BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CITY OF MALOLOS, BULACAN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
EE204

Unit 1

PREPARED BY:

ENGR. ALDRIN C. BERNARDO

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 UNIT
INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS
1
LESSONS COVERED

1.1 Thermodynamics Definition and Applications

1.2 Thermodynamics System, Surrounding and Boundary
1.3 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics
1.4 Property, State & Processes
1.5 System of Units
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties
(Pressure, Temperature, Density, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity)

DURATION: 4 hours

INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics and an engineering science that is very

important in the Mechanical Engineering field and other engineering related courses.
The study and understanding of the fundamental principles, concepts and definition
of thermodynamics which includes the physical and chemical behaviour of matter
and energy and extends to the study of systems in which how these quantities
interact with their surrounding are basic in the study of this science. Engineers use
principles drawn from thermodynamics and other engineering sciences, including
fluid mechanics and heat and mass transfer, to analyse and design devices intended
to meet human needs.

Thermodynamics is an exciting and fascinating subject that deals with energy, which
is essential for sustenance of life, and thermodynamics has long been an important
part of engineering courses all over the world. It has a broad application area ranging
from microscopic organisms to common household appliances, transportation
vehicles, power generation systems, and even philosophy.

This unit will introduce the basic principles, concepts and definitions of terms in
physics that will be very important in the study of Thermodynamics as well as the
Thermodynamic Properties.

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OBJECTIVES/COMPETENCIES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Define Thermodynamics and its common applications.

2. Explain several fundamental concepts used throughout the chapter including
closed system, control volume, boundary and surroundings, property, state,
process, the distinction between extensive and intensive properties.
3. Review SI and English Engineering units, including units for specific volume,
pressure and temperature.
4. Identify different Thermodynamic Properties.
5. Describe the relationship among the Kelvin, Rankine, Celsius and Fahrenheit
temperature scales.
6. Apply appropriate unit conversion factors during calculations.

PRETEST

Background in Physics is essential before studying Thermodynamics. Before

proceeding to the lesson proper of Thermodynamics, let’s review some fundamental
concepts of Physics. Try to answer the following questions by encircling the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Scent sprayer is based on

(A) Bernoulli’s principle
(B) Charles’s law
(C) Archimedes’ principle
(D) Boyle’s law
2. Which one of the following pairs does not have the same dimension?
(A) Density and specific gravity
(B) Focal length and height
(C) Potential energy and kinetic energy
(D) Gravitational force and friction force
3. Which is the instrument for recording high temperature from a great distance?
(A) Thermometer
(B) Spectrometer
(C) Radiometer
(D) Pyrometer
4_____ physical quantity is measure in watts.
(A) Kinetic energy
(B) Momentum
(C) Impulse
(D) Power
5. What is the unit of power in SI?
(A) Joule
(B) Newton
(C) Erg/Sec
(D) Joule/Sec
6. Cooling is not done by
(A) Melting the solid
(B) Burning cooking gas
(C) Release of compressed gas

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 (D) Flow of water
7. The working principle of a washing machine is
(A) Diffusion
(B) Reverse osmosis
(C) Dialysis
(D) Centrifugation
8. Why are the inner lining of hot water made up of copper?
(A) Copper has less heat capacity
(B) Copper has high electrical conductivity
(C) Copper does not react with steam
(D) Copper is good conductor of both heat and electricity
9. Which one of the following laws is explained by the statement that matter can
neither be created for destroyed?
(A) Le Chatelier’s principle
(B) Law of Conservation of Mass
(C) Law of Conservation of Energy
(D) Law of Osmosis
10. Rocket works on the principle of
(A) Conservation of momentum
(B) Conservation of mass
(C) Conservation of energy
(D) None of these
11. In storms, the roofs of some houses are carried away. This is in accordance with
(A) Bernoulli’s principle
(B) Archimedes principle
(C) Law of inertia
(D) Pascal’s law
12. A cut diamond sparkles because of its
(A) Absorption of light by the diamond
(B) Emission of light by the diamond
(C) High refractive index
(D) Hardness
13. The blackboard seems black because it
(A) does not reflect any colour
(B) absorbs black colour
(C) reflects every colour
(D) reflects black colour
14. The mass energy relation is the conclusion of
(A) general theory of relativity
(B) quantum theory
(C) arial theory of energy
(D) special theory of relativity
15. Sound travels faster in
(A) Hydrogen than in water
(B) Iron than in air
(C) Wood than an iron
(D) Dry iron than in water
16. Two satellites are moving in the same circular orbit around the earth. Which one
of the following is correct?
(A) The satellites must have the same mass
(B) The satellites must have the same angular momentum
(C) The satellites must have the same speed
(D) The satellites must have the same kinetic energy
17. A man with a dark skin, in comparison with a man with a white skin, will

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 experience
(A) More heat and more cold
(B) More heat and less cold
(C) Less heat and more cold
(D) Less heat and less cold
18. What is the unit for measuring the amplitude of a sound?
(A) Decibel
(B) Coulomb
(C) Cycles
(D) Hum
19. We cannot hear on the surface of the moon because
(A) It has very low gravitational force
(B) It has no atmosphere
(C) Its surface absorbs sound
(D) None of these
20. How is the pressure cooker works?
(A) Steam inside the cooker makes food to cook with ease
(B) High pressure inside the cooker rises the boiling point of water
(C) Low pressure inside the cooker rises the boiling point of water
(D) Heat cannot escapes from the cooker
21. The angular speed of a whirlwind in a tornado towards the centre
(A) slowly becomes zero
(B) decreases rapidly
(C) remains constant
(D) increases
22. The most familiar form of radiant energy in sunlight that cause tanning and has
the potential for causing melanoma in humans is called
(A) Visible radiation
(B) Infra red radiation
(C) Ultra violet radiation
(D) Microwave radiation
23. Light year is
(A) Light emitted by the sun in one year
(B) Time taken by light to travel from sun to earth
(C) The distance travelled by light in free space in one year
(D) Time taken by earth to go once around the sun
24. Rise of mercury in a barometer indicates
(A) Storm
(B) Rain
(C) Fair weather
(D) None of the above
25. What does the kinetic energy depend?
(A) The pressure of the moving body
(B) Both mass and velocity of the moving body
(C) The velocity or speed of the moving body
(D) On the mass of the moving body
26. Which one of the following pair doesn’t have the same dimensions?
(A) Impulse and momentum
(B) Work and energy
(C) Force and pressure
(D) Pressure and stress
27. The electric current density is
(A) A vector quantity
(B) A scalar quantity

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 (C) Both
(D) None of these
28. Which one of the following is the purest form of semiconductor?
(A) intrinsic
(B) extrinsic
(C) both of these
(D) none of these
29. Nautical mile is a unit of distance used in
(A) Astronomy
(B) Road mile
(C) Navigation
(D) Measuring the boundaries of a nation
30. Kilohertz is a unit which measures
(A) Voltage
(B) Electric resistance
(C) Power used by a current of one ampere
(D) Electromagnetic radio waves frequencies

LESSON 1.1: THERMODYNAMICS DEFINITION AND APPLICATIONS

Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a need to increase the efficiency of

early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas
Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that
could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. The first to give a concise definition of
the subject was Scottish physicist William Thomson who in 1854 stated that:

“Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting

between adjacent parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical
agency.”

The fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics play an important role in moving

towards a better world, through improvement in performance of the plant, equipment,
and their overall design. Factors that are critical in assessing the performance of the
equipment are items like the output of the final product, consumption of input raw
material, production cost, and assessment of the effect on environmental. Engineers
today are using the concept of thermodynamics to examine and reinvent things
which are intended for human safety and comfort.

Thermodynamics is a very important branch of both physics and chemistry. It deals

with the study of energy, the conversion of energy between different forms and the
ability of energy to do work. As you go along the lessons, we will begin to appreciate
the importance of thermodynamics and will start noticing how laws of
thermodynamics operate in our daily lives.

Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Although everybody has

a feeling of what energy is, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Energy can
be viewed as the ability to cause changes.

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THERMODYNAMICS: DEFINITION

From Greek words “thermos”(heat) and “dynamis”(power or energy)

 Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat and work and those
properties of substances that bear relation to heat and work.

 Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and

mechanical work, and subsequently the macroscopic variables such as
temperature, volume and pressure.

 Thermodynamics is the branch of science or physics that studies various

forms of energies and their conversion from one form to the other like
electrical energy to mechanical energy, heat to electrical, chemical to
mechanical, wind to electrical etc.

WHY DO WE STUDY THERMODYNAMICS?

 Improvement of efficiency processes.

 Making the processes more non-polluting and environmental friendly.
 Study and research regarding alternative energy sources or transformation
methods

APPLICATION AREAS OF THERMODYNAMICS

All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter; thus, it is
hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner.
Therefore, developing a good understanding of basic principles of thermodynamics
has long been an essential part of engineering education.

Thermodynamics is commonly encountered in many engineering systems and other

aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some application areas
of it. In fact, one does not need to go anywhere. Like in the human body, the heart is
constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body, various energy conversions
occur in trillions of body cells, and the body heat generated is constantly rejected to
the environment. The human comfort is closely tied to the rate of this metabolic heat
rejection. We try to control this heat transfer rate by adjusting our clothing to the
environmental conditions. All of these are related to thermodynamics.

Other applications of thermodynamics are right where we lives. Many ordinary

household utensils and appliances are designed, in whole or in part, by using the
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principles of thermodynamics. Some examples include the electric or gas range, the
heating and air-conditioning systems, the refrigerator, the humidifier, the pressure
cooker, the water heater, the shower, the iron, and even the computer and the TV.
The size, location, and the power input of the fan of your computer is also selected
after an analysis that involves thermodynamics. On a larger scale, thermodynamics
plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines, rockets, jet
engines, and conventional or nuclear power plants, solar collectors, and the design
of vehicles from ordinary cars to airplanes.

Some Selected Areas Of Thermodynamics Applications

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 SAMPLE SELECTED AREAS OF APPLICATION

• Aircraft and rocket propulsion • Biomedical applications

• Alternative energy systems • Combustion systems
• Fuel cells • Compressors, pumps
• Geothermal systems • Cooling of electronic equipment
• Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) • Cryogenic systems, gas
converters separation, and liquefaction
• Ocean thermal, wave, and tidal • Fossil and nuclear-fueled power
power generation stations
• Solar-activated heating, cooling, and • Heating, ventilating, and air-
power generation conditioning systems
• Thermoelectric and thermionic • Absorption refrigeration and heat
devices pumps
• Wind turbines • Vapor-compression refrigeration
• Automobile engines and heat pumps
• Bioegineering • Steam and gas turbines
• Power production
• Propulsion

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LESSON 1.2: THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM, SURROUNDING AND BOUNDARY

 SYSTEM – refers to the quantity of matter or certain volume in space chosen

for study and is the subject for investigation.

 SURROUNDING – the mass or region outside the system. Everything

external to the system.

 BOUNDARY – the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surrounding. Can either be fixed or movable. It is a closed surface
surrounding a system through which energy and mass may enter or leave the
system.

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 ACTIVITY 1

Simple representation of system, surrounding and boundary

THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM

SYSTEM is whatever we want to study (as simple as free body or as complicated as

an entire chemical refinery). Everything external to the system is part of the system’s
surroundings. The system is distinguished from its surroundings by a specified
boundary, which may be at rest or in motion. Mathematically speaking, the
boundary has zero thickness, and thus it can neither contain any mass nor occupy
any volume in space.

System dimensions are not necessarily constant (like air in a compressor is

compressed by a piston) it can be variable (like an inflated balloon). The objective of
system study can be improving the efficiency of the system or to reduce the losses
etc.

OPEN SYSTEMS

 region of space wherein there is mass flow through it, and it may have flows
of energy in terms of heat transfer and work across it. (also known as control
volume)
 It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor,
turbine, or nozzle. Flow through these devices is best studied by selecting the
region within the device as the control volume. Both mass and energy can
cross the boundary of a control volume.
 The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can
be real or imaginary. In the case of a nozzle, the inner surface of the nozzle
forms the real part of the boundary, and the entrance and exit areas form the
imaginary part, since there are no physical surfaces there.

Examples of open system:

 Water entering boiler and leaving as steam
 Gases flowing through turbine
 Gas expanding from pressurized container
 Nozzle, Turbine, Compressor

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 A control volume can involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.

CLOSED SYSTEM

 is defined when a specific quantity of matter is under study. It is always

containing the same matter wherein there is no transfer of mass across its
boundary. If the system does not interact in any way with its surroundings it is
considered as an isolated system. (also known as control mass)

Examples of closed system:

 Mixtures of water and steam in a closed vessel
 Gas expanding in a piston- cylinder

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 Mass cannot cross the boundaries of a closed system, but energy can.

Example of a closed system with a moving boundary.

ISOLATED SYSTEM

 If the system does not interact in any way with its surroundings it is
considered as an isolated system. Neither energy nor mass can be
exchanges with the surroundings.

Example of isolated system: A thermo flask may be considered as approaching an

isolated system.

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 OPEN, CLOSE & ISOLATED SYSTEMS

 Hot coffee in an open cup is an open system because it releases energy

(heat) to the surrounding and we it can exchange matter (coffee) with the
surroundings by taking out (drinking) or putting in (pouring).

 Hot coffee in a closed cup is a closed system because it can only exchange
energy (heat) through the cups walls.

 Hot coffee in an isolated (thermos) bottle is an isolated system because it

cannot exchange energy nor matter with its surroundings.

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 Summary of differences of the three systems

LESSON 1.3: MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS

Systems can be studied from a macroscopic or a microscopic point of view.

MACROSCOPIC APPROACH ---- > MICROSCOPIC APPROACH ---- >

Classical thermodynamics Statistical thermodynamics

 Concerned with the gross or  Considers the behaviour of every

overall behavior effects of many molecule by using statistical
molecules' infractions. These methods.
effects, such as pressure and  Concerned directly with the
temperature, can be perceived by structure of matter
our senses and can be measured  The objective is to characterize
with instruments. by statistical means the average
 No model of the structure of behavior of the particles making
matter at the molecular, atomic, up a system of interest.
and subatomic levels is directly  Essential in applications such as
used. lasers, plasmas, high-speed gas
 Provides a considerably more flows, chemical kinetics, very low
direct approach for analysis and temperatures (cryogenics) and
design. It also requires far fewer others.
mathematical complications.

LESSON 1.4: PROPERTY, STATE AND PROCESS

 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. The word “equilibrium”

implies a state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system. A system in equilibrium
experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings.

A closed system reaching thermal equilibrium

 PROPERTY is a macroscopic characteristic of a system such as mass,

volume, energy, pressure, and temperature to which a numerical value can be
assigned at a given time without knowledge of the previous behavior (history)
of the system.

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  STATE refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties. The
state often can be specified by providing values of a subset of the properties.
State may be identified or described by certain observable, macroscopic
properties; some familiar ones are temperature, pressure, and density.

A system at two different states

 PROCESS is a transformation from one state to another, thus the properties

of the system also changes. A system is said to be at steady state if none of
its properties changes with time. The path of the succession of states through
which the system passes is called the process.

The P-V diagram of a compression process

LESSON 1.5: SYSTEM OF UNITS

A unit is any specified amount of a quantity by comparison with which any other
quantity of the same kind is measured.

A number of unit systems have been developed over the years. Despite strong
efforts in the scientific and engineering community to unify the world with a single
unit system, two sets of units are still in common use today:

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 SI UNITS - (from Le Système International d’ Unités), which is also known as
the “International System” and is the legally accepted system in most
countries. The SI is a simple and logical system based on a decimal
relationship between the various units, and it is being used for scientific and
engineering work in most of the industrialized nations.

 ENGLISH ENGINEERING UNITS - also known as the United States

Customary System (USCS), A large portion in the United States of America’s
stock of tools and industrial machines and much valuable engineering data
utilize units other than SI units which is English Engineering system. The
English system has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various units
in this system are related to each other rather arbitrarily (12 in = 1 ft, 1 mile =
5280 ft, etc.), which makes it confusing and difficult to learn. The United
States is the only industrialized country that has not yet fully converted to the
metric system.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON CONVERSION:

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LESSON 1.6: THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES

Thermodynamic property (or simply property) refers to any measurable characteristic

of a system. There are two classes of thermodynamic properties: intensive and
extensive.

Intensive and Extensive Properties

INTENSIVE PROPERTY

 Are not additive in the sense.

 Example: specific volume, pressure, temperature, density
 Independent of the size or extent of a system.
 Can change or vary with position and time.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTY

 The value for an overall system is the sum of its values for the parts into
which the system is divided.
 Example: mass, volume, energy
 Depend on the size or extent of the system.
 Can change with time.

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To illustrate the difference between extensive and intensive properties, consider an
amount of matter that is uniform in temperature, and imagine that it is composed of
several parts, as illustrated.

PRESSURE

 a scalar quantity
 is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per
unit area over which that force is distributed.
 We speak of pressure only when we deal with a gas or a liquid. The
counterpart of pressure in solids is normal stress. Since pressure is defined
as force per unit area, it has the unit of newtons per square meter (N/m²),
which is called a pascal (Pa).

F
P
= A

UNITS OF PRESSURE

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TYPES OF PRESSURE

 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE - is the true pressure being measured, or actual

pressure at a given position and is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e.,
absolute zero pressure).
 GAGE PRESSURE - is the pressure measured from the level of atmospheric
pressure recording instrument. Most pressure-measuring devices, however,
are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere and so they indicate the
difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure.
This difference is called the gage pressure.
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - is the pressure caused by the weight of the
atmosphere
 VACUUM PRESSURE - Pressures below atmospheric pressure

P|¿|¿
=P ±P
atm g / vac

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 Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures.

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

TEMPERATURE

 a physical quantity expressing hot and cold. It is measured with a

thermometer calibrated in one or more temperature scales. (Detailed lecture
about Temperature to be discussed in other chapter.)

Most Common Temperature Scales:

• Celsius --- by Anders Celsius

• Fahrenheit --- by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
• Kelvin --- by William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
• Rankine --- by William John Rankine

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Temperature Scales Conversion:

T ( ° R )=1.8 T ( K )
T ( K ) =T ( ℃ ) +273.15
T ( ° R )=T (℉ )+ 459.67
T ( ℉ ) =1.8T ( ℃ )+ 32

DENSITY

 is the mass per unit volume

ρ = m/v
Where:
m= mass (kg, g, lb)
v= volume (m3, cm3, ft3 )
ρ = density (kg/m3 , g/cm3, lb/ft3 )

SPECIFIC VOLUME

 defined as the reciprocal of the density.

 is an intensive property and may vary from point to point.

ρ= m
v
υ = 1ρ = mv

SI Units ---- m3/kg , cm3/g

English Units ---- ft 3/lb , ¿3 /lb

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 also known as relative density.

 the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard, usually
water for a liquid or solid, and air for a gas.

density of fluid
SG=
density of water

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:

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LEARNING INSIGHTS 1.1

What is in the picture? Define the type of system in each photo and explain.

1.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 4.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

LEARNING INSIGHTS 1.2

Construct a 5-sentence report defining the system, boundary, surrounding and also
the function of each illustration.

1.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 2.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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POST-TEST

ANSWER KEY

REFERENCES

Borgnakke, C., & Sonntag, R. E. (2013). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics.

Michigan, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Camilon, F. S., Dado, A. c., & Pagtalunan, N. R. (n.a.). Learning Guide in

Thermodynamics.

Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2006). Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach

(5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com. (n.d.).

https://www.khanacademy.org. (n.d.).

Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N., Boettner, D. D., & Bailey,, M. B. (2014). Fundamentals
of Engineering Thermodynamics (8th ed.). Don Fowley.

Sta. Maria, H. B. (2008). Thermodynamics 1. Mandaluyong: National Book Store.

Terrano, H. R., & Tanamor, R. B. (2015). Basic Thermodynamics A Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics. Lambert Academic Publishing.

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