Erbil Technical University

Choman Technical Institute

IT department
Second Stage

Computer network

Prepared by: Ismahil Sabah Supervised: Muhanad Farman

2019-2020
Introduction of network
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision detection are used to detect and prevent collision in
information. Resources such as files, applications, printers and software are common information
shared in a networking. The advantage of networking can be seen clearly in terms of security,
efficiency, manageability and cost effectiveness as it allows collaboration between users in a wide
range. Basically, network consists of hardware component such as computer, hubs, switches,
routers and other devices which form the network infrastructure. These are thedevices that play an
important role in data transfer from one place to another using different technology such as radio
waves and wires. There are many types of network available in the networking industries and the
most common network are Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). LAN
network is made up of two or more computers connected together in a short distance usually at
home, office buildings or school. WAN is a network that covers wider area than LAN and
usually covers cities, countries and the whole world. Several major LAN can be connect together
to form a WAN. As several devices are connected to network, it is important to ensure data
collision does not happened when this devices attempt to use data channel simultaneously. A set of
rules called

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Network.

Networking is referred as connecting computers electronically for the purpose of sharing

History of Computer Networks

Each of the past three centuries has been dominated by a single technology. The 18th century was
the era of the great mechanical systems accompanying the Industrial Revolution. The 19th century
was the age' of the steam engine. During the 20th century, the key technology was information
gathering, processing, and distribution. Among other developments, we saw the installation of
worldwide telephone networks, the invention of radio and television, the birth and unprecedented
growth of the computer industry, and the launching of communication satellites. As a result of rapid
technological progress, these areas are rapidly converging and the differences between collecting,
transporting, storing, and processing information are quickly disappearing. Organizations with

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hundreds MCA-301 10 of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely expect to be able
to examine the current status of even their most remote output at the push of a button. As our ability
together, process and distribute information grows, the demand forever more sophisticated
information processing grows even faster. Although the computer industry is still young compared
to other industries (e.g., automobiles and air transportation), computers have made spectacular
progress in a short time. During the first two decades of their existence, computer systems were
highly centralized, usually within a single large room. Not infrequently, this room had glass walls,
through which visitors could gawk at the great electronic wonder inside. A medium-sized company
or university might have had one or two computers, while. large institutions had at most a few
dozen. The idea that within twenty years equally powerful computers smaller than postage stamps
would be mass produced by the millions was pure science fiction. The merging of computers and
communications has had a profound influence on the way computer systems are organized. The
concept of the "computer center" as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work
for processing is now totally obsolete. The old model of a single computer serving all of the
organization's computational needs has been replaced by one. in which a large, number of separate
but interconnected computers do the job. These systems are called computer networks. The design
and organization of these networks are the subjects of this book. Throughout the book we will use
the term "computer network" to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a
single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange MCA-
301 11 information. The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves,
infrared, and communication satellites can also be used. Networks come in many sizes, shapes and
forms, as we will see later. Although it may sound strange to some people, neither the Internet nor
the World Wide Web is a computer network. By the end of this book, it should be clear why. The
quick answer is- the Internet is not a single network but a network of networks and the Web is a
distributed system that runs on top of the Internet. There is considerable confusion in the literature,
between a computer network and a distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed
system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system.
Usually, it has a single model or paradigm that it presents to the users. Often a layer of software on
top of the operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model. A well-
known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web, in which everything looks like a
document (Web page). In a computer network, this coherence, model, and software are absent.
Users are exposed to the actual machines, without any attempt by the system to make the machines
look and act in a coherent way. If the machines have different hardware and different operating
systems, that is fully visible to the users. If a user wants to run a program on a remote machine, he t
has to log onto that machine and run it there. In effect, a distributed system is a software system
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built on top of a network. The software gives it a high degree of cohesiveness and transparency.
Thus, the distinction between a network and a distributed system lies with the software (especially
the operating system), rather than with the hardware.

Definition of network
A network consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another. It can be as small as
two computers or as large as billions of devices. While a traditional network is comprised
of desktop computers, modern networks may include laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions,
gaming consoles, smart appliances, and other electronics.

Types of Network
There are many different types of network, which can be used for different purposes and by
different types of people and organization. Here are some of the network types that you might come
across:
 Local Area Networks (LAN)
A local area network or LAN is a network that connects computers within a limited area. This
might be in a school, an office or even a home.
 Personal Area Networks (PAN)‍
A personal area network is a network that is based on an individual's workspace. The individual's
device is the center of the network, with other devices connected to it. There are also wireless
personal area networks.
 Home Area Networks (HAN)
‍A home area network connects devices within a home environment. It might include personal
computers, tablets, smartphones, printers, TVs and other devices.
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)
‍A waide area network is a network that covers a larger geographical area, usually with a radius
of more than a kilometer.
 Campus Networks
‍A campus network is a LAN or set of connected LANs which is used by a government agency,

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 university, corporation or similar organization and is typically a network across a set of
buildings that are close together.
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
‍ etropolitan area networks are networks that stretch across a region the size of a metropolitan
M
area. A MAN is a series of connected LANs in a city, which might also connect to a WAN.
 Enterprise Private Networks
‍ n enterprise private network is used by a company to connect its various sites so that the
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different locations can share resources.
 Internetworks
I‍ nternetworks connect different networks together to build a larger network. Internetworking is
often used to describe building a large, global network.
 Backbone Networks (BBN)
‍ backbone is a part of a network that connects different pieces and provides a path for
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information to be exchanged.
 Global Area Networks (GAN)
‍ global area network is a worldwide network that connects networks all over the globe, such as
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the internet.

Peer-to-peer networks
are more commonly implemented where less then ten computers are involved and where strict
security is not necessary. All computers have the same status, hence the term 'peer', and they
communicate with each other on an equal footing. Files, such as word processing or spreadsheet
documents, can be shared across the network and all the computers on the
network can share devices, such as printers or scanners, which are connected to any one computer.

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Client/server networks
are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for
files and applications shared on the network. Usually the server is a higher than
averageperformance computer. The server also controls the network access of the other computers
which are referred to as the 'client' computers. Typically, teachers and students in a school will use the
client computers for their work and only the network administrator (usually a designated staff member) will
have access rights to the server.

Types of network Topologies:

1- Star Topology
This topology consists of a central node to which all other nodes are connected by a single path. It
is the topology used in most existing information networks involving data processing or voice
communications. The most common example of this is IBM 370 installations. In this case multiple
3270 terminals are connected to either a host system or a terminal controller.

2- Bus Topology
Another popular topology for data networks is the linear. This consists of a single length of the
transmission medium (normally coaxial cable) onto which the various nodes are attached. The
topology is used in traditional data communication network where the host at one end of the bus
communicates with several terminals attached along its length. The transmission from any station
travels the length of the bus, in both directions, and can be received by another stations. The bus has
terminators at either end which absorb the signal, removing it from the bus.

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Ring Topology
The third topology that we will consider is the ring or circular. In this case, each node is connected
to two and only two neighbouring nodes. Data is MCA-301 19 accepted from one of the
neighbouring nodes and is transmitted onwards to another. Thus data travels in one direction only,
from node to node around the ring. After passing through each node, it returns to the sending node,
which removes it.

Tree Topology
Tree topology can be derived from the star topology. Tree has a hierarchy of various bubs, like you
have branches in a tree; hence the name. Figure 1.6 in this case every node is conn

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 ected to some hub.
However, only a few nodes are connected directly to the central hub.

Hybrid Topology
Hybrid topology is one that uses two or more of the topologies mentioned above together, Figure
1.7 depicts this. In this case, the bus, star and ring topologies are used to create this hybrid topology.
There are multiple ways in which this can be created. In practice, many networks are quite complex
but they can be reduced to some form of hybrid topology.

Reference

1.https://www.guru99.com/type-of-network-topology.html

2.https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-computer-network

3.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/zeliite115/chapter/reading-computer-network

4.https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-network

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