Gauss MeterProbe-Selection-App-Guide
Gauss MeterProbe-Selection-App-Guide
When selecting a gaussmeter and probe several things must be considered to determine the best gaussmeter
and probe models for the application.
1. The range of flux density to be measured.
2. Is a transverse or axial configuration required?
3. The type of signal to be measured; DC or AC?
4. If AC
a. What frequency or range of frequencies are of interest?
b. What type of waveform, sinusoidal, square, unidirectional pulse etc.?
c. Continuous signal or one‐shot / burst / pulse etc.?
5. What accuracy (absolute or relative) and precision or resolution is required?
6. Environmental conditions; temperature, humidity, vibration, handling stresses
7. Do you require analog output signals?
8. Are digital outputs or remote control capabilities such as RS‐232, IEEE‐488, USB or Ethernet
required?
Probe selection
The first thing to determine is the basic probe configuration. In many cases either a transverse or axial probe
may be used if there are no physical limitations which force you to use one or the other. If for example you are
just checking residual magnetism on a pipe or measuring the surface of an object either type will probably work
as long as you can orient the probe stem and cable to a position which allows a proper reading.
Transverse probes are required if you need to measure the flux density in a gap between objects or surfaces
such as in a cut core, between rotor and stator of a motor, or perhaps a loudspeaker magnet assembly.
An axial probe would be required if you need to measure inside of an object like a small diameter solenoid coil
or sputtering chamber.
See the following photos for examples:
Photo 4 Photo 5
As can be seen from photos 4 and 5, the same measurement could be taken with either probe
configuration since there are no physical limitations. In both cases the Hall plate inside the probe is
parallel to the end face of the pipe. If there are no other limitations or reasons to choose a particular
configuration, the axial is usually a little more robust to handling due to the larger cylindrical probe
stem. This may be a concern in certain applications where there is a higher risk of handling damage.
Specifications and Accuracy
Most probes have a linearity specification which is expressed as a percentage of reading error over a
range of magnetic flux; for example 1% to ±30kG, or 0.5% to ±2T. This specification is for DC fields and
must be added to the accuracy specification for the gaussmeter on the range being used to determine
total measurement uncertainty. Some probes such as the ZOA 3‐axis types have a linearity range
specified to a flux density level which is less than the full scale reading of the gaussmeter (10kG for the
probe and 30kG for the gaussmeter). Most of these will still respond to higher field levels, but with
increasing error above the upper specified limit.
The exceptions to this are the Low Field probes. The MOS models utilize Fluxgate technology and their
internal circuitry will clip and not measure beyond the ±1.0G limit specified. The model MOX or MOW
Hall probes (“MagnaProbes”) with flux concentrators will respond above the 2.0G specification limit, but
will become non‐linear very fast between 2 and 3 gauss and may require degaussing to restore accuracy
if operated beyond ±4 gauss.
Accuracy for AC fields is not as good as for DC. This is because the signal is susceptible to more parasitic
effects as noted in the AC Considerations section below, and the fact that finding and constructing a
primary reference standard for AC is more difficult than for DC. Since applications can vary greatly, we
do not have hard specifications for AC. We attempt to compensate for the major factors to keep error
within a few percent, but each environment and a probe’s response to it is different. In most cases the
compensation will keep the error well below the ±3dB limits often used for AC bandwidth specifications
on measuring equipment.
Geometric Tolerances as a Source of Variation
In situations where the user is positioning the probe by using the outer surface of the stem as a
reference point and measuring on the surface of an object there may be differences observed between
probes of the same model. This is due to manufacturing tolerances which will place the Hall device at
slightly different positions within the probe. In most cases this is not of significance, but in others this
needs to be considered. For example the Hall plate in a transverse probe may not be exactly centered in
the stem and if the readings with one side against the surface are compared to those with the opposite
side of the probe on the surface there may be a difference in magnitude. The polarity will obviously be
opposite, but the magnitude could differ too. Even though this positioning error is only a few
thousandths of an inch, in some applications it is necessary to be aware of this and compensate
accordingly. Also the Hall plate may not be exactly parallel to the probe stem surface and relying on the
outer surface of the probe stem for positioning may result in a reading which is slightly lower than the
actual flux density due to this angularity error. Probes are calibrated in an air gap and rotated until the
peak reading is obtained.
Thermal Considerations
Temperature coefficients of the probe should be considered if operating at temperatures more than a
few degrees from the usual ambient of ~22°C and high accuracy is required. Temperature compensated
probes may be helpful in these instances and these corrections are performed automatically by the
gaussmeter. In other applications which are outside the normal compensation range (such as cryogenic
probe usage) manual correction will be needed. Temperature coefficient data for most probe models
may be obtained from their data sheets. If it is necessary to measure an object which is hotter or colder
than the specified operating temperature range for the probe, consider shielding the probe stem in
some type of non‐magnetic tube which has air or fluid flowing through it to keep the probe at a more
moderate temperature. This can also increase accuracy even if you are within the specified operating
temperature limits for the probe and do not have a temperature compensated probe.