Statistics and Probability – Grade 11

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Quarter 3 – Module 2: Normal Distribution
First Edition, 2019

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 11
Statistics and
Probability
Module 2
Normal Distribution

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 Table of Contents

What I Need To Know ……………………………………..……..…… 1

Module Content ………………………………………………… 1
Module Objectives ………………………………………………… 1
General Instructions ………………………………………………… 2
What I Know ………………………………………………… 4
Lessons/Concept
Lesson 1 – Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution ……. 6
What I Can Do ………………………………… 15

Lesson 2 – Identifying Regions of Areas Under the

Normal Curve ………………………… 16
What I Can Do ………………………………… 19

Lesson 3 – Determining Probabilities ………………………… 20

What I Can Do ………………………………… 24

Lesson 4 – Understanding the Z-Scores ………………………… 25

What I Can Do ………………………………… 29

Lesson 5 – Locating the Percentiles Under the

Normal Curve ………………………………………… 30
What I Can Do ………………………………… 35

What I Have Learned ………….……………………………………... 36

Assessment ………………………………………………… 37
References ………………………………………………… 43

ii
 What I Need To Know

Sets of random variables are not always discrete. At most, you willbe
calculating probabilities of very large cases and end up with good predictions and
decisions relative to the population. At times like these, you encounter data that are of
continuous type.
This module will consider distribution of this type known as the Normal
Probability Distribution or the Normal Curve. While the distribution take on a wide
range of data values, meaning the existence of extreme numbers are evident, still this
allows the data to be normally distributed and appear to be less
varied. That when plotted, is visualized to approximate the shape of
a bell.
Most statisticians found the normal curve easy to use since
most of statistical tests can be derived from the normal distributions.
More so, because it works very well even when the distributions are approximately
normally distributed so with those very wide deviations* from normality.

Module Content

This module will take the lessons on:

 Lesson 1 – Understanding the Normal Curve Distributions
 Lesson 2 – Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve
 Lesson 3 – Determining Probabilities
 Lesson 4 – Understanding the Z-Scores
 Lesson 5 – Locating Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

Module Objectives

Once you have gone through with this module, you are expected to have gained the
ability to:
 (M11/12SP – IIIc - 1) illustrate a normal random variable and its
characteristics;

1
  (M11/12SP – IIIc - 2) construct a normal curve;
 (M11/12SP – IIIc - 3) identify regions under the normal curve;
 (M11/12SP – IIIc - 4) convert a normal random variable to a standard normal
variable and vice versa; and
 (M11/12SP – IIId - 1) compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard
normal table.

General Instructions

In order to gain the skills mentioned above and meet what is expected of you, you
need to do the following:
 prepare yourself to acquire essential body of knowledge;
 desire to work independently and learn to accurately calculate and
solve mathematical problems religiously;
 patiently read all the contents discussed with comprehension; and
 follow all the steps presented on the illustrations in answering the
problems considered.
Familiarize the following words contained in studying normal distribution. The word/s
marked with * has been defined in this vocabulary.

Word
Meaning
This means approaching a value or a curve closely but never
Asymptotic
touching it.
Deviation A condition that is different from what is usual or expected.
A type of frequency distribution graph. It is like that of a bar graph
Frequency but there are no spaces in between each bar. The number of
Polygon observations is marked with a single point at the midpoint of the
interval. A straight line then connects each set of points.
Used to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This
Inferences generalizes reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a
special case.

2
 This is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below
Percentile which a given percentage of observations in a group of
observations falls.
Probability This is a function that describes the likelihood of obtaining the
Distribution possible values that a random variable can assume.
This is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution
Skewness of a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness
can be positive or negative or undefined.
This is a measure thatis used to quantify the amount of variation
or dispersion of a set of data values. A low standard deviation
Standard
indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean of the
Deviation
set while high standard deviation indicates that the data points are
spread out over a wider range of values.
This is a situation in which the values of variables occur at regular
Symmetrical frequencies and the mean, median and mode occur at the same
point. Symmetrical distribution does not skew.

3
 What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?

a. 0 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
a. mean c. Standard deviation
b. variance d. Area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
a. 0.0800 c. 0.1628
b. 0.0279 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
a. 0.0248 c. 0.1398
b. 0.0517 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
a. 1.63 c. 2.01
b. 1.97 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
a. 0.8300 c. 0.8400
b. 0.8350 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
a. 0.0100 c. 0.0300
b. 0.0200 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
a. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
b. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
a. 0.1573 c. 0.1575
b. 0.1524 d. 0.1576
10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
a. 0.1585 c. 0.1587
b. 0.1586 d. 0.1588

4
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
a. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
b. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and  = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding z-
value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
a. 2 c. 2.5
b. -2 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
a. 1.33 c. 1.99
b. 1.66 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
a. 0.13 c. 0.52
b. 0.23 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
a. 0.92 c. 0.53
b. 0.83 d. 0.23

Key to answer on page 3

5
 Lesson Understanding the Normal
1 Curve Distribution

Learning Concepts

We will start understanding the concept of the normal curve distribution by

sketching the frequency polygon of each of the following frequency distributions.
The following frequency distributions show the score of students in a
Mathematics quiz.
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Score, X Frequency, f Score, X Frequency, f Score, X Frequency, f

5 1 11 1 15 1
4 3 10 2 14 2
3 5 9 3 13 3
2 3 8 5 12 4
1 1 7 7 11 5
N 13 6 8 10 6
5 7 9 7
4 5 8 8
3 3 7 7
2 2 6 6
1 1 5 5
N 44 4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
N 64
Example
Questions:
1. Sketch a frequency polygon of each distribution.
2. For each distribution, compute for the three measures of central tendency
(mean, median and mode). What do you observe? Where did you find these
measures on the graph (left end, at the center or right end)?

6
 3. If we will continue to increase the number of students, what do you think will the
shape of the graph be?
Answers:
1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.
Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we will
realize that the resulting values are equal. Since these measures are equal,
they all lie at one point. That is, at the center of the graph.
3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we
can approximate the graph to the shape of a bell.

In reality, if a distribution contains a very large number of cases withequal

measures of central tendency values, then the distribution is symmetrical* and the
skewness* is 0. In statistics, it is called normal distribution or normal curve (Rene,
et al. 2015).In specific sense, it is called a normal probability distributionwhenever
the frequencies are converted to probabilities.

Let us learn more about the properties of a normal probability distribution.

1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
This means if we will cut the curve about the mean, we will have balanced
proportions of the halves. Specifically we
say that one is a reflection of the other.
Meaning, the qualities exhibited by one are
the same qualities exhibited by the other.

7
 3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they
coincide at the center of the graph.

This means that the mean, median and

mode of the given distribution are located
at exactly one point since their values are
equal, and they are located at the center of
Mean = Median = Mode the graph which indicates the highest peak of
the curve.

4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the

distribution.
The curve considered at the left side defines
a standard normal curve. A standard
normal curve is a normal probability
distribution that has mean value equal to 0
and standard deviation equal to 1.
width of the curve

This property explains that the standard normal

curve is used as a guide for distributions which has
mean value not equal to 0 and standard deviation
86 89 92 95 98 101 104
not equal to 1.
For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation
equals 3, the width of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is
determined from the given standard deviation.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it.
Thus, the curve is asymptotic to the line.
6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or
percentage or proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement
values.

8
 This means that for every
specific measurement value, there
corresponds exactly one
probability/percentage/proportion
value which describes a particular area of the region under the normal curve.

A specific proportion of the area of the region under the curve can be
calculated manually using the formula

−1 𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇 2
( )
𝑒𝑒 2 𝜎𝜎
Y=
𝜎𝜎 √2𝜋𝜋

where
Y represents the height of the curve at a particular value of X
X represents any score in the distribution
σ represents the standard deviation of the population
μ represents the population mean
π = 3.1416
𝑒𝑒 = 2.7183

However, this formula is now rarely used because of the readily available z-
Table which displays all the area of the region under the curve given a z-value.

9
Table of Areas under the Normal Curve

10
Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2 digit
number) and column (third digit number). The value observed at the
intersection indicates the area of the given z-value.
Illustration.
1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 2 is the same as finding the area
between z=0 and z= 2.

Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2 becomes z = 2.00
3 digit number
b. In the table, find the first two (2.0)
digit number on the first
column
c. Find the third digit on the first (.00)
row
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4772.
intersection of row 2.0 and
column .00

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2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.45.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1.45 is the same as finding the area
between z = 0 and z = 1.45.

Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 1.45
3 digit number (it is already expressed to a 3 digit
number, so just copy the given)
b. In the table, find the first two (1.4)
digit number on the first
column
c. Find the third digit on the first (.05)
row
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4265.
intersection of row 1.4 and
column .05

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3. Find the area that corresponds to z= – 2.5

The negative in the given z-value as z = – 2.5 indicates the location of where
that area is in the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the measurement X
that corresponds to z = – 2.5 is located at the left side of the curve. Since the
normal curve is symmetrical about the mean, therefore finding the area of z =
– 2.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 2.5.

Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2.5 becomes z = 2.50
3 digit number
b. In the table, find the first two (2.5)
digit number on the first
column

13
c. Find the third digit on the first (.00)
row
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4938.
intersection of row 2.5 and
column .00

14
 What I Can Do

Exercise 1
Share your idea about considering a set of large data values in order to make
good decisions relative to the given values.

Exercise 2
Match the z-value given in column A to its corresponding area in column B. Then,
identify the hidden message by filling in the letters indicated in column B to the
corresponding number indicated in each blank below.

Column A Column B
1. z = 0.04 L. 0.3554
2. z = 1.06 V. 0.4817
3. z = 2.8 M. 0.4987
4. z = 2.09 T. 0.3531
5. z = 0.49 C. 0.4999
6. z = 3.02 S. 0.0517
7. z = – 0.03 I. 0.0160
8. z = – 1.05 A. 0.0120
9. z = – 2.22 E. 0.1879
10. z = – 3.78 O. 0.4974
11. z = – 0.13 H. 0.4868
Decode the message.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 1 10 11

Key to answer on page 39

15
 IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF
Lesson
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL
2
CURVE

Learning Concept

This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in
determining the area under the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-value
using the z-Table.

The area you just learned also indicates the probability/percentage/proportion

of the given distribution between any two specific z-values under the curve.
This time, you will try to find the area of the regions between any two specific
z-values under the normal curve.

Illustration
1. Find the area of the region between z= 1 and z = 3.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point
z = 1 indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 1.
Using the z-Table, it has corresponding area
of 0.3413.

So with z = 3, it describes the area of the

region from z = 0 to z = 3, with
corresponding area of 0.4987 (using the z-
Table).

16
 The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z = 3 to the area
that corresponds to z = 1. Thus, we have

0.4987 – 0.3413 = 0.1574

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = 3 is 0.1574.

2. Find the area of the region between z = 1

and z =-1.Solution:
The area of the region described by the
point z = 1 indicates the area from z = 0 to
z = 1. Using the z-Table, it has
corresponding area of 0.3413.

So with z = -1, it describes the area of the

region from z = 0 to z = -1, with
corresponding area of 0.3413 (using the z-
Table).
z = 1 has the same area with z= -1 since the
curve is symmetrical about the mean. Therefore, finding the area of z = 1 is the
same as finding the area of z = -1. The negative sign indicates only the location
of the z-value under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is located at the left
side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

17
 In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 1 to the area that
corresponds to z = -1. Thus, we have

0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = -1 is 0.6826.

3. Find the area of the region between z = 2 and z = -

1.5.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the
point z = 2 indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 2. Using the z-Table, it has
corresponding area of 0.4772.
So with z = -1.5, it describes the area of the
region from z = 0 to z = -1.5, with corresponding area
of 0.4332(using the z-Table).
z = 1.5 has the same area with z= -1.5 since
the curve is symmetrical about the mean. Therefore,
finding the area of z = -1.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 1.5. The
negative sign indicates only the location of the z-value under the curve.
Because it is a negative, it is located at the left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the area that
corresponds to z = -1.5. Thus, we have

0.4772 + 0.4332= 0.9104

Therefore, the area between z = 2 and z = -1.5 is 0.9104.

18
 What I Can Do

Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between
the given z-values.

1. z = 3 and z = -1
2. z = 0.5 and z = 2
3. z = 1.5 and z = -1
4. z = 2 and z = -2.25
5. z = 2.5 and z = -0.5

Key to answer on page 39

19
 Lesson DETERMINING
3 PROBABILITIES

Learning Concept

Mathematicians are not fond of lengthy expressions. They use denotations,

notations or symbols instead.
Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into symbols
concerning the normal curve.
The following are the most common probability notations used in studying concepts
on the normal curve.

P(a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-
value is between a and b
P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is above a
P(z< a)this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is below a
where a and b are z-score values.
P(z = a) = 0this notation represents the ideastating the probability that the z-
value is equal to a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is
equal to exactly one point on the curve. With that single point, a line
can be drawn signifying the probability can be below or above it.
That is why, for a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its
probability is equal to 0.

Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations.

Negative P(z < a) Positive P(z > a)
“less than z” “greater than z”
“to the left of z” “to the right of z”
“below z” “above z”

20
 “lower than” “more than z”
“under z” “at least z”

With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the
area specified z-score value.

Illustration.
1. Find the proportion of the area between z = 2 and z = 3.
Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the z = 2 has a corresponding area of

corresponding areas of the given z- 0.4772
values. z = 3 has a corresponding area of
0.4987
With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, the operation
operation will be used to identify the to be used is subtraction.
proportion of the area of the region.
Use probability notation to avoid P(2 < z <3) = 0.4987 – 0.4772 =
lengthy expressions. 0.0215
Make a concluding statement. The required area between z = 2
and z = 3 is 0.0215.

2. Find the proportion of the area below z = 1.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.

21
 Locate from the z-Table the z = 1 has a corresponding area of
corresponding areas of the given z- 0.3413.
value. This area signifies only from z = 0 to
z = 1.
With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, the operation
operation will be used to identify the to be used is addition.
proportion of the area of the region.
Use probability notation to avoid P(z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413
lengthy expressions.
This is so because the area of the
region from z = 0 to its left is 0.5 since
it represents half of the normal curve.
With the property that the curve has
area equal to 1, therefore half of its
area signifies 0.5000 or 0.5.
Make a concluding statement. The required area below z = 1 is
0.8413.

3. Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.

With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, there is no
operation will be used to identify the need to decide on what operation to
proportion of the area of the region. be used since as defined, if a z-value
Use probability notation to avoid is equal to exactly one number then
lengthy expressions. its probability or the proportion of the
area of the region is automatically 0.

22
 P(z = 1) = 0
Make a concluding statement. The required area at z = 1 is 0.

23
 What I Can Do

Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations. Then,
sketch the normal curve shading the required region of each given notation.

1. P(-2 < z <1)

2. P(z > 3)

3. P(z < -2)

4. P(z >-1.5)

5. P(z = -1)

Key to answer on page 39

24
 Lesson UNDERSTANDING THE Z-
4 SCORES

Learning Concept

Let us begin understanding the z-scores by acknowledging that for a given

distribution, it is more preferred to have a larger set of data in order to make good
generalizations. However at times in a given distribution, raw scores may be
composed of large values and large values cannot be accommodated at the baseline
of the normal curve. Thus, the raw scores have to be transformed into z-scores in
order to get meaningful decisions relative to the concepts of finding the equivalent
percentage and probability of the given measure of value from the mean.

For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This gives
the way to understand that for every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one z-
score value, and vice versa. Therefore, if we wish to find the percentage associated
with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z formula.

The z formula is given by:

𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
z= 𝜎𝜎
(z-score for population data)
𝑋𝑋− Ẍ
z= 𝑠𝑠
(z-score for sample data)

where
X = the raw score
𝜇𝜇 = population mean
Ẍ = sample mean
𝜎𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation

25
 The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability or
percentage or proportion of a given measurement value. It is computed by subtracting
the measurement X to the sample Ẍ or population 𝜇𝜇mean, then dividing the result by
the standard deviation 𝜎𝜎. The resulting value gives the z-score. The z-score indicates
the distance between a given measurement X and the mean expressed in standard
deviations. It locates either within a sample or within a population. But for now, a
readily available z-Table is made to obtain the corresponding area given a z-score.

Steps in finding the z-score given the mean (Ẍ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇) , standard deviation (𝜎𝜎) and the
measurement (X)
𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
1. Use the formula z= for finding the z-score
𝜎𝜎

2. Check the given values: mean (Ẍ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇) , standard deviation (𝜎𝜎) and the
measurement (X)
3. Substitute the given values in the formula
4. Compute for the z-value

Illustration.
1. In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student gained a score of 46. What is the z-
value of his score if test result has population mean 45 with standard deviation
of 2?
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z- z= 𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
𝜎𝜎
scores of population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇𝜇 = 45, 𝜎𝜎 = 2, X = 46
c. Substitute the given values in the z= 46− 45
2
formula
d. Compute the z-value 1
z= 2 = 0.5

Therefore, the z-value that corresponds

to the raw score of 46 is 0.5.

26
 0.5

39 41 43 45 46 47 49 51

Mean

2. Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she participated. What is the

corresponding z-value of her score if the result has 𝜇𝜇 = 75 and 𝜎𝜎 = 5.
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z- z= 𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
𝜎𝜎
scores of population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇𝜇 = 75, 𝜎𝜎 = 5, X = 68
c. Substitute the given values in the z= 68 − 75
5
formula
d. Compute the z-value z=
−7
= − 1.4
5

Therefore, the z-value that corresponds

to the raw score of 68 is −1.4.

27
3. Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about determining the current level of
students’ learning on Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires, she
was amazed that a student attained 50 correct answers. What is the
corresponding z-value of the student’s score if the sample mean of the test
results was 45 and standard deviation is 6?
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z- z= 𝑋𝑋− Ẍ
𝜎𝜎
scores of sample data
b. Check the given values Ẍ = 45, 𝜎𝜎 = 6, X = 50
c. Substitute the given values in the z= 50− 45
6
formula
d. Compute the z-value 5
z= 6 = 0.83

Therefore,
0.83 the z-value that corresponds

to the raw score of 50 is 0.83.

27 33 39 45 50 51 57 63

28
 What I Can Do

Exercise 1

You are applying for a job that requires a score on either a P Test or an A Test. The
company needs only one test result. You have acquired scores on both tests. You’ve
scored 98 on the P Test and 112 on the A Test. Which test results will you most likely
to submit? Is the information enough for you to convince yourself on submitting your
chosen test result? Explain why.

Exercise 2
Given 𝜇𝜇 = 110 and 𝜎𝜎 = 10 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding
z-value of the scores gained by the following students.
Show all your solutions and sketch its graph.

1. X = 98
2. X = 65
3. X = 120
4. X = 74
5. X = 135

Key to answer on page 40

29
 Lesson LOCATING PERCENTILES
5 UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Learning Concept

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below

which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. It is a
measure of relative standing as it measures the relationship of a measurement of the
rest of the data.

For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade
for the quarter is 92 and your grade is at the 88 th percentile. This means 88% of your
classmates scored lower than 92 and 21% scored more than 92 in the subject. This
explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such that 88% of the total population
lies below that point and 12% lies above.

At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of
the region under the normal curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of
the given area. With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-value required
corresponding to the given area and if not found, we take the nearest value. The
number that corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection attained
from the locating the given area is the required z-value.

Illustration.

1. Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P86 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.

30
 Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.

b. Express the given 86% is the same as 0.8600

percentage as probability
c. Split 0.8600 into 0.5000 and 0.8600 = 0.5000 + 0.3600
.3600
d. Shade 0.5000 on the
sketched normal curve
e. Refer to the table of areas The area is not found in the table.
under the normal curve. It is between the values of 0.3599
Locate the area of 0.3600 and 0.3621, with corresponding z-
value of 1.08 and 1.09
respectively.
f. Locate the nearest value of The nearest value of 0.3600 is
0.3600 from the values 0.3599 which corresponds to the z-
0.3599 and 0.3621 value of 1.08.
Therefore the z-score by which the
relative comparison starts at 1.08.
g. Locate 1.08 on the curve and
draw a line through under the
curve
h. Shade the region to the left of
1.08.
i. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is the 86%
percentile of the distribution.
Meaning, 86% of the distribution
lies below the z-value 1.08.

31
2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.
By definition, the P95 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.

b. Express the given 95% is the same as 0.9500

percentage as probability
c. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500
.4500
d. Shade 0.5000 on the
sketched normal curve
e. Refer to the table of areas The area is not found in the table.
under the normal curve. It is between the values of 0.4495
Locate the area of 0.4500 and 0.4505, with corresponding z-
value of 1.64 and 1.65
respectively.
f. Locate the nearest value of Since both values display the same
0.4500 from the values amount of distance away from
0.4495 and 0.4505 0.4500, we cannot just easily pick
a number from the values 0.4495
and 0.4505 and find it the nearest
of 0.4500. Thus, we need to do the
interpolation.
g. Do the interpolation.
1.64+1.65
z= 2
= 1.645

32
 In doing so, Locate the Therefore, the corresponding z-
corresponding z-values of value of 0.4500 is 1.645.
0.4495 and 0.4505.
Then, find the average of the
two z-values.
h. Locate the z-value 1.645 and
draw a line through under the
curve
i. Shade the region to the left of
1.645
j. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is the 95%
percentile of the distribution.
Meaning, 95% of the distribution
lies below the z-value 1.645.

3. Find the 32nd percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P32 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.

b. Express the given 32% is the same as 0.3200

percentage as probability
c. Refer to the table of areas The area is not found in the table.
under the normal curve. It is between the values of 0.3186
Locate the area of 0.3200 and 0.3212, with corresponding z-

33
 value of 0.91 and 0.92
respectively.
d. Locate the nearest value of The nearest value of 0.3200 is
0.3200 from the values 0.3212 which corresponds to the z-
0.3186 and 0.3212 value of 0.92.
Therefore the z-score by which the
relative comparison starts at 0.92.

e. Locate the z-value 0.92 and 32% is located at the left side of the
draw a line through under the curve since the value does not
curve reach 50%(half of the curve) or
above. Thus, the z-value 0.92
should be located at the left side of
the curve.
f. Shade the region to the left of Since 0.92 must be located at the
0.92 left side of the curve, it must
contain a negative sign indicating
to where it should be located.
g. Describe the shaded region Thus, the shaded region is the 32%
percentile of the distribution.
Meaning, 32% of the distribution
lies below the z-value -0.92.

34
 What I Can Do

Solve for the percentile of the following numbers. Then sketch its graph.

1. 30th
2. 52nd
3. 15th
4. 88th
5. 97th

Key to answer on page 41

35
 What I Have Learned

 A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution has mean equal to

0 and standard deviation equal to 1.
 The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they
coincide at the center of the graph.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it.
Thus, the curve is asymptotic to the line.
6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or
percentage or proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement
values.
 Formula for computing the z-value.

𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
z= (z-score for population data)
𝜎𝜎
𝑋𝑋− Ẍ
z= 𝑠𝑠
(z-score for sample data)

where
X = the raw score
𝜇𝜇 = population mean
Ẍ = sample mean
𝜎𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation

36
 Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
c. 0 c. 2
d. 1 d. 3
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
c. mean c. Standard deviation
d. variance d. Area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
c. 0.0800 c. 0.1628
d. 0.0279 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
c. 0.0248 c. 0.1398
d. 0.0517 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
c. 1.63 c. 2.01
d. 1.97 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
c. 0.8300 c. 0.8400
d. 0.8350 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
c. 0.0100 c. 0.0300
d. 0.0200 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
c. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
d. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
c. 0.1573 c. 0.1575
d. 0.1524 d. 0.1576

37
10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
c. 0.1585 c. 0.1587
d. 0.1586 d. 0.1588
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
c. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
d. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and  = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the
corresponding z-value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
c. 2 c. 2.5
d. -2 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
c. 1.33 c. 1.99
d. 1.66 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
c. 0.13 c. 0.52
d. 0.23 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
c. 0.92 c. 0.53
d. 0.83 d. 0.23

Key to answer on page 39

38
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Mathematics. 1st ed. Manila, Philippines: Educational Resource
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