School of Business

Eastern Illinois University

Network Architecture
Models

(September 7, 2016)

© Abdou Illia, Fall 2016

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Learning Objectives

 Discuss the OSI reference Model

 Discuss the Internet Model
 Compare OSI and Internet Models

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Data Networks operation

 Packet Switching
– Large messages are broken into small pieces called
packets (or frames)

 Multiplexing
– Packets from many conversations are mixed
(multiplexed) over each trunk line

Multiplexing on
Transmission Line
Packet Switching

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Why Packet Switching & Multiplexing?

 Switches, routers, bridges handle short messages

efficiently
 Sending a file all in one single string of data:
– Other computers couldn’t use the Network during
transmission
– Not be appreciated by other users
– If error, the entire file has to be sent again

How computers make sense of incoming 5

packets?
 By using rules of operation defined through:
– Network Architecture Models and their associated
protocols, i.e.:

Protocols = rules for communications between

2 computers (or other networking devices)
implemented in hardware or in software.

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Network Architecture Model?

 Definition 1: A communication model that

defines specific tasks that together allow
applications on different computers to
communicate
Computer 1 Computer 2

Task 1 Task 1
Task 2 Task 2
Task 3 Task 3
Task 4 Task 4
Task 5 Task 5

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Network Architecture Model?

 Definition 2: A communication model that describes

how data from a software application in one
computer moves through a medium to a software
application in another computer.
Computer 1 Computer 2

Task 1 Task 1
Task 2 Rules Task 2
Task 3 Rules Rules Task 3
Task 4 Task 4
Task 5 Task 5
Rules

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Network Architecture Model

 Two main components:

– Layers (representing groups of tasks to be performed for data comm.)
– Protocols (representing rules to be followed)

 Examples of network architecture models:

– OSI Reference Model
– Internet Model (or TCP/IP Model)
– Hybrid TCP/IP-OSI Model

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OSI Reference Model

 Deals with connecting Open Systems:

– Systems opened for communication with other systems
– Non-proprietary systems (e.g. IBM’s Systems Network
Architecture )

 First step toward international standardization

 The other network architectures roughly
follow the OSI structure

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Principles guiding OSI development

 Create a layer when a different level of

abstraction is needed
 Each layer should perform a well defined
function
 Choose function of layers with an eye toward
defining international protocols
 Choose layers’ boundaries in order to
minimize information flow across interfaces.

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OSI Reference Model

 7 layers
 Each layer communicates
with its peer layer, and with
Application

layer above and below it.

 Different protocols at each
layer
 Upper layer deal with
application issues, and are
implemented in software
Data transport

 Lower layers handle data

transport issues, and are
implemented in software and
hardware

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OSI Reference Model

7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link
1. Physical

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OSI Reference Model
Layers Role
7 Application • Represent user interface between the application
sofware (e.g. Eudora) and the Network
• Provides services like: Identification of the intended
communication partner, determining resources availability
for communication, etc.
6 Presentation • Performs code conversion and data reformatting (syntax
translation) incluing encryption and compression if required.
• Uses coding & conversion schemes: Common Data
Representation Formats, Common Data Encryption Schemes,
EBCDIC, ASCII, etc.
5 Session • Responsible for establishing, managing & terminating
communication sessions between computers.
• Communication sessions consist of service requests and service
responses between applications
• Session layer’s protocols coordinate request & response sessions.

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OSI Reference Model
Layers Role
4 Transport • Makes sure the data arrives at the destination exactly as it
left source (in case of connection-oriented communication)
• Provides error checking before transmission, and error
recovery in case of failed delivery.
3 Network • Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network
connections.
• Provides logical address (IP address) to messages
• Provides routing services: determining routes for sending. If
router can’t send large packets, break data into smaller units.
2 • Subdivided into 2 sublayers (Logical Link Control and
LLC Media Access Control)
Data
• Provides physical address (MAC address) to messages
Link
MAC • Combines bits into bytes, bytes into a frames with header,
address information, error detection code, and trailer

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OSI Reference Model
Layers Role
1 Physical • Handles the transmission of bits over a communications
channel.
• Defines characteristics such as voltage levels, connector
types and maximum transmission distance.
• Places signal on the cable. Responsible to move bits
between devices.

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The Internet Model (TCP/IP Model)
 Created by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
 Named after its two most widely known protocols:
– TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and
– IP (Internet Protocol)

 TCP/IP refer to the model, while TCP and IP are

individual protocols

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The Internet Model
OSI Internet
 4 layers
Application
Application  Interface layer - equivalent to the
Presentation OSI’s Physical and Data link
layers
Session  Network layer - roughly
equivalent to the OSI’s Network
Transport Transport layer

Network Network  Transport layer - performs same

function as OSI Transport layer
Data Link  Application layer - equivalent to
Interface the OSI’s Presentation and
Physical Application layers

Figure 1-14 (White 2007:20)

Applications/Protocols Use in Internet Model 18

Layers Applications/Protocols
Application  Webservice: HTTP
 E-mail: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP (Post
Office Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol)
 Telnet applications: Terminal Emulation Protocol
 File transfer: FTP
Transport  TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
 Required in webservice when HTTP is used
 Required in Mailservice when SMTP is used. SMTP messages are
encapsulated in TCP segments
 Connection-oriented: Establishes and maintains connections before
sending. Close connections after transmission. Correct errors in TCP
segments.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 Connectionless: Don’t open connection. Simply sends. Discards
incorrect UDP datagrams (no retransmission)
Network  IP (Internet Protocol)

Interface  PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

 V.90 for 56 Kbps modems

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IEEE’s DL and Physical layer standards

 802.2 defines Logical Link Control sublayer

 802.3 is the standard for Ethernet networks
 802.4 is the standard for Token Bus networks
 802.5 is the standard for Token Ring networks

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/index.html
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html

Protocols 20

OSI Model TCP/IP Model Protocols

Application FTP, Telnet, TFTP, NTP,
Application PING, HTTP, POP, SMTP, ..
Presentation
Session
Transport Transport TCP, UDP
Network Internet IP, ARP, ICMP, IPX
Data Link Network PPP, Ethernet, Token Ring,
Interface Voltage spec., etc.
Physical

ICMP: an Internet layer protocol that reports on success or failure of data delivery. Can indicate
when part of network is congested, when data failed to reach destination, and when data has been
discard because of TTL expiration. (Dean 2004:165)

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Protocols and webservices
TCP/IP
Model WWW Email File Transfer
HTTP, HTTPS IMAP, POP, FTP
Application SMTP

Transport TCP TCP TCP

Internet IP IP IP

Network PPP, Ethernet, PPP, Ethernet, PPP, Ethernet,

Interface Token Ring, Token Ring, Token Ring,
Voltage spec., Voltage spec., Voltage spec.,
etc. etc. etc.

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Summary Questions

1. (a) Name the OSI layers that deal with application

issues ? (b) Name the OSI layers that deal with
data transport issue ?
2. Standardized applications used at the Application
layer of the OSI Model include word processing.
T/F
3. Upper layers of the OSI Model are usually
implemented in physical devices. T/F
4. Compare OSI and Internet models in terms of
layers

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Internet and OSI Model compared
TCP/IP Model TCP/IP Protocols OSI Ref Model

Application
Application FTP Telnet HTTP
Presentation
Session
Transport TCP UDP
Transport
Internetwork IP Network
Host to Ether Token Point-to- Datalink
Network net Ring Point Physical