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Experiment 7 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : 1.0 Objectives

This document provides an introduction to pulse code modulation (PCM) as a digital modulation technique. It describes the key steps in PCM: sampling an analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the sampled signal amplitudes to standard voltage levels, and encoding the quantized levels into binary codewords. Examples of generating PCM signals using MATLAB are provided but not shown. Exercises ask about the frequency of the signal used in an example and to generate a quantized 2 kHz sinusoid for different quantization levels to calculate the signal to quantization noise ratio.

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Nur Fatihah Husain
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151 views5 pages

Experiment 7 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) : 1.0 Objectives

This document provides an introduction to pulse code modulation (PCM) as a digital modulation technique. It describes the key steps in PCM: sampling an analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the sampled signal amplitudes to standard voltage levels, and encoding the quantized levels into binary codewords. Examples of generating PCM signals using MATLAB are provided but not shown. Exercises ask about the frequency of the signal used in an example and to generate a quantized 2 kHz sinusoid for different quantization levels to calculate the signal to quantization noise ratio.

Uploaded by

Nur Fatihah Husain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (PLT 208) LABORATORY MODULE

EXPERIMENT 7

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

1.0 OBJECTIVES:

1.1 To understand one of digital modulation technique.

1.2 To generate the pulse code modulation (PCM) signal using MATLAB.

1.3 To plot the pulse code modulation (PCM) signal using MATLAB.

2.0 EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS

MATLAB Software

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is essentially an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)


process where the information contained in the instantaneous samples of an analog signal is
represented by digital codewords in a serial bit stream. This can be accomplished by representing
the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude domain.

A PCM signal is generated at the transmitter by carrying out three basic operations: sampling,
quantizing, and encoding. The pulse code modulation (PCM) process samples an input analog
signal, quantizes the sampled signal, and codes the quantized signal into binary-coded digits. A
functional block diagram of a PCM transmitter is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Block diagram of a PCM transmitter.

3.1 Sampling

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (PLT 208) LABORATORY MODULE

It is the process of obtaining an instantaneous value of the input analog signal amplitude at
regular intervals. The signal m(t) entering the sampler is band-limited to B Hz. Usually there
exists a filter with bandwidth B Hz prior to the sampler to cutoff the out-of-band components. The
sampling rate must be sufficiently large so that the analog signal can be reconstructed from its
samples ms(n) with sufficient accuracy. The input analog signal is sampled at a rate higher than
the Nyquist rate to allow for some guard-band. Thus, the sampling frequency, fs, can be restricted
by

fs ≥ 2B (1)

The sampling period is Ts second/sample and it is related to the sampling frequency by

fs = 1/ Ts (2)

3.2 Quantization

It is the process of converting the voltage level of the sampled amplitude to the voltage
value of the nearest standard level, or quantization level. At the end of this stage, the signal mq(n)
will be represented discretely in both time and amplitude. The quantizers can be classified as
uniform quantizers or non-uniform quantizers. In uniform quantization, the quantization regions
are chosen to have equal length where as in non-uniform quantization, regions of variable length
are used.

3.3 Encoding

It is the process of representing a particular quantization level of the analog signal with a
binary codeword. After quantization, the quantized levels are encoded using R bits for each
quantization level. The encoding scheme that is usually employed is natural binary coding (NBC),
meaning that the lowest quantization level is mapped into a sequence of all 0’s and the highest
level is mapped into a level of all 1’s.

4.0 EXAMPLES

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (PLT 208) LABORATORY MODULE

The examples below show how to use MATLAB Software to apply the pulse code
modulation (PCM) technique. Study the source code given and simulate to see the
plotting signal.

EXAMPLE 1:

EXAMPLE 2:

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (PLT 208) LABORATORY MODULE

5.0 EXERCISES

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (PLT 208) LABORATORY MODULE

1. What is the frequency of the analog signal that has been used in the Example 1?

2. Generate a 2 KHz sinusoid with a Peak to Peak Voltage of 2V (+/- 1V), and generate a
quantized signal when N=8 and N=16 levels. Calculate Signal to Quantization Noise
Ratio (SQNR).

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