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    Molecular Diffusion: Lecture Week 4

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    ashas waseem
    The document discusses steady state molecular diffusion through a constant area in a binary gas mixture. It provides assumptions and considers two situations: (1) Diffusion of component A through a stagnant layer of component B; and (2) Equal counter-diffusion of components A and B. It then provides examples calculating diffusion rates of oxygen through methane and evaporation rates of water and benzene from surfaces using diffusion equations.

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    Molecular Diffusion: Lecture Week 4

    Uploaded by

    ashas waseem
    178 views25 pages
    The document discusses steady state molecular diffusion through a constant area in a binary gas mixture. It provides assumptions and considers two situations: (1) Diffusion of component A through a stagnant layer of component B; and (2) Equal counter-diffusion of components A and B. It then provides examples calculating diffusion rates of oxygen through methane and evaporation rates of water and benzene from surfaces using diffusion equations.

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    Lecture week 4

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    The document discusses steady state molecular diffusion through a constant area in a binary gas mixture. It provides assumptions and considers two situations: (1) Diffusion of component A through a stagnant layer of component B; and (2) Equal counter-diffusion of components A and B. It then provides examples calculating diffusion rates of oxygen through methane and evaporation rates of water and benzene from surfaces using diffusion equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    178 views25 pages

    Molecular Diffusion: Lecture Week 4

    Uploaded by

    ashas waseem
    The document discusses steady state molecular diffusion through a constant area in a binary gas mixture. It provides assumptions and considers two situations: (1) Diffusion of component A through a stagnant layer of component B; and (2) Equal counter-diffusion of components A and B. It then provides examples calculating diffusion rates of oxygen through methane and evaporation rates of water and benzene from surfaces using diffusion equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Molecular Diffusion

    Lecture week 4
    What is Steady State?
    If a system is at steady state the variables and
    parameters do not change with time.

    If a system is at steady state, the variables and


    parameters associated with it donot change with
    time. For example if diffusion of component A
    occurs from 1 point to another point in a medium
    at steady state the concentration distribution and
    rate of transport remains invariant with time.
    Steady State Molecular Diffusion
    through a constant area in Binary
    Gas Mixture
    Rate of molecular diffusion from one point to
    another point cannot be calculated easily because
    it expresses flux in terms of concentration
    gradient at a point rather than a concentration of
    diffusing species at two points.

    So In this topic we are considering diffusion


    through a constant area . The flux of diffusing
    species donot change with position at steady state
    The following two situations which are commonly
    encountered in practice have been considered
    here:
    (a) Diffusion of component A through a stagnant
    layer of component B
    (b) Equal molal counter-diffusion of components
    A and B.
    Binary Mixture of A & B

    Assumptions:

    • Area through which diffusion occurs is constant


    • The gas mixture is ideal
    • Temperature is uniform
    • Diffusion occurs at steady state(variables &
    parameters do not change with time)
    • Through a constant area the flux does not change
    with position in steady state.
    • Through a variable area the flux changes with
    position even when the system is at steady state
    1. Diffusion of A through non Diffusing B:

    In gas absorption a soluble gas A is transferred to the liquid


    surface where it dissolves, whereas the insoluble gas B undergoes
    no net movement with respect to the interface.

    Let us consider a pool of water placed in a tray in contact with a


    stream of unsaturated air. So long as the air remains unsaturated,
    water molecules will diffuse into the air. The bulk of air is in
    motion, but a thin layer of air in contact with water will be
    stagnant and then moving in laminar motion in a direction normal
    to the direction of diffusion. Water vapour will diffuse through this
    layer by molecular diffusion before being carried away by the
    moving air

    The mass transfer process therefore:


    N A = P A /P ( NA + NB) - D AB / RT dPA/ dz
    Since stagnant diffusion layer: NB = 0
    Since diffusion is through constant area at steady state therefore NA =
    constant
    Diffusion occurs from a point z= 0 ( partial pressure of A is pA = PA0) to the
    point z= l (PA = P AL)
    Since total pressure in the medium is uniform
    Rearranging,

    where,

    Considering diffusion of A from point z=0 to any point z=z where


    the partial pressure of A is pA , then equation would become
    Example 2.4
    Problem No 1
    Diffusion of one component through the
    stagnant layer of another component
    Oxygen is diffusing through a stagnant layer of methane 5
    mm thick. The temperature is 20°C and the pressure 100
    kN/m2. The concentrations of oxygen on the two sides of
    the film are 15% and 5% by volume. The diffusivity of
    oxygen in methane at 20°C and 100 kN/m2 is 2.046 x10 -5
    m2/s. (a) Calculate the rate of diffusion of oxygen in kmol/
    m2s (b) What will be the rate of diffusion if the total
    pressure is raised to 200 kN/m2, other conditions
    remaining unaltered?
    Solution
    T = 293 K,
    P = 100 kN/m2
    z = 5 mm = 0.005 m.
    pA1 = 100 x0.15 = 15 kN/m2
    pB1 = (100 - 15) = 85 kN/m2
    pA2 = 100 x0.05 = 5 kN/m2
    pB2 = (100 - 5) = 95 kN/m2
    pBM = (95 + 85)/2 = 90kN/m^2
    𝐷𝐴𝐵∗𝑃 𝑃𝐴𝑜−𝑃𝐴𝑙
    NA= x
    𝑅𝑇𝐿 𝑃𝐵𝑀
    (2.06𝑒𝑥𝑝−5)(100) (15−5)
    NA= x
    (8.314)(293)(0.005) 90
    NA = The rate of diffusion of oxygen
    = 1.87 x10^-8 kmol/m^2.sec
    At 200 kN/m2 pressure: P = 200 kN/m2, DAB =
    (2.046 10 -5) (100/200) = 1.023exp-5 m^2/s.
    pA1 = 200 x0.15 = 30 kN/m2
    pB1 = (200 - 30) = 170 kN/m2
    pA2 = 200 x 0.05 = 10 kN/m2
    pB2 = (200 - 10) = 190 kN/m2
    PBM= (170+190)/2= 180 kN/m2

    𝐷𝐴𝐵∗𝑃 𝑃𝐴𝑜−𝑃𝐴𝑙
    NA= x
    𝑅𝑇𝐿 𝑃𝐵𝑀
    (1.023𝑒𝑥𝑝−5)(200) (30−10)
    NA= x
    (83.14)(293)(0.005) 180
    NA = = 1.87 exp -8 kmol/s.m^2.
    Problem No 2
    Calculation of rate of diffusion of one
    component from data on diffusion of
    another component

    The rate of evaporation of water from a surface


    maintained at a temperature of 60°C is 2.71 x 10 -
    4 kg/s.m2. What will be the rate of evaporation of
    benzene from a similar surface but maintained at
    26°C if the effective film thicknesses are the same
    in both the cases?
    Solution
    Vapour pressure of water at 60°C = 149 mm Hg.
    Vapour pressure of benzene at 26°C = 99.5 mm
    Hg. Diffusivity of air-water vapour at 60°C = 2.6x
    10 -5 m2/s. Diffusivity of air-benzene vapour at
    26°C = 0.98 # 10 -5 m2/s. Atmospheric pressure
    in both the cases = 1.013 # 10^5N/m^2.
    For evaporation of water Rate of evaporation =
    2.71 # 10 -4 kg/m2s = 1.505 x 10 -5 kmol/sm2
    T = 333 K, pA1 = 149 mm Hg = 0.1986 x 10 5
    N/m2
    pB1 = 1.013 x 10 ^5 - 0.1986 x 10^ 5 = 0.8144
    x10^ 5 N/m2
    pA2 = 0, pB2 = 1.013x10^5 N/m^2.
    𝑃𝐵𝑙−𝑃𝐵0
    PBM= 𝑃𝐵𝑙
    ln⁡(𝑃𝐵𝑂)
    1.013𝑒𝑥𝑝5−0.8144𝑒𝑥𝑝5
    PBM= 1.013𝑒𝑥𝑝5
    ln⁡( )
    0.8144𝑒𝑥𝑝5

    PBM= 0.910exp5 N/m^2.


    T = 299 K, pA1 = 99.5 mm Hg = 0.1326 x 105 N/m2
    pB1 = 0.8804 x 105 N/m2,
    pA2 = 0,
    pB2 = 1.013 x 105 N/m2
    pBM = 0.9451 x 105
    -The rate of evaporation of benzene = 4.06 #x10 -6 kmol/m^2.sec

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