

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Preface xi

I Linear Inverse Problems 1

1 Introduction 3

2 Naïve reconstructions and inverse crimes 7

2.1 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Heat propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Tomographic X-ray projection data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Ill-posedness in inverse problems 35

3.1 Forward map and Hadamard’s conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Ill-posedness of the backward heat equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Ill-posedness in the continuous case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4 Regularized inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 The SVD for matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 SVD for the guiding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4 Truncated singular value decomposition 53

4.1 Minimum norm solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2 Truncated SVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3 Measuring the quality of reconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 TSVD for the guiding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5 Tikhonov regularization 63
5.1 Classical Tikhonov regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Normal equations and stacked form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.3 Generalized Tikhonov regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4 Choosing the regularization parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5 Large-scale implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

6 Total variation regularization 83

6.1 What is total variation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Quadratic programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

vii
viii Contents

6.3 Sparsity-based parameter choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.4 Large-scale implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

7 Besov space regularization using wavelets 95

7.1 An introduction to wavelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.2 Besov spaces and wavelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.3 Using B111 regularization to promote sparsity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8 Discretization-invariance 103
8.1 Tikhonov regularization and discretizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.2 Total variation regularization and discretizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.3 Besov norm regularization and discretizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

9 Practical X-ray tomography with limited data 111

9.1 Sparse full-angle tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.2 Limited-angle tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.3 Low-dose three-dimensional dental X-ray imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

10 Projects 131
10.1 Image deblurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.2 Inversion of the Laplace transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.3 Backward parabolic problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

II Nonlinear Inverse Problems 137

11 Nonlinear inversion 139

11.1 Analysis of nonlinear ill-posedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
11.2 Nonlinear regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11.3 Computational inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
11.4 Examples of nonlinear inverse problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

12 Electrical impedance tomography 159

12.1 Applications of EIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12.2 Derivation from Maxwell’s equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
12.3 Continuum model boundary measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
12.4 Nonlinearity of EIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.5 Ill-posedness of EIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.6 Electrode models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
12.7 Current patterns and distinguishability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
12.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

13 Simulation of noisy EIT data 185

13.1 Eigenvalue data for symmetric σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
13.2 Continuum model data and FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
13.3 Complete electrode model and FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.4 Adding noise to EIT data matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Contents ix

14 Complex geometrical optics solutions 199

14.1 Calderón’s pioneering work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
14.2 The ∂ operator and its kin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
14.3 CGO solutions for the Schrödinger equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
14.4 CGO solutions for the Beltrami equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

15 A regularized D-bar method for direct EIT 223

15.1 Reconstruction with infinite-precision data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
15.2 Regularization via nonlinear low-pass filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
15.3 Numerical solution of the boundary integral equation . . . . . . . . . . 234
15.4 Numerical solution of the D-bar equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
15.5 Regularized reconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

16 Other direct solution methods for EIT 249

16.1 D-bar methods with approximate scattering transforms . . . . . . . . . . 249
16.2 Calderón’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
16.3 The Astala–Päivärinta method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.4 The enclosure method of Ikehata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

17 Projects 281
17.1 Enclosure method for EIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
17.2 The D-bar method with Born approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
17.3 Calderón’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.4 Inverse obstacle scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

A Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces 291

B Mappings and compact operators 293

C Fourier transform and Sobolev spaces 297

C.1 Sobolev spaces on domains ⊂ Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
C.2 Fourier series and spaces H s (∂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
C.3 Traces of functions in H m () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306