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Gauss MeterProbe-Selection-App-Guide

1) When selecting a gaussmeter probe, key factors to consider include the magnetic flux density range, probe configuration (transverse or axial), signal type (DC or AC), accuracy needs, and environmental conditions. 2) Transverse probes are used to measure flux density between objects while axial probes measure inside objects. Photo examples show applications for each. 3) Accuracy specifications apply to DC fields and must be added to the gaussmeter's accuracy. AC accuracy is lower due to parasitic effects increasing with frequency. 4) Temperature, geometric tolerances, and AC frequency can impact probe accuracy and must be considered for high precision applications. Probe selection depends on measurement requirements.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
59 views6 pages

Gauss MeterProbe-Selection-App-Guide

1) When selecting a gaussmeter probe, key factors to consider include the magnetic flux density range, probe configuration (transverse or axial), signal type (DC or AC), accuracy needs, and environmental conditions. 2) Transverse probes are used to measure flux density between objects while axial probes measure inside objects. Photo examples show applications for each. 3) Accuracy specifications apply to DC fields and must be added to the gaussmeter's accuracy. AC accuracy is lower due to parasitic effects increasing with frequency. 4) Temperature, geometric tolerances, and AC frequency can impact probe accuracy and must be considered for high precision applications. Probe selection depends on measurement requirements.

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FW Bell Gaussmeter Probe Selection and Application Guide

Larry Purvis July 26, 2017

When selecting a gaussmeter and probe several things must be considered to determine the best gaussmeter
and probe models for the application.
1. The range of flux density to be measured. 
2. Is a transverse or axial configuration required? 
3. The type of signal to be measured;  DC or AC? 
4. If AC 
a. What frequency or range of frequencies are of interest? 
b.  What type of waveform, sinusoidal, square, unidirectional pulse etc.? 
c. Continuous signal or one‐shot / burst / pulse etc.? 
5. What accuracy (absolute or relative) and precision or resolution is required?  
6. Environmental conditions; temperature, humidity, vibration, handling stresses 
7. Do you require analog output signals? 
8. Are digital outputs or remote control capabilities such as RS‐232, IEEE‐488, USB or Ethernet 
required? 

Probe selection
The first thing to determine is the basic probe configuration. In many cases either a transverse or axial probe
may be used if there are no physical limitations which force you to use one or the other. If for example you are
just checking residual magnetism on a pipe or measuring the surface of an object either type will probably work
as long as you can orient the probe stem and cable to a position which allows a proper reading.
Transverse probes are required if you need to measure the flux density in a gap between objects or surfaces
such as in a cut core, between rotor and stator of a motor, or perhaps a loudspeaker magnet assembly.
An axial probe would be required if you need to measure inside of an object like a small diameter solenoid coil
or sputtering chamber.
See the following photos for examples:

OECO LLC, A Meggitt Company Tel: +1 (503) 659 5999


4607 SE International Way, Milwaukie OR 97222, USA Fax: +1 (503) 653 6310
www.oeco.com
OECO LLC
www.meggitt.com
Transverse probe required

Photo 1 -Core Gap Photo 2 -Between objects

Axial Probe Required

Photo 3 -Solenoid Coil


Either Axial or Transverse -External Surface or Free Space measurements

Photo 4 Photo 5
As  can  be  seen  from  photos  4  and  5,  the  same  measurement  could  be  taken  with  either  probe 
configuration  since  there  are  no  physical  limitations.  In  both  cases  the  Hall  plate  inside  the  probe  is 
parallel to the end face of the pipe. If there are no other limitations or reasons to choose a particular 
configuration,  the  axial  is  usually  a  little  more  robust  to  handling  due  to  the  larger  cylindrical  probe 
stem. This may be a concern in certain applications where there is a higher risk of handling damage. 
 
Specifications and Accuracy 
Most  probes  have  a  linearity  specification  which  is  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  reading  error  over  a 
range of magnetic flux; for example 1% to ±30kG, or 0.5% to ±2T. This specification is for DC fields and 
must be added to the accuracy specification for the gaussmeter on the range being used to determine 
total  measurement  uncertainty.  Some  probes  such  as  the  ZOA  3‐axis  types  have  a  linearity  range 
specified to a flux density level which is less than the full scale reading of the gaussmeter (10kG for the 
probe  and  30kG  for  the  gaussmeter).  Most  of  these  will  still  respond  to  higher  field  levels,  but  with 
increasing error above the upper specified limit.  
The exceptions to this are the Low Field probes. The MOS models utilize Fluxgate technology and their 
internal circuitry will clip and not measure beyond the ±1.0G limit specified. The model MOX or MOW 
Hall probes (“MagnaProbes”) with flux concentrators will respond above the 2.0G specification limit, but 
will become non‐linear very fast between 2 and 3 gauss and may require degaussing to restore accuracy 
if operated beyond ±4 gauss. 
 
Accuracy for AC fields is not as good as for DC. This is because the signal is susceptible to more parasitic 
effects  as  noted  in  the  AC  Considerations  section  below,  and  the  fact  that  finding  and  constructing  a 
primary reference standard for AC is more difficult than for DC.  Since applications can vary greatly, we 
do not have hard specifications for AC. We attempt to compensate for the major factors to keep error 
within a few percent, but each environment and a probe’s response to it is different. In most cases the 
compensation will keep the error well below the ±3dB limits often used for AC bandwidth specifications 
on measuring equipment. 
 
Geometric Tolerances as a Source of Variation 
In  situations  where  the  user  is  positioning  the  probe  by  using  the  outer  surface  of  the  stem  as  a 
reference point and measuring on the surface of an object there may be differences observed between 
probes of the same model. This is due to manufacturing tolerances which will place the Hall device at 
slightly different positions within the probe. In most cases this is not of significance, but in others this 
needs to be considered. For example the Hall plate in a transverse probe may not be exactly centered in 
the stem and if the readings with one side against the surface are compared to those with the opposite 
side of the probe on the surface there may be a difference in magnitude. The polarity will obviously be 
opposite,  but  the  magnitude  could  differ  too.  Even  though  this  positioning  error  is  only  a  few 
thousandths  of  an  inch,  in  some  applications  it  is  necessary  to  be  aware  of  this  and  compensate 
accordingly. Also the Hall plate may not be exactly parallel to the probe stem surface and relying on the 
outer surface of the probe stem for positioning may result in a reading which is slightly lower than the 
actual flux density due to this angularity error. Probes are calibrated in an air gap and rotated until the 
peak reading is obtained. 
 
Thermal Considerations 
Temperature coefficients of the probe should be considered if operating at temperatures more than a 
few degrees from the usual ambient of ~22°C and high accuracy is required. Temperature compensated 
probes  may  be  helpful  in  these  instances  and  these  corrections  are  performed  automatically  by  the 
gaussmeter. In other applications which are outside the normal compensation range (such as cryogenic 
probe  usage)  manual  correction  will  be  needed.  Temperature  coefficient  data  for  most  probe  models 
may be obtained from their data sheets.  If it is necessary to measure an object which is hotter or colder 
than  the  specified  operating  temperature  range  for  the  probe,  consider  shielding  the  probe  stem  in 
some type of non‐magnetic tube which has air or fluid flowing through it to keep the probe at a more 
moderate  temperature.  This  can  also  increase  accuracy  even  if  you  are  within  the  specified  operating 
temperature limits for the probe and do not have a temperature compensated probe.

Thin Film Probes


There are several models of thin film probes available for the 8000 series meters. These probes have 10 
to  20  times  higher  impedance  and  therefore  have  a  little  bit  higher  noise  floor  than  the  normal  bulk 
types. Typical noise or short term drift for an 8000 series thin film probe is about 5mG. This is a bit of a 
tradeoff to get the smaller sizes available with this type of probe. Thin Film probes are also available for 
the 5100 and 6010 meters, but due to the lower display resolution of those meters, the additional noise 
is not noticeable. 
 
AC Considerations   
In general, errors from the following parasitic effects will increase proportionally as frequency increases. 
These apply to both continuous and discontinuous AC signals (pulses). 
• Aluminum probe stems may have some error at frequencies above a few kilohertz due to eddy 
currents developed in the stem. Some axial probes have a small slit in the tip to reduce this error 
and are still relatively accurate up to 20kHz. The probes designated as “heavy duty” have model 
numbers beginning with an “H” do not have this slit, are thicker aluminum and may exhibit more 
eddy current error. 
• There is always some finite loop area associated with the Hall plate itself, wiring in the stem and 
junctions  at  the  Hall  element  and  probe  cable.  We  attempt  to  keep  such  areas  as  small  as 
practicable, but they can’t be totally eliminated. These loops when exposed to an AC magnetic 
field will generate inductive voltage signals which  mix with  the output of  the Hall sensor. This 
inductive voltage increases more‐or‐less linearly as the frequency increases. The probe body or 
handle is usually the most susceptible area to external field influences and should be kept out of 
the field if at all possible. 
• The amount of the probe stem, probe body and cable which is exposed to an AC magnetic field 
can  affect  the  reading.  We  calibrate  probes  for  frequency  response  in  an  attempt  to  increase 
accuracy  over  a  wide  range  of  frequencies,  but  each  application  is  different  and  we  can’t 
compensate for each one. We do use consistent methods which we believe to be typical of most 
applications when calibrating for AC frequency response. Transverse probes are calibrated with 
only about 0.5” of the probe tip exposed to the AC field. Axial probes are calibrated with 2” at 
the tip of the stem inserted into the AC field. 
• Depending on the angle of any inductive loop compared to the Hall plate the angular position 
within  an  AC  field  may  not  give  exactly  the  expected  results.  For  example,  if  the  probe  was 
positioned with the Hall device at a 60° angle to the field direction one would expect a reading 
about 86.6% of the value when the Hall plate is at 90° to the field. Any inductive signal could mix 
with the Hall signal and alter this value or produce signals which would be the vector summation 
of the Hall and inductive signal. 

Using a gaussmeter to measure low currents


For short term experiments a gaussmeter could be used with a gapped toroid core to form an open loop
current sensor. This may be helpful and easier than using an actual current sensor if the necessary power
supplies or space are not available. A transverse probe can be inserted into the core gap and then a known
current can be passed through a wire going through the core to calibrate the setup for a known
gauss/ampere coefficient. Adding more turns of the current carrying conductor through the core can make a
very sensitive current sensor. This could be useful in situations where trying to measure parasitic current
drain on an otherwise high current circuit. Normally a low current ammeter or shunt used in a situation like
this would be destroyed when the high current was energized. In this case although the core could become
magnetized if the high current were energized and may require degaussing to be accurate at low currents
again, no permanent damage would occur. If the core were not merely gapped, but a 2-piece design similar
to a clamp-on type of current probe, then the core could be removed when the high current was energized
thereby preventing core saturation and magnetization. Reference the figures in our current sensor catalog
for open loop sensors for more details.

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