(Part I 6 marks)

Part I. Identify the premises and the conclusion in the following arguments.
在以下論點中確定前提和結論。

5 a) If strong nations keep the peace, the United Nations is unnecessary, while if
strong nations go to war, the United Nations will have been unsuccessful in
its purpose of preventing war. Now, we know that strong nations either keep
the peace or they go to war. Hence, the United Nations is unnecessary or
unsuccessful. (2 marks)
10
a）如果強國維持和平，則聯合國是沒有必要的，而如果強國發動戰爭，則
聯合國在防止戰爭的目的上將是不成功的。 現在，我們知道，強大的國家
要么維持和平，要么就發動戰爭。 因此，聯合國是不必要的或不成功的。

15
b) Getting poor people off the welfare rolls requires that we modify their
behavior patterns. The vast majority of people on welfare are high school
dropouts, single parents, or people who abuse alcohol and drugs. These
behavior patterns frustrate any desire poor people may have to get a job and
20 improve their condition in life. (2 marks)

b）讓窮人脫離福利卷，要求我們改變他們的行為方式。 享受福利的絕
大多數是高中輟學生，單親父母或濫用酒精和毒品的人。 這些行為方
式挫敗了窮人可能找到工作並改善其生活條件的任何願望。
25

c) We should not inflict unnecessary pain on cows and pigs. After all, we
should not inflict unnecessary pain on any animal with consciousness, and
cows and pigs are animals with consciousness.(2 marks)
30
c）我們不應給牛和豬造成不必要的痛苦。 畢竟，我們不應對任何有意
識的動物造成不必要的痛苦，牛和豬是有意識的動物。

35 .
 (Part II 10 marks)
40Part II Identify the informal fallacies in the following arguments. Explain your
answers briefly.
在以下論點中找出非正式的謬誤。 簡要說明您的答案。

d) The protesters demand there should be an independent inquiry into last

45 year’s protest. Obviously, they want to abolish the Police Force altogether.
Yet without a Police Force there would be no social order, which is essential
for our city to operate. Thus, we can see the protesters’ demand is absurd.
(2 marks)

50 d）抗議者要求對去年的抗議活動進行獨立調查。 顯然，他們想徹底廢
除警察部隊。 但是，如果沒有警察部隊，就不會有社會秩序，這對於
我們城市的運作至關重要。 因此，我們可以看到抗議者的要求是荒謬
的。

55 e) If we agree on the government's proposal about granting overseas doctors

the exemption from sitting the local licensing system in Hong Kong, the
government will next propose their exemption from being regulated by the
Medical Council of Hong Kong, and then support legislation making it more
difficult to sue those overseas doctors for medical malpractice. (2 marks)
60
e）如果我們同意政府關於給予海外醫生豁免其在香港本地執照制度中
豁免的提議，則政府接下來將提議豁免其由香港醫務委員會監管，然
後支持立法使之更加嚴格 很難起訴那些海外醫生醫療事故。

65
f) A son should be obedient and thoughtful to his father. So, citizens should
also be obedient and listen to the government. (2 marks)

f）兒子對父親應該服從和考慮周到。 因此，公民也應該服從並聽取政
70 府的意見。

g) Child to parent: Either you buy me this new book, or you decide that reading
is not important at all. (2 marks)

75 g）父母育兒：您要么買給我這本新書，要么您認為閱讀根本不重要。
 h) Beth: The profession of nursing is not suitable for male.
Tom: Why?
Beth: It's because nurses should be female. (2 marks)
80
h) 貝絲：護理行業不適合男性。
湯姆：為什麼？
貝絲：這是因為護士應該是女性。

85

90
 Experts lacking doctors' sense
Editorial | Mary Ma 25 Aug 2020

The universal Covid-19 testing scheme is due to start a week today and the decision
on whether or not to take the test is a personal one that is up to you and you alone.

However, having listened to the inconsistent remarks by some experts who have been
most vocal on the matter, it is difficult to convince myself that these so-called expert
95views are anywhere near conclusive.

It's time to get back to basics and start using common sense.

Many people are skeptical of the tests. It's not because of doubts about the reliability
of the method being used, even though there have been some disagreements between
mainland and Hong Kong medics on how swabs of samples should be taken. That's no
100longer an issue.

The major concern troubling the skeptics is the security of their personal data,
including DNA, which they fear will be stealthily passed on to the mainland for
surveillance or other nefarious purposes.

Unless this concern - which the administration emphasizes is unfounded - is allayed, it

105is likely that some people will not sign up to be tested.

It's a question of public confidence in the SAR and Beijing. Clearly, the
administration can do more to address this lack of confidence that has become
fundamental to the SAR's current fiasco - and not only in relation to the pandemic.

The remarks by a handful of medical experts frequently quoted by the media on the
110free test scheme have not only failed to help the cause but have actually added to the
confusion.

They not only contradict each other, but some also contradict themselves.

For example, the Medical Association's Leung Chi-chiu emerged a day ago to
criticize the universal tests, warning that the free testing scheme would have a false
115positivity rate of 3 percent.

That, he insisted, would put people who are virus-free in greater danger as they would
be placed in quarantine together with positive patients.
 He also cast doubt on the effectiveness of the scheme in stopping transmission. His
remarks could not be more unhelpful. If my memory is correct, he was the first to call
120for tests for everyone.

I hope he isn't backpedaling after the administration has committed itself to doing
what he has been calling for.

Then there is University of Hong Kong expert Ho Pak-leung, whose statement that he
would not take the test himself was jaw-dropping. It was tantamount to advising the
125public to turn a cold shoulder to the test.

It went directly against repeated appeals from officials, including Health Secretary
Sophia Chan Siu-chee and Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung Kin-chung.

Ho was quoted as saying he did not think he was at risk of contracting Covid-19. Has
he already been tested privately? If yes, please come out and say so.

130Meanwhile, a third medical expert, David Hui Shu-cheong - who has been advising
the administration on the pandemic - insists the benefits of taking the free swab test
outweigh the inherent risk and called on the public to take it.

In the end, it's up to individuals to decide whether to take the test or not.

Let's stick to good common sense.

缺乏醫生意識的專家

通用的 Covid-19 考試計劃將於今天開始一個星期，是否參加考試的決定取決於

您自己，並且取決於您自己。

但是，在聽取了一些對此事最直言不諱的專家的不一致意見之後，很難說服自
己這些所謂的專家觀點幾乎是結論性的。

現在該回到基礎知識並開始使用常識了。

許多人對此測試表示懷疑。儘管大陸和香港醫務人員在應如何採集樣品上存在
一些分歧，但這並不是因為對所使用方法的可靠性存在疑問。這不再是問題。

使懷疑論者感到困擾的主要問題是他們的個人數據（包括 DNA）的安全性，他
們擔心這些數據會秘密地傳遞給大陸，以進行監視或其他邪惡目的。

除非消除這種擔憂（政府強調這一點是沒有根據的），否則某些人很可能不會
註冊接受測試。

這是公眾對特區和北京充滿信心的問題。顯然，政府可以採取更多措施來解決
這種信心不足的問題，而這種信心不足已成為特區當前慘敗的根本原因，而不
僅僅是在大流行方面。

媒體經常援引少數醫學專家對免費測試計劃的評論，不僅未能幫助病因，而且
實際上加劇了混亂。

它們不僅彼此矛盾，而且還彼此矛盾。

例如，醫學協會的梁志超（Leung Chi-chiu）一天前就出現了對通用測試的批評，
警告說免費測試方案的假陽性率為 3％。
他堅持認為，這將使無病毒者面臨更大的危險，因為他們將與陽性患者一起被
隔離。

他還對該計劃在阻止傳播方面的有效性表示懷疑。他的話無可厚非。如果我沒
記錯的話，他是第一個要求所有人進行測試的人。

我希望在政府致力於自己所要求的工作後，他不要退縮。

還有香港大學的專家何伯良，他說自己不會參加考試的說法令人 jaw 目結舌。

這等於建議公眾對考試漠不關心。

這直接抵制了衛生部長陳紹奇和首席秘書張建中等官員的一再呼籲。

引用 Ho 的話說他不認為自己有感染 Covid-19 的危險。他已經接受過私人測試

了嗎？如果是，請說出來。

同時，第三位醫學專家戴維·許樹昌一直在為大流行提供建議，他堅持認為進行
免費拭子測試的好處要大於固有風險，並呼籲公眾承擔這一挑戰。

最後，由個人決定是否參加考試。

讓我們堅持良好的常識。
Part III (14 marks)
a) In line 16, the author stated "It's a question of public confidence in the SAR and
Beijing." what are the reasons provided for this assertion? (4 marks)
a) 在第 16 行中，作者說：“這是對特區和北京的公眾信任的問題。” 提出此
主張的原因是什麼？

b) What do the following words connote: “so-called expert” (line 4-5) ,

“backpedaling” (line 31) and “cold shoulder” (line 35)? (3 marks)
b) 以下詞語表示什麼意思：“所謂的專家”（第 4-5 行），“退縮”（第 31
行）和“冷肩膀”（第 35 行）？

c) From line 38 -39, “Ho was quoted as saying he did not think he was at risk of
contracting Covid-19. Has he already been tested privately? If yes, please come out
and say so” Name, with brief explanations, an informal fallacy that you can find
within these lines. (3 marks)

c) 從第 38 -39 行起，“引用 Ho 的話說他不認為自己有感染 Covid-19 的危險。

他已經接受過私人測試了嗎？ 如果是的話，請出來說“在簡短的名稱中加上簡
短的解釋，您可以在以下幾行中找到一個非正式的謬誤”。

d) In line 43-44, "it's up to individuals to decide whether to take the test or not.

Let's stick to good common sense". What are the literal meaning and conversational
implicature of this sentence? (4 marks)

d) 在第 43-44 行中，“由個人決定是否參加考試。
讓我們堅持良好的常識。”這句話的字面含義和對話含義是什麼？