cfwf/e"t tx pTtL0f{ k/LIff

ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
(Specification Grid)

-gd'gf k|Zg Pjd\ pTt/ s'l~hsf;lxt_

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

o; ;fdu|Lsf] ;jf{lwsf/ o; s]Gb|df ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 . lnlvt :jLs[tlagf o;sf]

k'/} jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljb\o'tLo
;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 clen]vab\w ug{ k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

k|yd ;+:s/0f M @)&)

bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)&@
 e"ldsf
afn aflnsfx¿sf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, l;k / clej[lTtsf] lj:t[t
of]hgf kf7\oj|md xf] . kf7\oj|mdsf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df dfq lzIffsf] u'0f:t/
clej[bl\ w ug{ ;lsG5 . kf7\oj|mdn] ljifout ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo, ljifo j:t', lzIf0f l;sfO
lj|mofsnfk z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof cflbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 .
To;}n] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ pb\b]Zok"0f{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu lzIfsn] kf7\oj|mdnfO{
d"n cfwf/ jf dfWod agfpg'kb{5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg pko'St d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u cfjZos
x'G5 . kf7\oj|mdåf/f lglb{i6 pb\b]Zo s] slt dfqfdf k|fKt eP ePgg\ eg]/ ;xL ¿kdf
d"Nofª\sg ug{ d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ Jojl:yt / j}1flgs agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . d"Nofª\sg
k|lj|mofnfO{ j:t'lgi7 / pb\b]Zok"0f{ agfpg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
x'G5 . To;}n] kf7\oj|mdsf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog xf];\ / d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof j:t'lgi7, ljZj;gLo
/ j}w x'g ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon] of] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf Pjd\ ;f]cg';f/ gd'gf k|Zgkq /
pTt/ s'l~hsf;d]t tof/ u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] .
cfwf/e"t txsf] kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|md @)^( cg';f/ cfwf/e"t tx pTtL0f{ k/LIffsf nflu sIff
* sf] kf7\oj|md Pjd\ kf7\o k':tssf cfwf/df x/]s ljifosf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf agfO{
;f]cg';f/sf gd'gf k|Zgkq / pTt/ s'l~hsf;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psfn] cfwf/e"t txdf lzIf0f
ug]{ ;a} lzIfsnfO{ o;n] u'0f:t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf]
;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfs ju{sf] ePsf] x'“bf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs ldqx¿nfO{ o;sf]
k|of]u ug{ of] s]Gb| ljz]if cfu|x ub{5 .
o; ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf, gd'gf k|Zgkq / pTt/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f ubf{ n]vg, kl/dfh{g Pjd\
cGo ;'emfj lbg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿k|lt s]Gb| cfef/ JoSt ub{5 . To:t} 6fOk n]cfp6,
l8hfOg, efiff ;Dkfbg ug]{ dxfg'efjx¿ klg wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
cGTodf, o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf, gd'gf k|Zgkq / pTt/ s'l~hsfnfO{
cem :t/Lo / j:t'lgi6 agfpg lzIfs, cleefjs Pjd\ ;d:t a'bl\ whLjLx¿af6 /rgfTds
;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
 ljifo ;"rL

j|m=;+= ljifo k[i7 ;ª\Vof

!= ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] kl/ro s

@= g]kfnL !
#= cª\u|]hL !&
$= ul0ft #%
%= ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff ^)
^= lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f *)
&= :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff !))
*= g}lts lzIff !)(
(= k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff !@!
!)= ;+:s[t !##
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf (Specification grid)

!= kl/ro
lzIffsf /fli6«o pb\b]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug]{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwg kf7\oj|md xf] . kf7\oj|mdsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df dfq lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[lb\w x'g ;S5 . kf7\oj|mdsf]
;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf ;fy} d"Nofª\sg
k|0ffnLsf] ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ kf7\oj|mdsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf d"Nofª\sg
k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g h?/L x'G5 .
kf7\oj|mdsf lglb{i6 pb\b]Zox¿ k'/f eP ePgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|lj|mof
d"Nofª\sg xf] . d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ of]hgfab\w tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] dxTTjk"0f{
;fwgdWo] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf Ps xf] . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf clej[bl\w ug{
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ cTofjZos x'G5 . d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{
kf7\oj|mdsf ;Dk"0f kIf ;d]6]/ d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof ;~rfng
ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . xfd|f] jt{dfg z}lIfs k|lj|mofdf d"Nofª\sgsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf
k/LIffnfO{ lnOg] ul/Psfn] k/LIffsf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ j}1flgs cfwf/ to u/L k|Zgkq
lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kf7\oj|mdsf pb\b]Zo k|fKt x'g] u/L kf7\oj|mdsf ;a} ljifo j:t'
;d]6]/ kf7\oj|mdåf/f lglb{i6 d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof ckgfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf ¿kdf
k/LIffnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k/LIff
;~rfng ug'{ cufl8 k|Zgkqx¿ tof/ ubf{ s'g PsfO jf kf7af6 s'g k|sf/sf] k|Zg
;f]Wg], s'g pb\b]Zosf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ s:tf] k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] kIfdf x/]s lzIfsn]
k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ cufl8 dfly plNnlvt s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L tof/ kfl/g] tflnsfnfO{
g} ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf elgG5 . o;/L pSt tflnsfdf kf7\oj|mdsf pb\b]Zo, ljifo j:t',
cª\s ef/, ;do cflbnfO{ Vofn u/L s'g PsfOaf6 s:tf / slt cf]6f k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg], s'g
k|Zg slt cª\ssf] /fVg], s'g k|ZgnfO{ slt ;do lbg], k|Zgdf 1fg, l;k / pRr
IfdtfnfO{ s'g s'g k|Zgaf6 d"Nofª\sg ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf gd'gf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f stf{ / pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f stf{sf nflu
Ps k|sf/sf] dfu{ bz{g jf lgb]{lzsf klg xf] . To:t} lzIfsn] lzIf0f k|lj|mof ;~rfng ubf{
klg s'g ljifo j:t', s;/L, s'g} pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ug]{ eGg] dfu{ lgb]{z klg o;
tflnsfn] ub{5 .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] lzIfs tyf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f stf{nfO{ k|Zgkq agfp“bf ljifo j:t'ut
j}wtf lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . o;df kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zocg';f/ k/LIff / d"Nofª\sg
k|ltlalDat ePsf] x'G5 . k/LIffsf] :t/Lotf, Ps¿ktf / j}wtfsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . o;df l;sfOsf ;Dk"0f{ kIf ;d]l6Psf] x'g'k5{ .
kf7\oj|mdsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qaf6 k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] u/L 1fg, af]w / cGo txsf k|Zgx¿
 lgdf{0f ug{, k|Zg ;ª\Vof, ;do / cª\s lgwf{/0f ug{ tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|lj|mof;d]tnfO{
lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'“bf lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf o;sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
s'g} klg ljifosf] kf7\j|mdcg';f/ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf km/s km/s 9ª\un] lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 . To:t} ljifosf] k|s[lt / :j¿kcg';f/ klg ljlzi6Ls/0f tlnsf lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 .
;fdfGotof ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿df ljrf/ ug{ cfjZos
x'G5 M
-s_ kf7\oj|mdsf ;fwf/0f / ljlzi6 pb\b]Zox¿ -1fg, l;k clej[lTt kIf_
-v_ ljifo j:t'sf If]q / ljwfx¿
-u_ l;sfOsf ljleGg txx¿ ;DemfO, a'emfO, k|of]u, ljZn]if0f, ;+of]hg cflb kIfx¿
-3_ kf7\oj|mdåf/f lglb{i6 kf7\oef/ / ljifo j:t'sf] Jofkstf
-ª_ k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf k|sf/, k|Zgsf] :t/, k|Zg ;ª\Vof, cª\sef/ / ;do
-r_ k|Zg lgdf{0fsf nflu :ki6 dfu{ lgb]{zg
-5_ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/sf] gd'gf k|Zgkq Pjd\ To;sf] pTt/ s'l~hsf .

@= k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ k|of]u x'g] d'Vo lj|mofkbx¿

k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ k|ZgnfO{ dfkgLo, j:t'ut, ljZj;gLo / j}w agfpg w]/} s'/fdf Wofg
k'¥ofpg cfjZos x'G5 . To:t} 1fg, af]w / cGo txsf k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ lglZrt
lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . t;y{ k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ s'g txsf] k|Zgdf s:tf lj|mofkb
k|of]u ug{ pko'St eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu oxf“ s]xL lj|mofx¿ pbfx/0f:j¿k k|:t't ul/Psf]
5M
-s_ 1fg txsf nflu M 1fg txsf k|Zgdf ljifo j:t'sf] 1fgnfO{ hf]8 lbOg] x'gfn]
To;cg'¿ksf lj|mofkbx¿ /fvL k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . h:t}M kl/efiff lbg', JofVof
ug'{, klxrfg ug'{, ;"rL tof/ ug'{, t'ngf ug'{, gfd lbg', /]vfª\sg ug'{, pNn]v ug'{,
n]Vg' cflb .
-v_ af]w txsf nflu M s'g} klg ljifo cWoog u/]/, ;'g]/ jf k9]/ a'em\g] Ifdtf jf l;k
g} af]w ug]{ Ifdtf klg o;df kb{5 . t;y{ o; vfnsf] k|Zgdf 5'6o\ fpg', b]vfpg',
5fGg', ;"lrt ug'{, ¿kfGt/ ug'{, lg0f{o lbg', k'li6 ug'{, pbfx/0f lbg', JofVof ug'{,
t'ngf ug'{ h:tf lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .
-u_ cGo tx M 1fg, af]weGbf pRr bIftf / Jofjxfl/s l;k;“u ;DalGwt k|Zg txnfO{
oxf“ cGo tx elgPsf] xf] . o; txdf ;fdfGo 1fg / a'em\g]eGbf pRr bIftf /
Ifdtfsf] k/LIf0f ul/g] x'gfn] To:t} vfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|Zgkqdf k|of]u
ul/g'kb{5 . h:t}M kl/jt{g ug'{, k|bz{g ug'{, vf]h ug'{, ;'wf/ ug'{, tof/ ug'{, ;DaGw
b]vfpg', ;dfwfg ug'{, ljefhg ug'{, km/s b]vfpg', 5gf]6 ug'{, lj:tf/ ug'{, lgdf{0f
 ug'{, k'gn]vg ug'{, ;f/f+z n]Vg', ljj]rgf ug'{, ljZn]if0f ug'{, ;dLIff ug'{, k'li6 ug'{,
d"Nofª\sg ug'{, 5nkmn ug'{, lrq agfpg', l;h{gf ug'{ cflb .
#= ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u
jt{dfg d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ u/L kf7\oj|mdsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofcg'¿k ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf lgdf{0f ug'{ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ gd'gf k|Zgkq agfO{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{
/ tbg'¿k lzIfs tyf ljb\ofyL{x¿df o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ hfg] afgL a;fNg' cfh ckl/xfo{
eO;s]sf] 5 . kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIo tyf pb\b]Zo k'/f ug{sf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;Dk"0f{ kIfnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/L k|Zgkq tof/ u/L ;f]cg';f/ k/LIff
;~rfng Pjd\ k/LIf0f / k[i7kf]if0f ug{ cTofjZos ePsfn] o;sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5 . d"ntM ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u lgDg lnlvt sfo{sf nflu ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ M x/]s k|sf/sf z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . ljb\ofyL{x¿sf l;sfO pknlAw dfkg ug{ cfjZos
d"Nofª\sg ;fdu|L s:tf] vfnsf], slt ef/sf] x'g] / k|Zg ;ª\Vof h:tf s'/fx¿
cWofkg of]hgfdf /fVg ;xof]u k'Ug] x'“bf d"Nofª\sgsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf
of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
-v_ pko'St k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ M Ps lglZrt ;dofjlwleq kf7\oj|md jf
pb\b]Zocg'¿k ljb\ofyL{x¿sf l;sfO pknlAw d"Nofª\sg ug{ l;sfOsf txcg'¿k
k|Zgx¿sf lglZrt k|sf/ / ;ª\Vof, cª\s ef/, ;do cflb o;df /flvg] x'“bf
k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug{ o;n] ;3fp“5 . t;y{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u
ug{ o;n] ;3fp“5 .
-u_ ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] l;sfOdf clej[bl\ w ug{ M o; tflnsfdf l;sfOsf s'g s'g
txx¿nfO{ dfkg ug]{ / x/]s txsf l;sfOnfO{ slt ef/ lbg eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿
/flvPsf] x'G5 . t;y{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ ;fd~h:o sfod
u/fpg ;lsPdf ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfOdf clej[bl\ w x'g hfG5 . o; tflnsfdf 1fg,
af]w, Jofjxfl/s l;k tyf pRr bIftfdfkg ug]{ u/L k|Zgx¿ txcg';f/ lgdf{0f ug]{
k|lj|mof pNn]v x'g] x'gfn] klg o; tflnsfsf] k|of]u ;xL ¿kdf ePdf ljb\ofyL{sf]
l;sfO clej[bl\ wdf ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfwf/df a'“bfut ¿kdf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ /
k|Zgkq lgdf{0f stf{nfO{ k/LIff / d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;xof]u
k'¥ofp“5 M
• kf7\oj|mdsf pb\b]Zo Pjd\ ljifo j:t'sf ;Dk"0f{ If]q / ljwf ;d]6]/ k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{
• ;do, k"0ff{ªs
\ tyf k|Zg ;ª\Vof olsg ug{
• s'g ljwf jf If]qaf6 s:tf / slt k|Zg lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg]af/]df lgb]{z ug{
• ;a} l;k / bIftf ;d]6g\ ] u/L k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug{
 • k|Zgkq lgdf{0fstf{ / lzIfsnfO{ ky k|bz{g ug{
• k|ZgkqnfO{ Jojl:yt agfO{ Ps¿ktf Nofpg
• k/LIffdf ljZj;gLotf Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{ ljb\ofyL{larsf] pknlAw t'ngf ug{
• kf7sf] pb\b]Zo / ljb\ofyL{sf] pknlAwsf lar t'ngf ug{
• ljb\ofyL{df ;Dk"0f{ If]q / ljwf ;d]6]/ k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{
• z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0fdf d"Nofª\sgsf k|Zg to ug{ o;/L dfly pNn]v ePsf a'“bfn]
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u / dxTTjnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 .
$= cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–
^–*_ sf] ljb\
ljbofyL{
\ofyL{ k|fKtfª\
Ktfªssf]
\ssf] >]0fL lgwf{/0f
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^( df ljb\ofyL{ pTtL0ff{ªs
\ $) k|ltzt,
låtLo >]0fLsf nflu %) k|ltzt, k|yd >]0fLsf nflu ^) k|ltzt / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf nflu
*) k|ltzt x'g]5 .
g]kfnL

1
 ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
k"0ff{ªs
\ – &%
pTtL0ff{ªs
\ – #)
ljifo M g]kfnL
j|m=;+ If]q -k9fO / ljwf ÷ 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof,
\Vof, cª\
cªs
\ ef/ / ;do :ki6Ls/0f
n]vfO_ k/LIf0fLo kIf l;k bIftf
hDdf pTt/ lbg'kg]{ cª\
cªs\ ;do
k|Zg k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof
\Vof ef/ -ldg]6df_

!= zAb e08f/ cy{ n]vg ! ! ! # % kf7df k|of]u ePsf s'g} ^ cf]6f -tT;d, tb\ej /
cfuGt's;d]t kg]{ u/L_ zAbsf] cy{ lbO{ hf]8f ldnfpg
nufpg] .

zAb klxrfg ! ! ! # % kf7df k|o'St cg]sfyL{af6 @, kof{ojfrLaf6 @,

ljk/LtfyL{af6 ! / ;dfj]zs ;dfj]Zoaf6 ! u/L
hDdf ^ cf]6f zAb lgb]{z jf ;ª\s]tadf]lhd n]Vg
nufpg] .

jfSodf k|of]u ! ! ! $ & kf7df k|o'St ljleGg k|s[ltsf zAb -cg's/0ffTds

zAb–!, kfl/eflifs÷k|fljlws zAb –!, pvfg 6'Ssf –
! ;d]t kg]{ u/L_ $ cf]6f zAb lbO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{
nufpg] .

@= lxHh] -j0f{ z'b\wLs/0f ! ! ! @ $ Pp6f zAbdf Pp6f dfq cz'lb\w kg]{ u/L j0f{ ljGof;
ljGof;_ / n]Vo # cf]6f / n]Vo lrx\g ! cf]6f kg]{ u/L $ cf]6f
lrx\g cz'lb\w ePsf] ub\of+z lbO{ z'b\w ug{ nufpg] .

2
j|m=;+ If]q -k9fO / ljwf ÷ 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof,
\Vof, cª\
cªs
\ ef/ / ;do :ki6Ls/0f
n]vfO_ k/LIf0fLo kIf l;k bIftf
hDdf pTt/ lbg'kg]{ cª\
cªs\ ;do
k|Zg k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof
\Vof ef/ -ldg]6df_

! ! ! @ $ x|:jbL3{, o–P, a–j,z÷if÷;, k~rd j0f{, lz/laGb'af6

$ cf]6f ax' j}slNks k|Zg ;f]Wg] .

#= Jofs/0f zAbju{ ! ! ! # % ^ cf]6f ljleGg zAbju{sf zAb /]vfª\sg u/L

5'6o\ fpg nufpg] .

sf/s / ! ! ! ! @ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b jf jfSoaf6 /]vfª\lst kbx¿sf] @

ljelSt cf]6f sf/s 5'6o\ fpg] jf b'O{ cf]6f ljelSt 5'6o\ fpg
nufpg] .

sfn, kIf / ! ! ! # % sfn, kIf / efjaf6 ^ cf]6f wft' ;ª\s]t u/L ^ cf]6f
efj jfSosf vfnL 7fpF eg{ nufpg] .

jfSo kl/jt{g ! ! ! $ & lnª\u, jrg, k'¿if, cfb/ u/L @, jfRo !,

s/0f÷cs/0f !, jfSo sf]l6sf k|Zg ;f]wL jfSo
kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] .

jfSo /rgf ! ! ! $ & lj|mofsf vf; sfn, kIf jf efjsf] sf]6L tf]s]/ Go"gtd
-j0f{g_ $ jfSodf s'g} ljifosf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .

$= af]w -b[i6f+z_ af]w k|Zgf]Tt/ ! ! ! % ( ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿af6 !%) zAb;Ddsf] b[i6f+z
ub\of+z lbO{ To; ;DaGwL Ps jf b'O{ jfSodf pTt/
cfpg] vfnsf s'g} % k|Zg ;f]Wg] .

3
j|m=;+ If]q -k9fO / ljwf ÷ 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof,
\Vof, cª\
cªs
\ ef/ / ;do :ki6Ls/0f
n]vfO_ k/LIf0fLo kIf l;k bIftf
hDdf pTt/ lbg'kg]{ cª\
cªs\ ;do
k|Zg k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof
\Vof ef/ -ldg]6df_

%= a'“bf l6kf]6 / a'“bf l6kf]6 / ! ! ! % ( ub\o ljwfsf kf7af6 !)) zAb;Ddsf] ub\of+z lbO{ $
;f/f+z -b[i6f+z_ ;f/f+z n]vg cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vg nufpg] .

^= lgb]{lzt /rgf syf÷hLjgL jf @ @ ! $ & a'“bf lbO{ syf÷hLjgLaf6 Ps k|Zg jf jfb

jfb ljjfb÷ ljjfb÷;+jfb÷lr7LdWo]af6 s'g} Ps k|Zg u/L b'O{ k|Zg
;+jfb÷ lr7L ;f]Wg] / s'g} Pssf] pTt/ lbg nufpg] .
n]vg

&= efj lj:tf/÷ syf, sljtf, @ @ ! $ & lgwf{l/t ljwfsf @ ljlzi6 kª\lSt lbO{ s'g} Pssf]
JofVof lgaGw÷k|aGw, JofVof, efj lj:tf/ ug{ jf tfTko{ v'nfpg nufpg] .
hLjgL -o;df sljtfsf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{ 5 ._

*= kf7ut k|Zgf]Tt/ syf, sljtf, ! ! ! # @ * !% lgwf{l/t ljwfx¿ syf, sljtf, lgaGw÷k|aGw,

lgaGw÷k|aGw, hLjgLaf6 d"n efj, 36gf, ;Gb]z, rl/q cflbsf
-;ª\lIfKt
hLjgL ;DaGwdf # cf]6f ;ª\lIfKt pTt/fTds k|Zg ;f]wL @
pTt/fTds_
cf]6fsf] pTt/ lbg nufpg] .

tfls{s ! ! ! $ & lgwf{l/t ljwfsf s'g} k|;ª\u lbO{ ljrf/ tyf ts{n]
lzNk÷;d:of k'li6 ug]{ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ vfnsf] k|Zg
;dfwfg ;f]Wg] .

(= ljj]rgf syf, lgaGw÷ @ @ ! * !% syf, lgaGw÷k|aGw / hLjgLdWo] s'g} @ ljwfaf6

k|aGw, hLjgL ljZn]if0ffTds / l;h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{
vfnsf @ k|Zg ;f]wL ! k|Zgsf] pTt/ lbg nufpg] .

4
j|m=;+ If]q -k9fO / ljwf ÷ 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof,
\Vof, cª\
cªs
\ ef/ / ;do :ki6Ls/0f
n]vfO_ k/LIf0fLo kIf l;k bIftf
hDdf pTt/ lbg'kg]{ cª\
cªs\ ;do
k|Zg k|Zg ;ª\
;ªVof
\Vof ef/ -ldg]6df_

!)= :jtGq /rgf lgaGw ! ! ! * !% cfTdk/s Pp6f / j:t'k/s @ cf]6f kg]{ u/L s'g} #
zLif{s lbg] / tLdWo] s'g} ! zLif{sdf !%) zAbdf
g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg nufpg] .

# @ * !) @# !( &% @ 306f
!% ldg]6

5
 k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
j|m=;+ If]q -;'gfO / k/LIf0fLo kIf cª\sef/ :ki6Ls/0f
af]nfO_

!= ;'gfO >'lt n]vg % %) zAb;Ddsf] s'g} Ps cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ sf] >'lt n]vg
u/fpg] .

@= Aff]nfO df}lvs j0f{g % s'g} Ps ljifo, j:t', lrq lbO{ df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] jf
s'g} hfg];'g]sf] syf eGg nufpg] .
;:j/ jfrg !)
kf7leqsf *) zAb;Ddsf ub\of+z -syf, lgaGw jf
hLjgL_ ult, olt ldnfO{ efjcg';f/ ;:j/ k7g ug{
pRrf/0f % nufpg] .
kf7df k|o'St pRrf/0fsf b[li6n] ;d:ofd"ns !) zAbsf]
pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .

hDdf @%

b|i6Jo M
!= -s_ 1fg M o;df k|f/lDes l;sfOsf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . ljlzi6 tYo, k'gM:d/0f, k|fKt ;"rgf / k|ltlj|mofsf]
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ vfnsf k|Zgx¿ o;cGtu{t ;f]lwg] 5g\ .
-v_ af]w M ljb\ofyL{n] l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] JofVof / j0f{g ug]{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ vfnsf k|Zgx¿
o;cGtu{t ;f]lwg] 5g\ .
-u_ Jofjxfl/s l;k M o;df k|of]u ug]{ / ;+of]hg ug]{ h:tf Jofjxfl/s Ifdtf ;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg]
5g\ .
-3_ pRr bIftf M ljrf/sf] ;+of]hg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Ifdtf ;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ o;cGtu{t ;f]lwg] 5g\ .
@= sIff * sf] jflif{s k/LIffdf @% k|ltzt ;'gfO / af]nfOsf] k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 . sIff ^ / & sf]
k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] xsdf eg] lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg !) k|ltzt / cfjlws d"Nofª\sg !% k|ltztsf]
x'g] 5 . cª\ssf] ;dfof]hg ;f]xLcg';f/ ldnfg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
#= ;'gfO tyf af]nfO Ifdtf sdhf]/ -zf/Ll/s tyf af}bl\ ws ¿kdf_ ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf xsdf pgLx¿sf]
Ifdtfcg'¿k d]n vfg] u/L j}slNks k|Zg lgdf{0f u/L k/LIff lng ;lsg]5 . o;sf nflu lhlzsf;“u ;dGjo
u/L ljb\ofno cfkm}“n] klg to ug{ ;Sg]5 .

6
 cfwf/e"t tx
gd'gf k|Zg
sIff M *
ljifo M g]kfnL k"0ff{ªs
\ M &%
;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6 pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M #)

tnsf ;a} k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

k|Zg g+=!= ;d"x ‘s’ df lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ ;d"x ‘v’ af6 klxrfg u/L pTt/ k'l:tsfdf n]v M #
‘s’ ‘v’
HofdL Ps k|sf/sf] 3f“;
;Dkbf dhb'/
s~rg z/L/sf] sDd/eGbf dflysf] efu
lk|Hd ;DklTt
v/ ;kmf
lkl7p“ kf7
kmf]xf]/
lqe'h cfsf/sf] j:t'
Hofnf
k|Zg= g+=@= vfnL 7fp“df pko'St zAb e/ M #
-s_ ‘OHht’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb============xf] . -;Ddfg, a]OHht, k|lti7f_
-v_ ‘sfn’ zAbsf] cy{========= xf]Og . -d[To', ;do, ljs/fn_
-u_ =========== cg]sfyL{ zAb xf] . -;f“rf], rf}“/L, lvof_
-3_ ‘ddtf’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb ============ xf] . -3[0ff, dfof, dftf_
-ª_ ‘k'mn’sf] ;dfj]Zo zAb ============= xf] . -j[If, rd]nL, lkkn_
-r_ =============== cg]sfyL{ zAb xf]Og . -t/, cGg, s/_
k|Zg g+=#= cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M $
5d5d, OG6/g]6, gf“Rg ghfGg] cf“ug 6]9f], b'u{d
k|Zg g+=$= -s_ tn lbOPsf] jfSonfO{
jfSonfO{ z'bw\ kf/L ;f/ M @
u'?n] eGg'eof] ækflg hLjgbfoLgL ;|f]t ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|b";0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg'k5{ .Æ

7
 -v_ tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf6 z'b\w zAb 5fgL n]vM @
-c_ lhljsf lhjLsf hLljsf
-cf_ lalaw ljljw laljw
-O_ cª\u]|hL c+u|]hL cª\/]HfL
-O{_ k|bz{s k|bif{s k|b;{s
k|Zg g+= % /]vfª\
fªlst
\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ 5'6ofpm
\ofpm M #
d of] s'/f ca d]/f ;GtfgnfO{ klg l;sfp“5' lg .
k|Zg g+= ^ tnsf] jfSo k9L /]vfª\
fªlst
\lst zAbsf] sf/s 5'6ofpm
\ofpm M !
;l/tfn] OG6/g]6af6 ;/f]hnfO{ Od]n k7fOg\ .
k|Zg g+= & sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\
;ªs]
\st] sf ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M #
-s_ pgLx¿ 3/df ======= . -a;\M ;fdfGo jt{dfg_
-v_ /f]xg / /ldnf 7'nf ============= . -x'M c1ft e"t_
-u_ t}“n] sfd============ . -u/\M k"0f{ eljiot\_
-3_ ltdLx¿ c;n / Odfgbf/ ====== . -ag\M cf1fy{_
-ª_ cfdf lr7L============= . -n]v\M ;Defjgfy{_
-r_ /fdnvg v'?v'? =============. -lx“8\M ck"0f{ e"t_
k|Zg g+=*= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M $
-s_ pm k':ts k9\5 . -:qLlnª\u_
-v_ ltdL 3/ hfG5f} . -pRr cfb/_
-u_ pgLx¿ es'G8f] v]Nnfg\ . -sd{jfRo_
-3_ k9\g] ljb\ofyL{ ;kmn x'G5 . -cs/0f_
k|Zg g+= ( ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfnsf] k|of]u u/L rf/ jfSodf cfk\
cfkmgf]
\mgf] ldNg] ;fyLsf] af/]df j0f{g u/ . $
k|Zg g+= !)= lbOPsf] ub\
ubof+
\of+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]
5f6f]
]6f] pTt/ b]pm M %
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 cfw'lgs lj1fgn] dfgjnfO{ lbPsf cg'kd pkxf/ x'g\ . h;n] dfgjsf] hLjgdf
cfd"n kl/jt{g NofOlbPsf 5g\ . logLx¿ dfgj hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf pkof]uL 5g\ . b"/ ;~rf/,
x'nfs, jfo';]jf, c:ktfn, lzIff, oftfoft cflb If]qdf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{
alg;s]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/sf] k|of]un] b:tfj]h n]Vg, ;Dkfbg ug{ jf e08f/0f ug{, l56f]eGbf l56f] lxHh]
k/LIf0f ug{ / zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb\ofno tyf dxf ljb\ofnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf
¿kdf klg sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ tyf ljb\ofnosf ljljw sfo{x¿sf]

8
 clen]v /fVg / cGo ljljw sfo{df ;xof]u ug{] ePsfn] o;sf] dxTTj / pkof]lutf a9]sf] 5 .
sIffdf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] / zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ cgnfOg
z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg If]q;“u ;DalGwt gjLgtd ;dfrf/, n]v /rgf,
hLjgL, efif0f OG6/g]6dfkm{t x]g{ / k9\g ;lsG5 . hl6n lx;fa tyf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/sf ;fy}
k9\bfk9\b} s'g} ljifosf] af/]df a'‰g'k¥of] eg] OG6/g]6n] ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . Toltdfq geP/
k':tsfnosf] kx'“r gx'g]sf nflu klg OG6/g]6 lgs} ;xof]uL ;fyL aGg ;S5 .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u sxf“ sxf“ x'G5 <
-v_ sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u s:tf sfo{df ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ OG6/g]6dfkm{t s] s] sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 <
-3_ xfd|f nflu sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 lsg pkof]uL 5g\ <
-ª_ ‘clen]v’ / ‘hl6n’ zAbsf] cy{ n]v .
k|Zg g+= !!= tnsf] ub\
ubof+
\of+zaf6 rf/ cf]6f a'“bf l6kL ;f/f+z n]v M @±#≠%
snfsf/n] ljifo j:t'sf] cfwf/df /ª, u/uxgf, sk8f / u|Gy lrqdf d'vsf] xfpefp ldnfP/ lrq
sf]b{5g\ . snfsf/n] d'Vo b]jtf, ;xfos b]jtf / /fIf;sf] lrqdf leGgfleGg} /ªsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .
u|Gylrq agfp“bf snfsf/n] k|fs[lts /ªsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . u|Gylrq lgdf{0f ubf{ tf8kq Pjd\
ef]hkqnfO{ rsf]{ 3fddf gkg]{ u/L 5fofdf ;'sfOG5 . lognfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfsf/df sfl6G5 /
To;nfO{ kfgLdf 8'afP/ km]l/ 3fddf ;'sfOG5 . clg zª\v jf zflnu|fdn] 3f]6]/ lrNnf] kf/]kl5 dfq
To;df lrq sf]l/G5 . To;nfO{ ls/fn] gsf6f];\ eg]/ xl/tfn gfds ljif klg nufOG5 . lstfasf
kfgfnfO{ Psfk6\l6af6 af“w]/ k':tssf] cfsf/ agfOG5 . k':tssf] aflx/ sf7sf] kftnf] kmNofssf]
uftf /fv]/ af“lwG5 . To:tf u|Gydf n]Vg af“;sf] snd k|of]u ul/G5 .
k|Zg
Zg g++= !@= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm M $
-s_ lbOPsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf tof/ kf/L pko'St zLif{s b]pm M
s'g} Pp6f ;'Gb/ 7fp“========, glhs} le/=======, To; le/sf] 5]pdf 9'ª\uf / df6f] ldn]/ a;]sf=========,
df6f] / 9'ªu\ fnfO{ Ps csf{sf] ;xf/f ldn]sf] =======,= Ps /ft 7'nf] kfgL k/]sf] =========, df6fnfO{
9'ª\ufn] lyr]sf] / 9'ª\ufnfO{ df6fn] ;dfPsf] =======, b'j} hf]lug ;kmn ePsf =========, Ps lbg b'j}df
t“ eGbf d 7'nf] eGg] 3d08 r9]sf]========, Psn] csf{nfO{ dfGg 5f]8]sf=====, km]l/ kfgL k/]sf]=======,
df6fnfO{ kfgLn] aufPsf] =========, 9'ªu\ f] 6'j|m]/ ljgf; ePsf] ====3d08n] ljgfz lgDTofpg] / Pstf g}
an eGg] ;Gb]z ePsf] .
cyjf
-v_ ‘lzIff ;a}sf nflu x'g'k5{’ eGg] ;Nnfx lb“b} cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]v .
k|Zg g+= !#= tnsf dWo] s'g} Pssf] efj lj:tf/ u/ M $
-s_ lxp“b, jiff{, laxfg, ;f“em vl6G5' xf“;]/

9
 df6fsf] u5'{ cr{gf ld7f], ;DaGw uf“;]/
-v_ k|s[lt, jftfj/0f / dflg;sf lardf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 .
k|Zg g+= !$= tnsf dWo] s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] ;ª\
;ªlIfKt
\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M @x$=*
-s_ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfyn] ;flxTosf] ljsf;df lbPsf of]ubfgx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-v_ :jfledfg syfdf g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ;d'Ggltsf nflu s:tf sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] lyof] <
-u_ ‘g]kfn’ sljtfdf sljn] g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] j0f{g s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
k|Zg g+= !%= ‘ldqtf t kb, k|lti7f, 1fg, wg / zlSt ;a} a/fa/ ePsfx¿;“u x'G5’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;“u
ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] 5f}, sf/0f;lxt :ki6 kf/ . $
k|Zg g+= !^= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] ljj]rgfTds pTt/ b]pm M *
-s_ lrqsnfsf] ljsf;df u|Gylrqsf] s:tf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 , ljj]rgf u/ .
-v_ dxfg\ j}1flgs ;/ cfOHofs Go'6gn] cfw'lgs lj1fgsf If]qdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ .
k|Zg g+= !&= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf !%) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]v M *
-s_ lzIff / hLjg
-v_ dnfO{ dg kg]{ 7fp“
-u_ g]kfnsf] hn ;Dkbf

;dfKt

10
 cfwf/e"t tx pTtL0f{ k/LIff
d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg of]hgf / pTt/ s'l~hsf
ljifo M g]kfnL k"0ff{ªs
\ M &%
sIff M * pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M #)

efiff lzIf0f l;kut lzIf0f xf] . efiffsf] d"Nofª\sg l;kut d"Nofª\sg ePsf] x'“bf d"Nofª\sg stf{n] ljb\ofyL{sf]
;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfOsf] pko'St k/LIf0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . d"Nofª\sgdf k/LIfscg';f/ cGt/ gcfcf];\
/ k|bfg ul/g] cª\sdf a9L leGgtf gcfcf];\ eGg] pb\b]Zon] k|:t't pTt/ s'l~hsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 M
k|Zg g+= != zAbfy{ M
lbOPsf zAbsf] ;xL hf]8f ldnfPdf )=% sf b/n] cª\s k|bfg ug{] .
HofdL – dhb'/
;Dkbf – ;DklTt
s~rg – ;kmf
lk|Hd – lqe'h cfsf/sf] j:t'
v/ – Ps k|sf/sf] 3f“;
lkl7p“ – z/L/sf] sDd/eGbf dflysf] efu
k|Zg g+=@
=@ zAb e08f/ M
sf]i7sdf lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/L k'/f ul/Psf] jfSonfO{ )=% sf b/n]
cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
-s_ ‘OHht’ sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb a]OHht xf] .
-v_ ‘sfn’ zAbsf] cy{ ljs/fn xf]Og .
-u_ ‘;f“rf]’ cg]sfyL{ zAb xf] .
-3_ ‘ddtf’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb dfof xf] .
-ª_ ‘k'mn’ sf] ;dfj]Zo zAb rd]nL xf] .
-r_ ‘cGg’ cg]sfyL{ zAb xf]Og .
k|Zg g+= # jfSodf k|of]u M
cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ePsfdf / jfSosf] agf]6 klg z'b\w eP Ps jfSosf nflu Ps
cª\ssf b/n] $ cª\s;Dd k|bfg ug]{ . jfSosf] :t/, eflifs÷Jofs/l0fs cz'bl\ w eP k/LIfsn]
;f]xLcg';f/ cª\ssf] k|of]u ug]{ .

11
k|Zg g+ $= z'bwLs/0f
\wLs/0f M
-s_ k|lt cz'lb\w ;RofP afkt )=% cª\ssf b/n] @ cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
u'?n] eGg'eof], ækfgL hLjgbflogL ;|f]t ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|b"if0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg'k5{ .Æ
-v_ lbOPsf ;d"xdWo]sf k|lt z'b\w zAbsf nflu )=% sf b/n] @ cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
z'bw\ zAb
-c_ hLljsf -cf_ ljljw -O_ cª\u|]hL -O{_ k|bz{s
k|Zg g+= % kbju{÷zAbju{ M
zAbju{sf] ;xL klxrfg u/L n]v]df x/]s ;xL zAbsf] )=% sf b/n] # cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
d – ;j{gfd
of] – ljz]if0f
;Gtfg – gfd
klg – lj|mof ljz]if0f
l;sfp“5' – lj|mofkb
lg – lgkft
k|Zg g+=^ sf/s / ljelSt M
/]vfª\lst kbx¿sf] ;xL sf/s klxrfg u/L gfd;d]t n]v]df )=% cª\ssf b/n] ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
OG6/g]6 – s/0f sf/s
;/f]h – ;Dk|bfg sf/s
k|Zg g+= & sfn, kIf / efj M
sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fp“ e/L jfSo k'/f ul/Psf z'b\w ¿knfO{ )=% cª\ssf
b/n] # cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
-s_ pgLx¿ 3/df a:5g\ . -;fdfGo jt{dfg_
-v_ /f]xg / /ldnf 7'nf eP5g\ . -c1ft e"t_
-u_ t}n
‘ ] sfd u/]sf] x'g] 5;\ . -k"0f{ eljiot\_
-3_ ltdLx¿ c;n / Odfgbf/ ag . -cf1fy{s_
-ª_ cfdf lr7L n]Vg'xf]nf . -;Defjgfy{_
-r_ /fdnvg v'?v'? lx“8b\ } lyof] . -ck"0f{ e"t_

12
k|Zg g+= * jfSo kl/jt{g M
sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jt{g ul/Psf z'b\w ¿knfO{ Ps cª\ssf b/n] $
cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
-s_ pm k':ts k9\5] . -:qLlnª\u_
-v_ tkfO{“ 3/ hfg'x'G5 . -pRr cfb/_
-u_ pgLx¿åf/f es'G8f] v]lnPnf . -sd{jfRo_
-3_ gk9\g] ljb\ofyL{ ;kmn x'“b}g . -cs/0f_
k|Zg g+=( jfSo /rgf -j0f{g_
lbOPsf] sfndf kl/jt{g u/L j0f{g ul/Psf rf/ cf]6f z'b\w jfSonfO{ Ps cª\ssf b/n] $ cª\s
k|bfg ug]{ . j0f{ ljGof;;“u ;DalGwt cz'bl\ w eP eflifs z'bw\ tf ljrf/ u/L cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
gd'gf M
d]/L ldNg] ;fyL ;Ltf laxfg ;a]/} p7\l5g\ . xftd'v wf]P/ pgL u[xsfo{ ul5{g\ . u[xsfo{ l;WofP/ Ps
l5g g]kfnL k9\l5g\ . pgL vfgf vfP/ emf]nf af]sL ljb\ofno hflG5g\ .
k|Zg g+ !)= af]w k|Zgf]Tt/ M
lbOPsf] ub\of+zdf lglxt efjgf / kl/lwdf /xL lbOPsf z'b\w, :ki6, ;/n / 5f]6f -Ps jf b'O{ jfSo_
pTt/nfO{ ! cª\ssf b/n] hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ . ;fdfGo cz'bl\ w ePdf eflifs z'b\wtf ljrf/
u/L cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
k|Zg g+ !!= a'“bf l6kf]6 / ;f/f+z
lbOPsf] ub\of+zsf] d'Vo s'/f ;d]6L l6kf]6 ul/Psf rf/ cf]6f a'“bfsf nflu )=% cª\ssf b/n] / d"n
efj ;d]6L Ps t[tLof+z x'g] u/L ;f/f+z n]v]df eflifs z'b\wtf ljrf/ u/L cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
k|Zg g+= !@= syf÷hLjgL jf jfb ljjfb÷;+jfb÷lr7L n]vg .
c= syf÷hLjgL n]vg
hLjgL÷syf n]vgsf] d"Nofª\sg lgDg cfwf/df ug]{ M
− ljifo j:t'sf] ;+of]hg, df}lnstf / zLif{s !=%
− jfSo u7g / k|:t'tLs/0f @
− eflifs z'bw\ tf -j0f{ ljGof;, jfSo u7g lrx\g k|of]u, kb ;ª\ult_ )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
cf= lr7L n]vgsf] d"Nofª\sg lgDg cfwf/df ug]{ M
− k|:t'lt -;Daf]wg, clejfbg, ldlt, gfd, 7]ufgf, ;dfkg / vfdsf] gd'gf_ !
− ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'sf] ;+of]hg / k':6\of“O !=%
− efiff, z}nL / df}lnstf !
− eflifs z'b\wtf -j0f{ ljGof;, jfSo u7g, lrx\g k|of]u, kb ;ª\ult_ )=%

13
 hDdf $ cª\s
O= jfb ljjfb n]vgsf] d"Nofª\sg lgDg cfwf/df ug]{ M
− ;Daf]wg )=%
− ;Dab\w ljifo j:t'sf] tfls{s k|:t'lt @
− z}nL, lzNk / df}lnstf !
− eflifs z'b\wtf )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
O{= ;+jfb n]vgsf] d"Nofª\sg lgDg cfwf/df ug]{ M
− kl/j]z -:yfg, ldlt, ;do, zLif{s, cf}krfl/stf_ !
− ;Dab\w ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / k'li6 !=%
− z}nL, df}lnstf !
− eflifs z'b\wtf )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
k|Zg g+= !# efj lj:tf/÷JofVof M
efj lj:tf/ jf JofVofsf] d"Nofª\sgdf lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg]
− efjsf] ;lj:tf/ j0f{g jf JofVof -ljifo j:t' / k|:t'lt_ @
− z}nL / df}lnstf !=%
− eflifs z'bw\ tf )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
-s_ d]/f] 3/ -sljtf_
− g]kfn x/]s g]kfnLsf] Kof/f] ;femf wtL{
− g]kfnn] xfd|f] :jfledfg, cl:tTj / k|lti7f hf]ufPsf]
− cfkm\gf] e"ldnfO{ :ju{ agfpg x/t/xn] ;a} kl/>dL agL xftdf xft ldnfO{ xf“;L xf“;L cl3
a9\g'kg]{
− x/]s g]kfnLn] lxp“b, jiff{, ;f“em, laxfg gegL cfkm\gf] kl/>d dft[e"ldsf nflu vr{ ug'{kg]{
− df6fsf] pkf;s eP/ sd{7 eO{ cufl8 a9\g'kg]{
− ;a} g]kfnLx¿ ldn]/ ljsf;, ;'zf;g, pGglt / k|ultsf d"n k'm6fpg'kg]{ efj
-v_ k|s[lt / jftfj/0f -k|aGw_
− dflg; k|s[ltsf] ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL / k|of]u stf{
− k|s[lt ljgfz eP dflg;n] cg]sf}“ ;ª\s6 ;fdgf ug'{kg]{
− :jR5 jftfj/0f geP dflg; c:j:y x'g]
− k|s[lt / jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng eP ltg} ljgfzsf sf/s aGg]
− :jR5, x/fe/f k|s[lt / jftfj/0f agfO{ dflg;;“usf] logsf] gftf bl/nf] agfpg' kg]{ efj

14
k|Zg g+= !$ kf7ut k|Zgf]Tt/ M
;ª\lIfKt k|Zgsf] pTt/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg]
− ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg !=%
− v“lbnf] Pjd\ ;ª\lIfKt k|:t'lt -df}lnstf_ @
− eflifs z'b\wtf )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
-s_ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy -hLjgL_
− ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL tyf dxfg\ ;flxTosf/
− ef/t / aª\ufnb]zsf /fli6«o ufgsf /rgfsf/
− ‘k[YjL k/fho’ gfds gf6s n]vL n]vg cf/De u/]sf
− gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lhTg ;kmn sljtf s[lt uLtf~hnL
− ‘sfa'nL jfnf’ syf / ‘uf]/f’ pkGof;
-v_ :jfledfg -syf_
− k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f / /fHo lj:tf/sf] gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf]
− ltAatsf] af6f] x“b} dª\uf]lnofsf] ;'g leqfP/ Jofkfl/s ;d'Gglt a9fPsf]
− cª\u|]h lj/f]wL b]z;“u ;Dks{ lj:tf/ u/]sf]
− k|mfG;af6 ljz]if1 NofO{ ;]gfnfO{ tflnd lbPsf]
-u_ g]kfn -sljtf_
− g]kfn k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfdf wgL b]z
− gbLgfnf, lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{n] o;sf] zf]ef a9fPsf
− jg hª\un, xl/ofnL, kfvf kv]/f / kz'kG5Ln] o;nfO{ ;hfPsf
− ;Dk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ arfpg'÷hf]ufpg'kg]{
k|Zg g+= !% tfls{s lzNk M
o; k|Zgsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg]
− ljifo j:t'dsf] af]w !
− k|:t'tLs/0f !
− l;h{gfTdstf÷sNkgfzLntf÷tfls{stf !=%
− eflifs z'b\wtf )=%
hDdf $ cª\s
k|Zg g+= !^ ljj]rgfTds k|Zg M
ljj]rgfTds k|Zgsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg] M
− ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg @=%
− ljj]rgfTds k|:t'lt @=%
− z}nL / df}lnstf @
− eflifs z'b\wtf !
hDdf * cª\s
15
 -s_ u|Gy lrq -k|aGw_
− g]kfndf kfOPsf k|frLg lrqx¿ g} u|Gylrq
− u|Gylrq dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;“u} ljljw If]q, ljwf, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt x'“b} cufl8 a9]sf]
− k|frLg sfnb]lv g} u|Gysf] aflx/L / leqL efudf lrq agfOg] ul/Psf]
− ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;/n tl/sfn] a'emfpg k':tssf kfgfsf] 5]pdf /]vflrq jf /ª\uLg lrq agfOg]
ul/Psf]
− sfuhsf] cfljisf/ x'g'eGbf klxnf tf8kq jf ef]hkqdf lrq sf]g]{ ul/Psf]
− b;f}“ ztfAbLsf] k|1f kf/ldtf g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lrqsnfdf cfwfl/t u|Gy ePsf]
− u|Gylrqdf /ª, u/uxgf, sk8f / d'vsf] xfpefp ldnfP/ lrq sf]g]{ ul/Psf]
− u|Gylrqsf dfWodaf6 lrqsnfn] kmNg], km'Ng] / km:6fpg] cj;/ ldn]sf]
− k/Dk/fb]lv ljsl;t ePsf] u|Gylrqn] xfn Jofks ¿k u|x0f u/]sf]
− jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ljleGg lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf]
− o:tf u|Gylrqn] eGg vf]lhPsf ljifo j:t' / dgf]efjgfnfO{ v'n:t ¿kdf a'emfPsf]
− u|Gylrqaf6 g} lrqsnfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] x'“bf o:tf snf / l;knfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL
agfpg'kg]{
-v_ ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g -hLjgL_
− k|ltefjfg\, ;fdYo{jfg / lj1fgsf ;fws Go'6g
− ;g\ !^$@ l8;]Da/ @% df Go'6g l;lgo/ / xfGgf Pl;sdsf ;'k'qsf ¿kdf hGd]sf
− !% jif{sf] pd]/b]lv ul0ft / oGqx¿tkm{ cfslif{t eO{ vf]h / cg';Gwfgdf nfu]sf
− kfgL 38L, w'k 38L / jfo' 38L agfPsf
− Sofns'n; / afOgf]ldon l;b\wfGtsf cfljisf/s
− ;"o{sf /ªnfO{ lk|Hdsf ;xfotfn] 5'6o\ fpg ;lsg] tYo kTtf nufPsf
− s'g} klg j:t'nfO{ rfln; u'0ff 7'nf] b]vfpg] 6]ln:sf]k cfljisf/ u/]sf
− u'?Tjfsif{0f ;DaGwL lgod kTtf nufPsf
− k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/j|mdf ug'{sf] /x:o kTtf nufPsf
− hLjge/ g} vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgdf nflu lj1fgsf] If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf
k|Zg g+= !& lgaGw n]vg M
lgaGwsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg] M
− kl/ro !
− ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg @
− k|:t'tLs/0f, ;+of]hg / j|md ab\wtf @
− df}lnstf / lgisif{ @
− eflifs z'b\wtf !
hDdf * cª\s
;dfKt

16
ul0ft

35
 cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\
kf7oj|
\oj|mddf ul0ft ljifosf] d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] kl/dflh{t kf7\oj|md, @)^( cg';f/ ul0ft ljifosf nflu
d"Nofª\sg Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
!= cfwf/e"t tx
tx -sIff ^–
^–*_ sf] ul0ft lzIf0f d"Nofª\
ofªsgsf
\sgsf d'Vo pb\
pbb]\bZ] ox¿ lgDgcg'¿k 5g\
5g\ M

lglZrt l;sfO pknlAwx¿ ljb\ofyL{n] xfl;n ug{ ;s] jf g;s]sf] k/LIf0f ug]{

ul0ftsf] gof“ kf7 l;Sg cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ eP jf gePsf] hf“Rg]

l;sfO ;xhLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{

ljb\ofyL{ :jod\nfO{ cf˚"n] u/]sf] k|ult ;DaGwL k[i7kf]if0f lbg]

ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] pknlAw dfkg u/L ;f]cg';f/ :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{
;s]df dfq d"Nofª\sgsf] ;xL k|of]u x'g ;S5 . t;y{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f
lj|mofsnfksf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] cfwf/e"t tx -t];|f] r/0f_ df
ljb\ofyL{sf sfo{ tyf pgLx¿sf] k|ultsf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 .
ljb\ofyL{sf] lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ klg jif{sf] cGTodf lnOg] k/LIffdf cfwfl/t dfq gagfO{
ljb\ofyL{sf b}lgs lj|mofsnfk, Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] l;k / Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g
tyf ;'wf/nufot ljleGg ;dodf lnOPsf q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿ / clGtd k/LIff;d]tdf cfwfl/t
agfOg'k5{ .
sIff ^ / & df ^) k|ltzt lg0f{ofTds -cfjlws k/LIff_ kb\wltaf6 / $) k|ltzt lg/Gt/
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg -lgdf{0ffTds_ kb\wltaf6 ljb\ofyL{sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g] 5 .
sIff * sf] ;xhLs/0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof
ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . o; txsf] cGTodf lnOg] jfx\o k/LIffdf eg] ztk|ltzt g} lnlvt k/LIff
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . sIff * df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ kf/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn]
tf]s]adf]lhdsf] 9f“rfcg';f/ ;~rfng x'g] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdf ;xefuL eO{ pTtL0f{ x'g'kg]{ 5 .
lnlvt d"Nofª\sgsf] pTtL0ff{ªs \ $) k|ltzt x'g] 5 .
@= cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^– ^–*_ sf] ul0ftdf ljb\
ljbofyL{
\ofyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\
ofªsgsf
\sgsf nflu ckgfOg] s]xL
k|lj|mof tyf ljlwx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
5g\ M

Jojxf/df cfPsf] ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sg

sIffsfo{ tyf cGo sfo{df ;+nUgtf tyf l;s]sf l;ksf] k|of]u

u[xsfo{ tyf ljleGg lnlvt sfo{

36
#= kf7\
kf7o\ j:t' If]qcg';f/ sIffut kf7\
kf7oef/
\oef/
kf7\
kf7oj:t'
\oj:t' sIff ^ sIff & sIff *
!= Hofldlt #! #( $@
@= lgb]{zfª\s ^ % ^
#= If]qldlt !@ !) *
$= :yfgfGt/0f ( !^ !)
%= ;d"x !% !@ !)
^= cª\s ul0ft ^^ %% $(

&= tYofª\s zf:q * !) !)

*= aLh ul0ft @* @* $)
plNnlvt Joj:yf / sIff * sf] pb\b]Zo, If]qj|md tyf kf7\oj|md lj:t[tLs/0fnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/
dfgL cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ pTtL0f{ k/LIffsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf, gd'gf k|Zg /
pTt/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
k|Zg kq lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf
!= jflif{s k/LIff jif{sf] cGTodf Ps k6s x'g] 5 . ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] tf]s]cg';f/ ;a}
ljifo j:t'x¿af6 k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5g\ .
@= k|Zgx¿ cª\s ef/sf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ;do / ljb\ofyL{sf] :t/cg'¿k ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 .
#= k|Zgsf] cª\s ef/ / pTt/sf] nDafO ;dfg'kflts x'g'kg]{ 5 .
$= k|Zgx¿ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf cg'¿k 1fg, af]w, l;k / ;d:of ;dfwfgcg'¿k tf]lsPsf
PsfO / kf7\oj:t'af6 ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 .
%= k|Zgx¿ :ki6 / bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg] u/L ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] efiffsf] :t/cg'¿k x'g'kg]{ 5 .
pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f
k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf
of] pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIfsx¿nfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg xf] . k/LIf0f k"j{
o;sf] cWoog clgjfo{ ug'{kb{5 . pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ubf{ o;df lbOPsf s'/fx¿ clgjfo{
¿kdf kfng ug'{kg]{ 5 .

37
!= s'l~hsfdf lbOPsf afx]s cGo ;xL j}slNks pTt/nfO{ klg tf]lsPsf] cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
@= s'l~hsfdf lgb]{lzt a'“bfx¿nfO{ cg';/0f ug]{ .
#= pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f /ftf] d;Ln] dfq ug]{ . ;Dk/LIf0f xl/of] d;Ln] dfq ug]{ . pTt/
k'l:tsfdf cgfjZos s]/d]6, c08/nfOg cflb gug]{ .
$= pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ubf{ afof“ lsgf/df dfq cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
%= vfnL kfgf kl5 s'g} st} k|Zgsf] pTt/ u/]sf] 5 ls hf“Rg] .
^= vfnL kfgfx¿df × lrx\g lbP/ sf]l/lbg] .
&= cª\s s]/d]6 ePsf] ;a} 7fp“df 5f]6f] b:tvt ug]{ . cª\s s]/d]6 ePsf] 7fp“df l6k]S;
k|of]u ub}{ gug]{ .
*= pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0fkZrft\ k/LIfsn] b:tvt g} ug]{, 5fk gnufpg] .
(= cfk"mnfO{ lbOPsf] pTt/ k'l:tsfdf cGo ljifosf] pTt/ k'l:tsf k/]sf] eP t'?Gt pTt/
k'l:tsf a'em]sf] lgsfodf lkmtf{ ug]{ .
!)= s'g} pTt/ k'l:tsf clgoldt jf rf]/L ePsf] :ki6 k|df0f jf 7x/ eP ;f]xLcg';f/sf]
hfgsf/L;lxt ;DalGwt lgsfodf lkmtf{ ug]{ .
!!= cª\s lb“bf ;s];Dd bzdnadf glbg], lbg'kbf{ 0.5 sf] ckjTo{df dfq cª\s lbg] .
!@= s'g} k|Zgsf nflu cª\s k|bfg ubf{ Pp6} lnlk, lxGb' c/]ljs 1, 2, 3, 4...... jf b]jgfu/L
!, @, #, $====== cª\s dfq k|of]u ug]{ .
!#= s'g} k|Zgsf] pTt/ g]kfnL / s'g} cª\u|]hL dfWoddf lbPsf] eP tfklg l7s -;xL_ 5 eg]
pTt/ cg';f/ cª\s lbg] .
!$= Pp6} pTt/ k'l:tsfdf Ps eGbf a9L x:t n]vg ePsf] cj:yfdf k/LIfsn] pTt/
k'l:tsfdf s}lkmot n]v]/ dfq k|fKtfª\s lbg] .
!%= pTtL0ff{ªs\ sf] glhs cª\s k|fKt ug]{ (35-40)% / k"0ff{ªs\ sf] glhs jf clwstd cª\s
k|fKt ug]{ (90-100)% pTt/ k'l:tsfx¿ k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ / ljb\ofyL{n] s[kfª\s kfP/
pTtL0f{ x'G5 eGg] dg;fon] pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f gug]]{ .
ul0ft ljifodf pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ubf{
ubf{ cª\
cªsg
\sg ug]{ tl/sf
!= cª\sg ug{] cj:yf
-s_ pTt/ s'l~hsf n]lvPs} r/0fdf pTt/ lbPsf] /x]g5 t/ k/LIf0f stf{nfO{ pTt/
lbg] r/0f pko'St nfu]df k'/} cª\s k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-v_ pTt/ s'l~hsfdf lbPsf] tl/sfafx]s csf]{ l7s tl/sf k|of]u u/]df ;f] r/0f
(step) jf glthfsf nflu cfjZos cª\s lbg'kg]{ 5 .
-u_ pTt/ s'l~hsfdf n]lvPsf k"/} r/0f pNn]v gul/Psf] eP tfklg k/LIf0f stf{nfO{
pko'St / kof{Kt xf] eGg] nfu]df k'/} cª\s lbg ;lsg] 5 .

38
@= cª\s 36fpg] Joj:yf
-s_ k|Zgdf lbOPsf] a'“bf jf cª\s unt k9L ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]df k|Zgsf] pb\b]Zodf
km/s gk/]sf] eP s'l~hsfcg';f/ cª\s lbg'kg]{ 5 . t/ k|Zg unt ;f/] afkt
clwstd ! cª\s ;hfo :j¿k 36fpg ;lsg] 5 . o;sf nflu ;d:ofsf] ;du|
;dfwfgdf Pp6} unt cª\s jf a'“bf ;f/]sf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-v_ nfdf] k|Zgdf cfjZostfcg';f/ PsfO gn]v]df a9Ldf ! cª\s;Dd 36fpg] .
-u_ uNtL tl/sf k|of]u u/]df jf ;"q uNtL n]v]df k'/f cª\s glbg] jf 36fpg] .
-3_ Hofldlt / cGo cfjZos :yfgdf lrq gagfPdf jf gldn]sf] lrq agfPdf jf
k|df0feGbf kl5 lrq agfPdf k'/f k|Zgsf] cª\s glbg] jf 36fpg] .
-ª_ yfxf lbOPsf] jf l;b\w ug'{kg]{ / /rgf jf k|df0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf cIf/x¿
k/LIffyL{n] lvr]sf] lrqdf km/s ePdf jf k|Zgdf lbOPcg';f/ gePdf ;f] k|Zgsf]
pTt/df cª\s glbg] jf %)∞ ;Dd cª\s 36fpg] .
-r_ olb /rgf n]v]sf] t/ lrqdf gb]vfPdf To;/L ul/Psf] ;dfwfgnfO{ cª\s -)_
lbg] .
#= k|lj|mof gn]v]sf]df Joj:yf
-s_ olb k|lj|mof gn]v]sf] v08df df}lvs ¿kdf ug{ ;Sg] eP pTt/ ldn]df cfjZos
cª\s lbg] .
-v_ pTt/df gn]v]sf r/0fx¿ df}lvs ug{ g;Sg] ePdf tL r/0fx¿sf] cª\s 36fpg]
t/ k|lj|mof k'/f u/]sf]df cfjZostfcg';f/ cª\s lbg] .
$= pTt/ s'l~hsf clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|of]u / kfngf ug'{kg]{ 5 . k|ToIf ¿kdf cª\s lbg'kg]{ 5
/ To;df plNnlvt afx]s c¿ cª\sx¿ ljefhg u/]/ lbOg] 5}g .
%= pTt/ s'l~hsfdf k|of]u ul/Psf lrx\gx¿sf] cf[g} kl/ro x'g] 5 .

39
 Basic Level Final Examination
Specification Grid - 2069
Sub : Mathematics Class - 8

S.N Areas Level of Knowledge & Skills Problem

Objectives Understanding Solving

Types of Very Short Short Short Longs Longs

Remarks
Questions

Time Allocations
Total Marks
Topics

No of ques.

No of ques.

No of ques.

No of ques.

No of ques.
Marks

Marks

Marks

Marks

Marks
1. Line & Angles 1 1 1 2

2. Triangle, 1 2 2 8
1 GEOMETRY Parallelogram 10 22 40
and Polygon Minutes

3. Similarity and 2 4
Congruency

4. Circle 1 1 1 2

5. Solid Shapes 1 2

CO-ORDINATES 5

40
2 GEOMETRY 6. Co-ordinates 1 1 1 2 2 3 Minutes

3 MENSURATION 7. Perimeter, Area 1 2 1 4 2 6 11

and Volume Minutes

4 TRANSFORMATION 8. Transformation 1 4 2 5 9
Minutes
9. Bearing and 1 1
Scale Drawing

5 SETS 10. Sets 1 1 1 2 1 4 3 7 13

Minutes

11. Whole
Number
1 1 1 2 1 4 3 7

12. Integer

13. Rational
6 ARITHMETIC Number 38
Minutes
14. Real Number

15. Ratio, 1 2
Proportion &
4 14
Percentage

16. Profit & Loss 1 4

17. Unitary 1 4
Method

41
 18. Simple 1 4
Interest

7 STATISTICS 19. Statistics 1 1 1 2 1 4 3 7 13

Minutes

20. Algebraic 1 1 1 2 3 12
Expression
8 ALGEBRA 12 29 51
Minutes
21. Indices 1 1 2 4

22. Equation, 1 1 2 4 1 4
Inequality &
Graphs

Total 10 10 3 6 14 28 10 40 4 16 41 100 180

Minutes

Question Group, No of Question, Mark & Time allocation

Question Group No. of questions Marks for each question Total Marks Time Allocation Remarks

Group-A (Very-short) 10 1 10 18 Minutes

Group-B (Short) 17 2 34 62 Minutes

Group-C (Long) 14 4 56 100 Minutes

42
 gd'gf kZgkq

ljifo M ul0ft k"0ff{ªs

\ M 100
sIff M 8 pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M 40

;a} k|Zg clgjfo{ 5g\ .

;d"x æsÆ [10 x 1 = 10]

1. -s_ lbOPsf] lrqdf x sf] dfg slt x'G5 <

(In the given figure, what is the value of x ?)

x 30°
B C
O
-v_ olb s'g} Pp6f j[Ttsf] cw{Jof; r ;]=dL= eP To;sf] kl/lwsf] gfk slt x'G5 < kTtf nufp .
(If the radius of a circle is r cm, find the measure of its circumference?)

2. -s_ lbOPsf lrqdf ;/n /]vf AB n] agfPsf] x v08 slt x'G5 <
(What is the x-intercept made by the straight line AB in the given figure?)

O
A

43
 -v_ A af6 B sf] lbzfl:ylt n]v . B
N
(Write the bearing of B from A.)

75°
A

3. -s_ lbOPsf] e]g lrqsf] cfwf/df A ∪ B sf] ;d"x n]v .

(Write the set A ∪ B from the given Venn diagram.)
U
4 12
6 14
2
8
10
A B

-v_ lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] l/t dfg s'g xf] <

(Which is the mode of the data given below?)
120, 125, 130, 125, 135

4. -s_ lbOPsf] ljhLo cleJo~hsx¿df ;femf u'0fg v08 kTtf nufpm .

(Find the common factor in the given algebraic expressions)
x(a-b), y (b-a)

-v_ olb x ≠ 0 eP x° sf] dfg slt x'G5 <

(What is the value of x° ? if x ≠ 0)

5. -s_ olb 3x + 2 = 23 eP x sf] dfg kTtf nufpm .

(If 3x + 2 = 23, then find the value of x)
-v_ 12 nfO{ k~rfwf/ kb\wltdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .
(Convert 12 into base quinary numeration system.)

;d"x ævÆ [17 x 2 = 34]

6.-s_ lbOPsf] lrqaf6 x sf] dfg kTtf nufpm .

(Find the value of x from the given figure)

(3x + 10°)

(4x – 10°)

44
 -v_ cfoft / ju{sf Psfk;df gldNg] b'O{ cf]6f u'0fx¿ n]v .
(Write down the two distinct properties between rectangle and square.)
-u_ lbPsf lqe'hdf s'g s'g cg'¿k 5g <
(Which triangles are congruent in the given triangles ?)
X
P
A 6cm B 7cm
7cm
7cm
6cm Z
7cm 10cm 10cm
R
12cm Y
Q
C

7.-s_ lbPsf] lrqdf EF//GH 5 eg] ∆EFO ∆OGH k|dfl0ft u/ .

(In the given figure EF//GH, Prove that ∆EFO~ ∆OGH)

E G

F H

22
-v_ olb Pp6f j[Ttfsf/ /f]6Lsf] Jof; 14 ;]=dL 5 eg] pSt /f]6Lsf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf < (π = )
7

(If the diameter of a circular chapatti is 14 cm, what will be its area ? ( π = 22 )
7
-u_ Pp6f 3gsf] hfnL agfpm .
(Draw the net of a cube)

8. -s_ olb Pp6f cfotsf] nDafO 8 ;]=dL= / rf}8fO 6 ;]=dL= 5g\ eg] pSt cfotsf] ljs0f{sf] nDafO
slt xf]nf <
(If a rectangle has its length 8cm and breadth 6cm, then what will be the length a
diagonal of the rectangle ?)
-v_ laGb'x¿ A (4, 3) / B(7,-1) larsf] b'/L kTtf nufpm .
(Find the distance between the points A(4, 3) and B(7,-1).

45
 -u_ olb L = {20 eGbf ;fgf lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x } / P = {30 eGbf ;fgf ¿9 ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x}
eP ;d"x L∩P nfO{ e]g - lrqdf b]vfpm .
(If L = {set of odd numbers less than 20} and P = {set of prime numbers less than 30},
then show the set L∩P by drawing a Venn - diagram.}

9.-s_ ;/n u/ (Simplify) : (20-4) + {8 x (2+4)}

-v_ s'g} sIffdf 40 hgf ljb\ofyL{ 5g\, tL eWo] 4 hgf cg'kl:yt eP eg] pkl:yt ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof k|ltztdf
lgsfn .
(There are 40 students in a class, 4 of them are absent, then find the percentage of the
present students.)

-u_ tn lbOPsf tYofª\sx¿sf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos ( x ) kTtf nufpm .

(Find the arithmetic mean ( x ) of the given data.)

12, 10, 15, 14, 16, 25, 18, 22

10. -s_ a2-b2 = (a+b) (a-b) x'G5 egL lrqdf b]vfpm .

(Show a2-b2 = (a+b) (a-b) in a diagram.)
-v_ 3ftfª\ssf] lgod k|of]u u/L ;/n u/ . (Simplify by using the law of indices):
(3xy2)3 x (2x2y)

x m+n × ym−n
-u_ olb x = 5, y = 2, m = 2 / n = 3 eP m−n m+n sf] dfg kTtf nufpm .
x ×y

x m+n × ym−n
(If x = 5, y = 2, m = 2 and n = 3, find the value of .)
x m−n × ym+n

11.-s_ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf b]vfpm (Show in a number line): 5x < 30

-v_ lbOPsf] ;dLs/0fnfO{ n]vflrqdf b]vfpm (Show the given equation in a graph):
x+y=2

;d"x æuÆ [14x 4 = 56]

12. sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/L Pp6f e'hf 6 ;]=dL= ePsf] lgoldt if8e'hsf] /rgf u/ .
(Construct a regular hexagon with 6cm the side of by using the compass.)

13. ;dlåafx' lqe'hsf cfwf/sf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ egL k|of]uåf/f b]vfpm .
-km/s km/s gfksf b'O{ cf]6f lrq clgjfo{ 5g\ ._

46
 [(Experimentally verify that the base angles of isosceles triangle are equal.
(Two figures of difference measures are required)]

14. zLif{laGb' P(4,5), Q(1,10) / R(0,-2) ePsf] ∆PQR nfO{ n]vflrqdf cª\sg u/L 4 PsfO afof“ / 3
PsfO tn lj:yfkg u/L pSt lqe'hnfO{ n]vflrqdf k|:t't u/ .
(Plot the ∆PQR in the graph whereas its vertices are P(4,5), Q(1,0) and R(7,-2). Again
plot in the graph of the displacement triangle when it is displaced 4 unit right and 3 unit
below.)

15. /fd hfgsL df=lj=sf] sIff * sf] jflif{s k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt 100 hgf ljb\ofyL{dWo] 60 ul0ftdf, 50
lj1fgdf / 20 hgf b'j} ljifodf pTtL{0f eP eg] b'j} ljifodf slt hgf ljb\ofyL{ cg'TtL0f{ eP xf]nfg <
e]g lrq k|of]u u/L kTtf nufpm .
(Out of 100 students who appeared in grade 8 annual examination of Ram Janaki
Secondary School, 60 students passed Mathematics, 50 Science and 20 students in both
subjects. How many students failed in both subjects ? )

16. Pp6f cfoftsf/ sf]7fsf] nDafO, rf}8fOsf] bf]Aa/ / prfO nDafOsf] Ps ltxfO 5 . olb ;f] sf]7fdf
972 3g dL= xfjf c6]sf] 5 eg] ;f] sf]7fsf] e'Os
“ f] If]qkmn lgsfn .
(The length of a rectangular room is double of its breadth and height is one third of the
length. If the room contains 972 cubic meter of air, find the area of floor of the room.)

17. Pp6f sDKo'6/ ;]6 ¿= 40,000 df laj|mL ubf{ 25% gfkmf eof] eg] o;sf] j|mod"No slt xf]nf < kTtf
nufpm .
(What will be the cost price of a computer set when it is sold in 40,000 with the profit of
25% ? Find it.)

18. s'g} Pp6f sfd k'/f ug{ 20 hgf sfdbf/nfO{ 15 lbg nfU5 . pSt sfd 12 lbgdf l;Wofpg slt hgf
sfdbf/ yKg' knf{ <
(20 laborers take 15 days to complet any work. How many laborers must be added to
complete the same work in 12 days ?)

19. s'g} wg/fzLsf] 3 dlxgfdf jflif{s 1

5 % Aofhb/n] Aofh ¿= 66 x'G5 eg] ;f] wg/fzL -;f“jf_ kTtf
2
nufpm .
(Find the principal money if its interest in 3 months with 5 1 % per annum is Rs.66.)
2

20. ;/n u/ (Simplify): 6 24

− + 2 48 − 3 8
2 12

21. tn lbOPsf tYofª\snfO{ j[Tt lrqdf k|:t't u/ M

47
 (Present the data given below in a pie chart)

ljlzi6 >]0fL k|yd >]0fL låtLo >]0fL t[tLo >]0fL

(Distinction) (First Div.) (Second Div.) (Third Div.)

40 56 32 16

22. v08Ls/0f u/ M (Factorize)M y2 and x2 + 4x + 3

25x 2 − 2xy +
25

23. d=;= kTtf nufpm M (Find the HCF): x2 + 6x + 8, x2 – 4 and x2 + 4 x + 4

24. ;/n u/ M (Simplify)M x2 − 5x + 6 x − 3
+
x2 − 9 x+3

25. xn u/ M (Solve): 3x2 – 11x – 20 = 0

pTt/ s'l~hsf
ljifo M ul0ft
sIff M *
;d"x æsÆ
1.-s_ lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df x = 150° n]v]df 1.0
(x+30° = 180° jf ;/n /]vfsf] sf]0f 180° eg]/_
-v_ j[Ttsf] kl/lw (C) = 2πr n]v]df 1.0
2.-s_ x v08 – 3 xf] jf OA = -3 n]v]df 1.0
3.-s_ ∠NAB = ∠075° n]v]df 1.0
-v_ A∪B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} n]v]df 1.0
-u_ l/t dfg 125 egL n]v]df 1.0
4.-s_ x(a-b), -y(a-b) 0.5
;femf u'0fg v08 = (a–b) 0.5
-v_ x = 1, 2 n]vL x° = 1° jf 2° 0.5
x° = 1
5.-s_ 3x = 23 – 2 0.5
48
 x=7 0.5
-v_ 5 12 2
10
2 0.5
= 225 0.5
;d"x ævÆ
6. -s_ PsfGt/ sf]0f a/fa/ x'G5g\ . 0.5
or, 4x – 10° = 3x + 10° 0.5
or, 4x – 3x = 10°+10° 0.5
∴ x = 20° 0.5
-v_ – cfoftsf ;Dd'v e'hfx¿ ;dfgfGt/ / a/fa/ x'G5g\ . 0.5
– cfoftsf ljs0f{x¿ ;dlb\weflht x'G5g\ . 0.5
– ju{sf ;a} e'hfx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ . 0.5
– ju{sf ljs0f{x¿ ;dsf]0f x'gu/L ;dlb\weflht x'G5g\ . 0.5
-jf o:t} Psfk;df gldNg] 2/2 cf]6f u'0fx¿ n]v]df_
-u_ ∆ABC / ∆XYZ df
i. AC = XZ = 7 -e'=_ 0.5
ii. BC = YZ = 10 -e'=_ 0.5
iii. AB = XY = 6 -e'=_ 0.5
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ -e'=e'=e'=_ 0.5

E G
7. -s_ oxf“, EF//GH 5 To;}n] EH 5]bs xf] .

F H
i. ∠EFO = ∠OGH -PsfGt/ sf]0f_ 0.5
ii. ∠FEO = ∠GHO -PsfGt/ sf]0f_ 0.5
iii. ∠EOF = ∠GOH -zLiff{led'v sf]0f_ 0.5

49
 ∴ ∆ DEFO ∼ ∆GHO -;ª\ut sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ ePsfn]_ 0.5
d 14
-v_ lbPsf] /f]6Lsf] Jof; (d) = 14 cm, cw{Jof; (r ) = = = 7 cm 0.5
2 2

If]qkmn (A) = πr2 0.5

22
= ×7×7 0.5
7

= 154 sq.cm. 0.5

-u_ 2

-o:tf] k|sf/sf] net sf] diagram agfPdf_

8. -s_ D C

6cm
0.5
A B
8cm

AB = 8cm, BC = 6xm, AC = ?
oxf“, h2 = p2 + b2 (∆ABC ;dsf]0f ∆ ePsfn]_ 0.5
= (8cm)2 + (6cm)2 0.5
= (64 + 36)cm2
= 100cm2 = (10 cm)2
∴ AC = h = 10cm 0.5
-v_ A(4, 3) B(7,-1) 0.5

(x1,y1) (x2, y2)

AB = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 0.5

= (7 − 4) 2 + (−1 − 3) 2 0.5

= (3 ) 2 + ( − 4 ) 2

50
 = 9 + 16

= 25 0.5
= 5 units
-u_ L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19} 0.5

P = {2, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}

L ∩ P = {5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} 0.5

U 2,
1,
23,
3, 5, 7, 29
9, 11,
15 13,
17,
L∩P
19

L P

9. -s_ (20-4) + {8 x (2+4)}

= 16 + {8 x (6)} 0.5
= 16 + {8x 6} 0.5
= 16 + 48 0.5
= 64 0.5
-v_ hDdf ljb\ofyL{ = 40
cg'kl:yt ljb\ofyL{ = 4
pkl:yt ljb\ofyL{ = hDdf ljb\ofyL{ - cg'kl:yt ljb\ofyL{ 1.0
= 40 – 4 = 36

pkl:yt ljb\ofyL{ k|ltzt = pkl:yt ljb\ofyL{ x 100

hDdf ljb\ofyL{ 1.0

36
= × 100 = 90%
40

51
 12 + 10 + 15 + 14 + 16 + 25 + 18 + 22
-u_ X= 1
8
132
= = 16.5 1
8

10.-s_
a–b

a 1+1

a–b
b

2 b
b b a
a–b
a+b

-v_ 33x3y2X3 x 2x2y1 0.5

= 27 x 2.x3+2 . y6+1 0.5
= 54x5y7 1.0

2+3 2−3
-u_ 5 2 − 3 × 3 2 + 3
5 ×3
−1
= 5 − 1× 3 5
5
1
5 ×3

55+1 56  5 
6

= = =  1
35+1 36  3 
11-s_ 5x < 30

or, x< 30 1.0

5

∴ x <6 1.0

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-v_ x = 2-y

x 2 0 -2

y 0 2 4

o; tYofª\snfO{ Graph df b]vfPdf 2

52
12. n=6
n−2 6−2 4
(i) leqL sf]0f = × 180 ° = × 180 ° = × 180 ° = 120° 1.0
n 6 6

(ii) AB = 6cm Pp6f /]vfv08 lvRg] .

(iii) laGb' B df 120° sf] sf]0f lvRg] / 6cm sf] rfkn] sf6L C gfd lbg] . 1.0
(iv) laGb' C df 120° sf] sf]0f lvRg] / 6cm sf] rfkn] sf6L D gfd lbg] .
o:t} u/L D df klg 120° sf] sf]0f lvRg] E, F ;Dd ug]{ / F / A hf]8g\ ] .
(v) ca, rflxPsf] ABCDEF tof/ eof] .

D
E

F
120°

6cm B
A

13. km/s cfwf/ ePsf] b'O{ cf]6f ;dlåafx' lqe'hx¿ lvRg] .

A
(i) A

B C
B C
-s_ -v_
(ii) k|f]6o\ fS6/sf] k|of]u u/]/ b'j} lqe'hsf sf]0fx¿ gfk]/ tnsf] tflnsfdf eg]{

lrq g+= ∠ABC ∠BCA kl/0ffd

s ∠ABC =
∠BCA

v
(iii) dflysf] tflnsfaf6 ;dlåafx' lqe'hsf cfwf/sf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .

53
14. The points are displaced 4 units right and 3 units below.
The displaced points are P (4, 5) P' (4+4, 5-3) = P' (8, 2) 1
Q (1,0) Q' (1+4, 0-3) = Q' (5, -3) 1
R (7, -2) R' (7+4, -2-3) = R' (11, -5)

dflysf] tYofª\snfO{ u|fkm k]k/df b]vfPdf . 1+1=2

15. n(U) = 100
n(M) = 60
n(S) = 50 0.5
n(M ∩ S) = 20
no(M)= ?

n( M ∪ S ) = ?
n(M ∩ S) = n(MUS) – no(M) – n(S) 1
20 = n(MUS) – 40 – 30
∴n (MUS) = 90
n(MUS) = n(U) - n( M ∪ S ) 1

90 = 100 - n( M ∪ S )

n( M ∪ S ) = 10 b'j} ljifo k]mn ePsf

∴n0(M) = 40 hgf ljb\ofyL{ ul0ftdf dfq kf; ePsf 0.5

16. sf]7fsf] nDafO = l

sf]7fsf] rf}8fO = b
sf]7fsf] prfO = h
1
oxf“, l = 2b or b = l
2
1
h= l
3
xfjfsf] cfotg = sf]7fsf] cfotg
972sq. m = l x b x h

54
 1 1
= l× l× l
2 3

l3
=
6
l3 = 6 x 972
l3 = 2 x 3 x 9 x 9 x 3 x 2 x 2
= 23 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3x 3
= 23 x 36
l = 2 x 32
∴ l = 18cm

b= 1 1
l = × 18 = 9cm
2 2

sf]7fsf] If]qkmn = l x b
= 18 x 9
= 162 sq.m

17. ljj|mo d"No = 40,000 (S.P)

gfkmf % = 25% (P)
j|mo d"No = x dfgf}“ (C.P)
lj=d"= = j|m=d"= + gfkmf 1

40,000 = x + 25 × x 0.5
100

=x+ x 0.5
4

= 5x
4
5x = 40,000 x 4 0.5

x = 40,000 × 4 0.5
5

∴ C.P = x = Rs. 32000 0.5

55
18. Pp6f sfd 15 lbgdf k'/f ug{ 20 hgf sfdbf/ rflxG5 . 1.0
Pp6f sfd 1 lbgdf k'/f ug{ 20 X 15 hgf sfdbf/ rflxG5 . 1.0
20 × 15
Pp6f sfd 12 lbgdf k'/f ug{ hgf sfdbf/ rflxG5 . 1.0
12

Pp6f sfd 12 lbgdf k'/f ug{ 25 hgf sfdbf/ rflxG5 . 1.0

yk rflxg] sfdbf/ 25 – 20 = 5 hgf rflxG5 .
19. lbPsf]
1 11
Aofhb/ (R) = 5 %= %
2 2
3 1
;do (T) = 3 dlxgf = = jif{ 1.0
12 4

Jofh (I) = Rs. 66

d"nwg -;fjf“_ P = <

I = PTR 0.5
100

P = I × 100 0.5
TR
66 × 100
or, = 0.5
1 11
×
4 2

= 66 × 100 × 8 = Rs.4800 0.5

11

6 24
20. − + 2 48 − 3 8 1.0
2 12

= 3 × 2 − 8 × 3 + 2 16 × 3 − 3 4 × 2 1.0
2 4×3

8 3× 3
= 3− + 2 × 4 3 − 3× 2 2 1.0
2 3

= 3 −4 3 +8 3 −6 2 0.5

= 5 3 −6 2

56
21.

ljlzi6 >]0fL k|yd >]0fL låtLo >]0fL t[tLo >]0fL hDdf

40 56 32 16 144
hDdf ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof = 144 hgf
144 hgf = 360°
° °
 360  5 
1 hgf =   = 
 144   2  1.0

>]0fL ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof s]Gb|sf]0f

ljlzi6 >]0fL 40 40 x 5 = 100°
2 1.0
k|yd >]0fL 56 56 x 5 = 140°
2

låtLo >]0fL 32 32 x 5 = 80°

2

t[tLo >]0fL 16 16 x 5 = 40°

2

hDdf 144 360°

57
 ;ªs]t
ljlzi6 >]0fL
k|yd >]0fL
2
låtLo >]0fL
t[tLo >]0fL

y2
22. 25x − 2xy+
2

25
2
y y
= (5x ) − 2(5x ).  +  
2
1
5 5
2
 y
=  5x −  1
 5
x2+4x+3
= x2+x+3x+3 1
= x(x+1)+3(x+1)
= (x+1)(x+3) 1

23. klxnf] cleJo~hs = x2+6x+8

= x2+4x+2x+8
= x(x+4)+2(x+4)
= (x+2)(x+4) 1
2
bf];|f] cleJo~hs = x -4
= x2 - 22
= (x+2)(x-2) 1
t];|f] cleJo~hs = x2+4x+4
= x2+2x+2x+4
= x(x+2)+2(x+2) 1
= (x+2)(x+2)

58
 ∴d=;= = ltg cf]6} cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;femf u'0fg v08
= (x+2) 1
x 2 − 5x + 6 x − 3
24. +
x2 − 9 x+3

x 2 − 3x − 2 x + 6 x − 3
= + 1
x 2 − 32 x+3
x(x − 3) − 2(x − 3) x − 3
= + 1
(x + 3)(x − 3) x +3

(x − 3)(x − 2) x − 3
= + 1
(x + 3)(x − 3) x + 3
x−2+ x −3
= 1
x+3
2x − 5
=
x+3

25. 3x2–11x–20 = 0
or, 3x2–15x+4x–20 = 0 1
or, 3x(x–5)+4(x–5) = 0 1
or, (3x+4) (x–5) = 0
olb 3x + 4 = 0 eP

∴x= −
4
1
3

olb x – 5 = 0 eP
∴x=5

59
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff

60
 cfwf/e"t tx -sIff *_ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf -;}b\wflGts_
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\
hg;ªVof
\Vof lZfIff

PsfO If]q 3G6L 1fg / af]w k|of]ufTds tyf ;dfnf]rgfTds clej[lTt k|Zg ;ª\Vof cª\s s}lkmot
vf]hd"ns l;k lrGtg l;k ef/
&%

clt ;ª\lIfKt

clt ;ª\lIfKt

clt ;ª\lIfKt

clt ;ª\lIfKt
clt ;ª\lIfKt

;ª\lIfKt

;ª\lIfKt

;ª\lIfKt

;ª\lIfKt

;ª\lIfKt
nfdf]

nfdf]

nfdf]
nfdf]

nfdf]
!= xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh !$ ! ! ! ! & Jflif{s k/LIffdf
;}b\wflGts &%
@= xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / !^ ! ! ! ! & cª\s /
DffGotf
k|of]ufTds @%
#= ;fdflhs ;d:of / !^ ! ! ! ! & cª\s u/L hDdf
;dfwfg !)) cª\s x'g]
$= gful/s r]tgf !( ! ! ! ! ( 5 eg]
pTtL0ff{ª\s
%= xfd|f] k[YjL @) ! ! ! ! (
;}b\wflGtsdf #)
^= xfd|f] ljut !& ! ! ! ! & cª\s /
k|of]ufTdsdf !)
&= xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk !% ! ! ! ! & /xg] 5 .
*= xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw !$ ! ! ! ! &
/ ;xof]u
(= hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro / @@ ! ! *
hg;fª\lVos cj:yf
!)= hg;ª\Vof j[lb\w / @@ ! ! ! ! &
Joj:yfkg
hDdf !&% & # ! ! @ ! ! ! ! ! ( & # &%

61
k|Zgsf k|sf/ k|Zgsf] ;ª\Vof / cª\s ef/ ;do

clt ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] ( k|Zg X ! cª\s = clt ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] ( X !=( =
(cª\s !& ldg]6

;ª\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] & k|Zg X ^ cª\s = $@ ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] & X !) = &)
cª\s ldg]6

nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] # k|Zg X * cª\s = @$ nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] # X !^ = $*

cª\s ldg]6

!( k|Zg = &% cª\s hDdf !#% ldg]6

62
 k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\
ofªsgsf]
\sgsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf

ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\

hg;ªVof
\Vof lZfIff cfwf/e"t tx -sIff *_
ljbo\ fyL{sf] l;h{gfTds sfo{ % l;kd"
;kd"ns sfo{ % vf]hd"ns sfo{ % ;fd'bflos sfo{df gd'gf Jojxf/ k|bz{g % hDdf
gfd ;xeflutf % cª\
cªs
\

c p d ;f lg c p d ;f lg c p d ;f lg c p d ; lg c p d ;f lg
p * * * * p * * * * p * * * * p * * * * p * * * *!
* # @ ! * $ # @ ! * $ # @ ! * $ # ! * $ @
% $ % % % @ % #

* c p ≠ clt pTtd, p ≠ pTtd, d ≠ dWod, ;f ≠ ;fdfGo, lg ≠ lgDg

gf]6M dfly plNnlvt zLif{sleq lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M
l;h{gfTds sfo{ M syf, sljtf, uLt, jSt[Tjsnf, ;+jfb, e"ldsf clego, lr7L,;DkfbsLo cflb .
l;kd"
l;kd"ns sfo{ M ;"rL, tflnsf, :tDelrq, j[Ttlrq, ;do /]vf, gS;f, of]hgf, k|ZgfjnL, k|ltj]bg cflb lgdf{0f .
vf]hd"ns sfo{ M cjnf]sg, cGtjf{tf{, tYofª\s ;ª\sng, ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f cflb .
63
;fd'bflos sfo{df ;xeflutf M ljleGg ;fd'bflos sfo{ -af6f], rf}tf/f], wf/f, ljb\ofno cflb
lgdf{0f / ;/;kmfO, c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, ljjfx, j|taGw h:tf
sfo{df ;xof]u / ;xeflutf cflb_

gd'gf
gf Jojxf/ k|bz{g M g]t[Tj lng], ldn]/ sfd ug]{, c¿k|lt ;lxi0f' x'g], ;dGjo ug]{,
pNn]vgLo k|ltef k|bz{g ug]{, ;dfhdf pTs[i6 Jojxf/ k|bz{g
cflb .

k'gZr M ljb\ofyL{n] u/]sf sfo{sf] lgoldt ¿kdf clen]v /fvL ;f]sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kb{5 . k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf] pTtL0ff{ªs
\ !) cª\s x'g] 5 .

64
sIff M* k"0ff{ff{ªs
\ M &%
ljifoM ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\
g;ªVof
\Vof lzIff pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M #)
Subject: Socail Studies and Population Education ;do M @ 3= !% ld=
;d"x s -Group A )
clt ;ª\
;ªlIfKt
\lIfKt pTt/
pTt/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿
gx¿ M (Very short answer questions) ( X! Ö(
k|Zg g+= != ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] s'g} Ps pb\b]Zo pNn]v u/ .
Mention any one objective of School Sector Reform program
k|Zg g+= @ ltdL a;]sf] If]qdf cjl:yt s'g} Ps ;DkbfnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
ug{'kgf{sf s'g} Ps cfwf/ n]v .
Write down any one base to enlist a heritage located at your residential
area to the world heritage site .
k|=g++= #= e|i6frf/ x'g'sf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]v .
Write any two reasons of corruption.
k|=g+= $= ;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
What is inclusion ?
k|=g+= % gS;fdf :s]n RF !M!)))))) n] jf:tljs b'/L slt hgfp“5 <
What is the exact distance in real ground denoted by RF 1:1000000 in a
map ?
k|=g+=^= $@ ;fnsf] kj{ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < Ps jfSodf n]v .
What do you mean by '42 Salko Parva' ?. Write it in a sentence.
k|=g+=&= s'g} /fi6«n] slt kl/df0fdf gf]6 5fKg] egL lgwf{/0f ug{ s'g lgsfo;“u cg'dlt
lng'k5{ <
Which agency's permission is required to a country to mint the quantity of
notes?
k|=g+=*= ljb]zl:yt s'6gLlts lgof]u :yfkgf ugf{sf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f dxTTjx¿ n]v .
Give any two importance of establishment of diplomatic agency in foreign
country ?
k|=g++= (= ;dfhsf nflu Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ dxTTjk"0f{ JolStTj x'g\, lsg < s'g} Ps sf/0f
n]v .
Elder citizens are important persons for our society. Why? Write any one
reason.

65
 ;d"x …vÚ -Group B__
\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ M-M-Short answer questions _
;ª\
;ªlIfKt &X^Ö
& ^Ö $@
k|Zg g+= !)= g]kfndf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfsf s'g} ltg cf]6f If]qx¿sf] pNn]v u/L 5f]6s/Ldf
j0f{g u/ .
Explain briefly any three sectors of development potentialities in Neapl.
k|Zg g+=!!= æcfcfkm\gf] klxrfg sfod /fVb} ljsf;sf] sfddf h'6g\ ' k5{ . xfd|f] hflt, efiff jf
wd{ km/s x'g ;S5,cfk;df ldn] dfq ljsf; x'g ;S5 .Æ
"We should move forward together for development maintaining our
identity. Our identity like caste, race, language, religion may differ but the
development is possible only in the unity of us."
-s_ dflysf] cg'R5]b s'g ;fdflhs kIf;“u ;DalGwt 5 < !
a) Which aspect of the society is the above paragraph related to ?
-v_ dflysf ljrf/;“u ltdL sltsf] ;xdt 5f}“ < ;xdltsf s'g} % cf]6f a'“bfx¿
k|:t't u/ . %
b) How far do you agree with the opinions mentioned above ? Present
your five points to support it .
k|Zg g+ !@= ;dfhdf nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, ;'zf;g / af}bl\ ws knfog;“u ;DalGwt hg r]tgf
hufpg] Ps Ps cf]6f gf/f tof/ kf/ . ^
Prepare a slogan each on drug addiction, good governance and brain drain
to create awareness in the society.
k|=g+=!#= g]kfnsf] zfxj+zLo /fhtGqsf] Oltxf;df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx k|hftflGqs /fhf lyP .
s;/L < o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ ^ cf]6f ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ . ^
Prithivi Narayan Shah was democratic king in the history of Shah dynasty .
How ? Present six logics to justify this statement.
k|=g+=!$ Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] dxTTj kf“r a'“bfdf k|i6 kf/ .
!+ % =^
What is trade ? Clarify the importance of foreign trade in Nepal in five
points.

66
k|=g+=!%= c;+nUg cfGbf]ngsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;df g]kfnn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ rf/ a'“bfdf
pNn]v u/ . @ + $= ^
Introduce Non - aligned Movement. State the role played by Nepal on it in
four points.
k|=g++= !^= ljlgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf pd]/ut hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 ;DaGwdf Ps ;j]{If0f
ul/g\ . pSt ;j]{If0faf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] tYofª\s k|fKt eof] . o;nfO{ j[Tt lrqdf
b]vfpm . @±$≠^
Binita made a survey on population composition by age in her society. She
obtained the following data. Now prepare pie-chart on it.

pd]/ ;d"x (Age group) ;ª\Vof (Number)

1 0-14 50

2 15-39 66

3 40-59 32

b\w 60 above 12

v08 u -Group C _
nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ -Long answer question) # X *Ö @$
k|=g++= !&= tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfpm / To;df s'g} rf/ cf]6f gful/s bfloTjx¿ n]vL
ltgsf] kfngf gubf{ x'g] rf/ c;/x¿ klg n]v . $±$≠ *
Draw a table given below and mention any four civic responsibilities with
their effects each if not obeyed them.

Gfful/s bfloTj (civic responsibilities) c;/x¿ (Effects)

67
k|=g++= !*= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm b]pm .
Answer the following questions.
-s_ ltdL a;]sf] :yfg s'g tfk d08ndf kb{5 < Toxf“ s:tf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5,
sf/0f;lxt n]v < . !±@≠ #
In which temperate zone does your locality belong to ? What type of
climate is found there ? Write with reasons.
-v_ g]kfnsf] /]vfª\lst gS;f sf]/ / To;df tnsf tYox¿ pko'St ;ª\s]t k|of]u
u/L e/ . @±#≠ %
Draw an outline map of Nepal and fill up the following facts by using the
appropriate symbols (index). ;u/dfyf lxdfn (Mount Everest_, ;'b"/
klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q (Far Western Development Region), n'lDagL
(Lumbini)
k|=g++= !(= hg ;fª\lvsLsf] kl/ro b]pm / hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ s] s] x'g\
5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/ . @±^≠*
Give an introduction of demography and explain the determinant factors of
demographic changes.

cª\sg of]hgf -Marking Scheme_

clt ;ª
;ªlIfKt
\lIfKt k|Zgsf] pTt
pTt/
Tt/ / cª\
cªs
\ g of]hgf
!= ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf pb\b]Zox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
-s_ ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf ;j} afn aflnsfx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'“r lj:tf/ ug'{
-v_ z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[bl\ w ug'{
dfly pNn]lvt pb\b]Zo jf To:t} ldNbf] s'g} Ps pb\b]Zo n]v]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
@= s'g} wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts jf k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fVg ;lsg] cfwf/x¿
-s_ ljZjdf snf, ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbfsf] clåtLo gd'gfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
-v_ Toxf“sf] P]ltxfl;s, ;f“:s[lts jf k|fs[lts w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
-u_ ljZjnfO{ cd"No of]ubfg lbg ;Sg]
-3_ cfGtl/s Pjd\ afx\o ko{6g uGtJosf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
oL / o:t} ldNg] Ps cfwf/ k|:t't u/]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .

68
#= e|i6frf/ x'g] sf/0fx¿dWo] tnsf jf To:t} ldNg] s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]v]df k|To]ssf] )=%
cª\ssf b/n] ! cª\s lbg] .
— nf]e nfnrdf km:g'
— wgk|ltsf] df]x
— hg r]tgfsf] cefj
— Odfgbfl/tfdf sdL
$= tn pNn]v ul/P h:t} ldNg] kl/efiff lbPdf ! cª\s lbg] .
;dfhdf ePsf ;a} hft hflt, wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, / km/s zf/Ll/s cj:yf ePsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ /fHosf ljleGg tx / lgsfodf ;dfj]z÷ ;xefuL u/fpg' g} ;dfj]zLs/0f
-Inclusion_ xf] .

%= !) ls=ld= egL lx;fa u/L b]vfPdf ! cª\s lbg], h:t}

!)))))) = !) ls=ld=
!)) ;]=ld= x !))) ld
^= wL/ zDz]/sf 5f]/fx¿åf/f k|wfg dGqL /0ff]lbk l;+xsf] xTof u/L ;Ttf sAhf ul/Psf]
36gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df $@ ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . of] 36gf lj=;+= !($@ ;fndf
ePsf] lyof] egL pTt/ n]v]df jf cGo ldNbf] pTt/ n]v]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
&= ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3cGtu{tsf] cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if ( International Monetary Fund) egL pTt/
n]v]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
* ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]u :yfkgf ug'{kgf{{sf sf/0fx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
— cf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fi6«x¿lardf ;"rgfx¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug{
— k|j]zf1f lbg] sfo{sf nflu
— b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{sf nflu
— cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf gful/snfO{ ljb]zdf ;'/Iffnufot cGo cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg jf o:t} ldNg] s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]v]df )=% sf b/n] ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
(= ;dfhdf h]i7 gful/sn] cfkm\gf cg'ejx¿ ;'gfP/ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg ;S5g\ .
h]i7 gful/saf6 xfdLn] ljleGg k|sf/sf 1fg / l;k l;Sg ;S5f} .
o:t} ldNg] s'g} Ps dxTTj n]v]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .

69
 ;ª\
;ªlIfKt
\lIfKt k|Zgsf] pTt/
pTt/ / cª\
cªs
\ g of]hgf
!)= g]kfndf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfsf If]qx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
— u|fdL0f ko{6g
— hn ljb\o't
— h8La'6L
— vlgh
— jg k}bfjf/
— s[lif
— Jofkf/ Joj;fo
— pb\of]u snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf;
— a}ªs \ / ljTtLo If]qsf] ljsf;
dfly plNnlvt If]qx¿dWo] jf cGo ldNbf # cf]6f If]qsf] gfd pNn]v u/]df k|To]ssf] )=%
cª\ssf] b/n] !=% cª\s k|bfg ug]{ / k|To]ssf] 5f]6f] JofVof u/]df !=% cª\ssf] b/n] $=%
cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
!!= -s_ ;fdflhs ;b\efj n]v]df ! cª\s k|bfg ug]{
-v_ ;xdltsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf % a'“bf jf cGo ldNbf a'“bfx¿ k|:t't u/]df k|To]s a'b“ fsf]
! cª\ssf] b/n] a9Ldf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
— cfk;L d]nldnfk sfod ug]{
— e]befj gug]{
— Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
— ldn]/ sfd ug]{
— csf{sf] ;'vb'Mvdf ;xefuL x'g]
— ljljwtfdf /dfpg]
!@= tnsf h:t} ldNg] ltg cf]6f gf/fx¿ agfPdf k|To]ssf] @ cª\ssf b/n] ^ cª\s lbg] .
— o'jfsf] cfjfh, b'Jo{;g d'St ;dfh
— xfdL ;a}sf] rfxgf, ;'zf;gsf] sfdgf
— lsg hfG5f} ljb]z < k/fOsf] bf; x'g, :jb]z d} >d u/] kmnfpg] 5f} ;'g};'g .
!#= k[YJfLgf/fo0f zfx k|hftflGqs /fhf lyP lsgeg] pgn]
— hgtfn] rfx]sf JolSt sfn' kf08]nfO{ sfhL kb lbPsf lyP .
— 3'; lng] / lbg] b'j} /fi6«sf zq'x¿ x'g\ egL e|i6frf/ lj?b\w hgtfsf] kIfdf lbJo
pkb]z hf/L u/]sf lyP .
— g]kfn rf/ j0f{ 5TtL; hftsf] ;femf km'naf/L xf] egL ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] pRrtd
;Gb]z k|jfx u/]sf lyP .
— ljb]zLx¿;“u o'b\w u/L g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] ;+/If0f u/]sf lyP .
— hgtfsf] vfb\ofGg / /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ pj{/ e"ld / vfgL ePsf 7fp“df 3/
gagfpg' eg]sf lyP .
70
 — hg rfxgfcg'¿k sf7df8f}n “ fO{ g} /fhwfgL agfPsf lyP . jf o:t} ldNg] ^ cf]6f
a'“bfdf pTt/ n]v]df ! cª\ssf b/n] a9Ldf ^ cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
!$= j:t' jf ;]jfx¿sf] ljlgdo jf vl/b laj|mLnfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . jf o:t} ldNg] pTt/ n]v]df
! cª\s k|bfg ug]{
tn pNn]v u/]h:t} ldNg] kf“r cf]6f a'“bfdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] dxTTj bzf{Pdf % cª\s
k|bfg ug]{ .
— /fli6«o cfodf j[bl\ w
— /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf
— ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng
— cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/
— ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g cflb .
!%= bf];|f] ljZj o'b\wsf] cGTokl5 ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ k'“hLjfbL / ;fDojfbL b'O{ w||'jdf
ljeflht eP tyflk oL b'j} ;d"xdf cfab\w geO{ ;a} d'n's;“u ;dfg / t6:y ;DaGw /fVg]
pb\b]Zon] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /fi6«x¿sf] ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ c;+nUg cfGbf]ng elgG5 eGg] pTt/
lbPdf @ cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
tn pNn]v u/] h:t} c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf $ a'“bfdf n]v]df k|To]s
a'“bfsf] ! cª\ssf b/n] $ cª\s
— z:q c:qsf] xf]8afhLdf nfUg' x'b}g egL ljZj k|rf/df ;+nUg ePsf]
— c;+nUg cfGbf]ngsf] ;+:yfks /fi6« eO{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf]
— ;g\ !(^! df a]nu|]8df ePsf] ;Dd]ngb]lv xfn;Ddsf ;a} lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf
;xeflutf hgfPsf] .
— c;+nUg cfGbf]ngsf] l;b\wfGtnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf u/]sf]
— ;a} l5d]sL Pjd\ ldq /fi6«x¿;+u ;dfg / t6:y ;DaGw :yflkt u/]sf] .
!^= lx;fa u/L l8u|Ldf kl/0ft u/]df @ cª\s k|bfg ug]{
zLif{s;lxt ;kmf / pko'St ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/L j[Tt lrq tof/ kf/]df $ cª\s k|bfg ug]{

71
 d]/f] ;d'bfosf] pd]/ut hg;ªVofsf]
\Vofsf] agf]6
0-14 15-39 40-69 60+

7%

31%
20%

42%

nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] k|Zgsf] pTt/ / cª\

cªs
\ g of]hgf
!&= tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ rf/cf]6f gful/s bfloTjx¿ n]v]df $ cª\s / gful/s bfloTj
kfngf gubf{ x'g] rf/ c;/x¿ n]vd] f $ cª\s u/L * cª\s lbg] .
gful/s bfloTj (civic responsibilities) c;/x¿ (Effects)
!= sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ != czflGt / c;'/Iff x'G5 .
@= s/ ltg'{ @= /fHosf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ x'G5 /
#= ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ;xefuL x'g' ljsf;sf sfdx¿ x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
$= ;fj{hlgs ;DklTtsf] ;b'kof]u / ;+/If0f #= oftfoft, lah'nL, kfgL, h:tf ljsf;sf
ug'{ . k"jf{wf/x¿s]f sdL eO{ ;d:of pTkGg
x'G5 .
$= ;fj{hlgs ;DklTt dfl;g ;S5 .

!*= -s_ pi0f d08n egL n]v]df ! cª\s lbg] . cfkm\gf]

gf] :yfgdf ePs]f xfjfkfgL klxrfg u/L
sf/0f n]v]df @ cª\s u/L # cª\s lbg] .
h:t} M d a;]sf] 7fp“ l;Gw'kfNrf]s #) l8u|L cIff+zleq kg]{ x'gfn] pi0f d08ndf
kb{5 . oxf“ lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lxp“bdf
bdf w]/} hf8f] x'G5 / udL{ dlxgfdf s]xL
Gofgf] x'G5 . oxf“ c;f/ ;fpgdf jiff{ x'G5 . xfdL a;]sf] 7fp“ lxdfnL k|b]zdf kb{5 .
of] 7fp“ ;d'b| ;txaf6 w]/} prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . prfO a9\b} hf“bf bf tfkj|md 36b\ } hfg]
x'gfn] pi0f d08ndf k/]/ klg xfdL a;]sf] :yfgdf lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOPsf] xf] .
-v_ g]kfnsf] gS;f pko'St / ;kmf sf]/]df @ cª\s k|bfg ug]{ / lbOPsf tYox¿ pko'St
;ª\s]tåf/f gS;fdf b]vfPsf k|To]s TfYosf] ! cª\ssf] b/n] # cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .

72
 ;ª\s]t
;u/dfyfÖ

n'lDagLÖ

!(= hg ;fª\lVosLsf] zflAbs cy{;lxt

;lxt dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf] cWoog ug]{ ljifo hg ;fª\lVosL xf]
egL kl/ro lbPdf @ cª\s / hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ hGd, d[To' / a;fO“
;/fOsf] 5f]6s/L j0f{g u/]df @ cªs\ sf b/n] ^ cª\s u/L hDdf * cª\s lbg]

73
 k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf] gd'gf

-s_ lr7L n]vg

;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
ldlt M @)&)÷!)÷@)

Kof/L ldq,
w]/} w]/} ;Demgf Û
ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq kfP“ . xfd|f k/Dk/fx¿sf af/]df lh1f;f /fv]sL /lx5f} . cToGt v';L
nfUof] . of] kqdfkm{t s]xL dfqfdf eP klg ltd|f] lh1f;f d]6g\ ] k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
xfd|f] b]z g]kfn ljleGg k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltn] el/k"0f{ d'n's xf] . oxf“ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]rs
k/Dk/fx¿ k|rngdf 5g\ . tLdWo] xfd|f] l5d]sdf /x]sf g]jf/ hfltdf k|rlnt u'7L k/Dk/f Ps
dxTTjk"0f{ k/Dk/f xf] . of] k/Dk/fcg';f/ ;d'bfosf ;a} g]jf/ hfltsf dflg;x¿ u'7Lsf ;b:o
x'G5g\ . u'7Lsf d'Vo dfG5]nfO{ ysfnL elgG5 . ysfnLn] eg]sf] ;a}n] dfG5g\ . u'7Ldf sfdsf]
af“8kmf“8 ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] sfddf ;a}sf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf x'G5 . o;n] ;dfhdf d]nldnfk
sfod ub{5 . xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf y'k|} k/Dk/fx¿ k|rngdf 5g\ . ltgsf af/]df n]Vb} u/f}“nf . ltld
klg ltd|f] ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fsf af/]df klg n]Vb} u/ x} .

pxL ltd|L ;fyL

;Demgf kl/of/

lr7Lsf dfWodaf6 afn aflnsfn] cfk\mgf wf/0ffx¿ JofVof ug]{ l;k ljsf; u5{g\ . To;}n]
sltko lj|mofsnfkdf lr7L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . lr7Ldf ;Daf]wg, ;'?jft, d'Vo ljifo j:t'sf]
k|:t'lt / 6'ªU\ ofpg]nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljb\ofyL{sf lj|mofsnfksf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 .
-v_ :tDe lrqsf] gd'gf
tYofª\snfO{ ;/n 9ª\uaf6 a'em\g] u/L k|:t't ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf lrqfTds ljlwx¿sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . /]vf lrq, :tDe lrq, j[Tt lrq, u|fkm cflbsf dfWodaf6 tYofª\sx¿ k|:t't
ug]{ ul/G5 . tLdWo] :tDe lrq Ps ;/n ljlw xf] . o;n] tYofª\snfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf
a'em\g dbt ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf] tYofªsnfO{ x]/f}“ . o:tf] :tDe lrq agfp“bf
74
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ pko'St :s]nsf] k|of]u u/L k|:t't ug'{kb{
kb{5 . k|i6 a'lemg] zLif{s lbP/
:s]nsf] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . lrq ;kmf x'g'kb{5 . ljb\ofyL{
ofyL{n] agfPsf o:tf /fd|f
:tDe lrqx¿sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofªs \ gsf j|mddf clen]v /fVg' kb{5 . ;fy} pSt lrqx¿nfO{
k|of]ufTds kmfOndf ;dfj]z u/L d"Nofªs\ g ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg
ef}uf]lns k|b]z If]qkmn k|ltzt

lxdfnL k|b]z 15

kxf8L k|b]z 68

t/fO{ k|b]z 17

g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg -k|ltztdf_

80

60 68

40

20
15 17
0
lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z

75
-u_ ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f
@)!# nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{
ldlt d'Vo 36gfx¿ 36gf ljZn]if0f
@)!# km]a|'c/L !% ?;L zx/ r]NofljG:ssf] cfsfzdf 7'nf] rdssf ;fy !) 6gsf] k'R5|]tf/f ljikmf]6 . pSt ;g\ @)!# ljZj ljleGg
pNsf lk08af6 pl56\l6Psf 6'j|mfx¿ nfu]/ ! xhf/ JolSt 3fOt] eP eg] y'k|} 3/sf l;;fx¿ 36gfj|mdn] rrf{df /x\of] .
km'6]sf lyP . Psflt/ k|fs[lts ljklTt /
aª\unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf /x]sf] ufd]{G6 sf/vfgf /x]sf] /fgf Knfhf elTsbf ! xhf/ ! ;o dfgjLo åGån] ljZj cfj|mfGt
@)!# clk|n @$
>ldssf] d[To' /x\of] eg] csf]{lt/ lj1fg /
@)!# l8;]Dj/ !% b]lv leotgfdn] ¥ofkm\l6ª / ;d'Gb|df ul/g] hf]lvdk'0f{ sfd, krf; lsnf] k|ljlwdf gof“ gof“ rdTsf/
@)!# l8;]Da/ !% b]lvP . o;} jif{ zflGtsf cu|b't
eGbf a9Lsf] tf}n prfNg], 3f6 / dfgjsf zj Joj:yfkg Pjd\ d[To' ;+:sf/;“u ;DalGwt
sfddf dlxnfnfO{ k|ltaGw nufPsf] g]N;g d08]nfsf] cj;fg eof] .
blIf0f clkm|sfsf /ª\ue]b lj/f]wL g]tf g]N;g d08]nfsf] d[To' n}ª\lus ;jfndf o; jif{ k|Zf:t
@)!# l8;]Da/ % jx;x¿ eP eg] g]kfndf
@)!# gf]e]Da/ * xfofg gfdsf] cf“wLn] lkmlnlkG;df b'O{ ;'Gb/ låk ;d/ / n]6nfO{ tx;gx; kfg'{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf];|f] k6ssf]
@)!# l8;]Da/ lrgn] rfª O –# /f]j/ ld;gnfO{ rGb|dfsf] ;txdf k'/o\ fof] . l8;]Da/ klxnf] ;ftf k[YjLaf6 r'gfj ;DkGg eof] .
p8]sf] pSt ld;g rGb|Dffsf] pTt/L uf]nfw{df Hjfnfd'vLsf] k7f/ Onfsfdf cjt/0f u/\of] .
of] rGb|dfdf k'UGf] t];|f] / $) jif{df klxnf] dfgj/lxt /f]j6 ld;g xf] . o;df df6f] / r6\6fg
af/] hfgsf/L lng ;Sg] /f8f/ 5 .
@)!# l8;]Da/ !* ef/tdf $$ jif{kl5 e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL hgnf]skfn lannfO{ tNnf] ;bg nf]s;efn] kfl/t u/\of]
. of] k|wfg dGqL, dGqL / s]Gb|Lo hf“r Jo'/f] -l;ljcfO{_ nfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] cwLgdf /fVg]
;fj{ef}d ;DkGg ljw]os xf] .
@)!# gf]e]Dj/ !( Gf]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf];|f] k6ssf] r'gfj ;DkGg ePsf] 5 h;df sl/a *) k|ltzt
dtbfg ePsf] lyof] .

76
d"Nofª
ofªsgsf
\sgsf cfwf/x¿
-s_ jif{sf ;a} dlxgfsf 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/P gul/Psf]
-v_ 36gfx¿df ljljwtf /x]÷g/x]sf]
-u_ 36gfn] ;fdflhs cWooogsf ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]÷gu/]sf]
-3_ 36gf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t / TfYout eP gePsf] cflb cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

ljb\ofno kl/;/ ;/;kmfO
kl/ro M xfdL cWoog/t >L zflGt pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno afuL, c3f{vfrLn] cfkm\gf] lgoldt sfo{j|mdcGtu{t
;d'bfo / lzIfssf] ;+nUgtfdf ljb\ofno kl/;/ ;/;kmfO sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;k6s xfdL sIff * df
cWoog/t ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] a}7sn] pSt sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] lg0f{o u¥of] . To; ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs cWoog
ljifosf lzIfs / k|wfgfWofks;“u klg k/fdz{ u¥of}“ . klxn] g} to ePsf] sfo{j|mdcg'¿k ut c;f]h # ut]
;d'bfosf JolStx¿, lzIfs, sd{rf/L / xfdL;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ;/;kmfO sfo{ ;DkGg eof] .
pb\b]Zo M xfdL sIff * sf ljb\ofy{L{x¿sf] ljb\ofno kl/;/ ;/;kmfO{df ;xefuL x'g'sf lgDg pb\b]Zox¿ lyP M
o ljb\ofno jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg]
o ;d'bfosf JolSt / lzIfsx¿;“u ;fd'bflos sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL l;k l;Sg] / cfkm\gf]
3/ kl/jf/df ;f]cg'¿k Jojxf/df ptfg]{
;fdu|L M s'rf], v/]6f], x“l;of, n6\7L, aflN6g, af]/f cflb
lj|mofsnfk M xfdLx¿ cfk"meGbf 7'nf JolStx¿;“u ;/;kmfOdf ;xefuL x'gfn] ;fd"lxs sfo{ l56f] dfq ;DkGg
ePg xfdLn] w]/} s'/fx¿ l;Sof}+ . ;j{k|yd xfdLx¿ rf/ ;d'xdf ljeflht eof}+ . rkL{ glhs pd|]sf 3f“;kftx¿
pv]Nof}“ . Knfli6s hDdf u¥of“} . d}bfgdf oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf 9'ªu\ fsf 6'j|mfx¿ x6fO{ v]Ng] d}bfgdf kl/0ft ug{
;xof]u u¥of}“ . xfd|f u'?x¿ / ;d'bfosf JolStx¿n] kmf]xf]/ ;ª\sng / juL{s/0f u/L Joj:yfkg ug{ l;sfpg'eof]
. cGtt ltg cf]6f ejgx¿ / jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf kfg]{ sfo{ ;DkGg eof] .
pknlAwx¿ M To; sfo{df xfd|f] ;xeflutfn] u/]/ l;lsG5 eGg] pvfgnfO{ rl/tfy{ kfl/lbof] lsgeg] To;kl5sf
lbgx¿df xfdLn] 3/df klg ;a} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf 3/ j/k/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf kfg]{ sfd u¥of}“ .
a'af, cfdf, xh'/a'jaf, xh'/cfdfnfO{ ljljw 3/fo;L sfddf ;xof]u ug{ yfNof}“ . jf:tjdf xfdL ljb\ofyL{x¿
;xof]uL x'g'kb{5 / xfdLdf ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . xfdL sIff * sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] pQm sfo{df
;xeflutfn] ;d'bfosf JolStx¿, lzIfs ju{ tyf sd{rf/L v';Ln] ub\ub x'g'x'GYof] . pxf“x¿n] xfdLnfO{ wGojfbsf
;fy ;fd'bflos efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 egL pT;fx yKg'eof] . xfdLx¿n] klg o:tf ;fd'bflos sfddf ;xof]u
u/]sfdf ;Gt'li6 JoSt u¥of}“ / eljiodf klg o:tf sfo{df ;xeflutf hgfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ c7f]6 u¥of}}+“ .
lgisif{ M ;fd'bflos sfo{ ;f“Rr} g} 1fg tyf l;k l;Sg] sfo{ dfq geO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ Ps dfWod xf] . xfd|f]
ljb\ofno kl/;/ ;/;kmfOdf ;xeflutfn] xfdLdf ;xof]u, d]nldnfk, ;lj|motf, g]t[Tj / lhDd]jf/L h:tf ;fdflhs
l;k clej[b\lw x'g'sf ;fy} ;d'bfosf] JolStx¿ / u'?ju{;“u lgs6 dfq agfPg xfd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0f :jR5

77
x/fe/f agfp“bf cfkm\g} JolStut :jf:Yo klg :j:y agfpg ;xof]u k'Uof] . o;y{ o:t} ;d'bfodf ;~rfng x'g]
cGo sfo{df klg xfdL ljb\ofyL{x¿ ;xefuL x'g'kb{5 .
k|ltj]bs
;DkGg clwsf/L
;+of]hs ;d"x ‘s’
sIff *, /f]n g+=!
-ª_ gd'gf Jojxf/ k|bz{g s;/L ug]{ <
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo afn aflnsfnfO{ ;dfhdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg], l;h{gfTds,
Jofjxfl/s, ;Ifd / c;n gful/s agfpg] xf] . of] pb\b]Zo k|flKtsf nflu afn aflnsfdf lgDgfg';f/sf
1fg, l;k, clej[lTt / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
s= ;fdflhsLs/0f
v= l;h{gfTdstf
u= k|ltef k|ikm'6g
3= ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k
ª= ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;
r= dfgjLo d"No
5= ;d:of ;dfwfg
h= Jojxf/df ;'wf/
;fdflhsLs/0fcGtu{t lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 M
• ;dfof]hg x'g]
• ;xof]u lng] / lbg]
• d]nldnfk
• c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] / cfkm\gf s'/f eGg]
• ;xfg'e"lt / ;dfg'e'lt
• ;d"xdf sfd ug]{
• 5nkmn / ;xdlt lgdf{0f
• g]t[Tj
• ;Ddfg
• ;lxi0f'tf

o;/L ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] dxTTjk"0f{ pb\b]Zo eg]s} JolStdf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] l;k ljsf; u/]/ Ps
lhDd]jf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg] xf] . n]Vg] / k9\g] sfo{af6 dfq oL s'/fx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;ls“b}g . o;sf
nflu afn aflnsfsf] clej[lTtdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . afn s]lGb|t, ;fdu|L s]lGb|t, afn d}qL

78
lj|mofsnfkx¿ Pjd\ ;d"x sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{, v]n, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, ;x tyf cltl/St
lj|mofsnfkx¿ cflbsf dfWodaf6 dfq o:tf l;kx¿ afn aflnsfdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
afn aflnsfdf o:tf l;k / clej[lTtsf] ljsf; eof] ePg eGg] d"Nofª\sg ug{ lnlvt / df}lvs k/LIffaf6
dfq ;Dej x'“b}g . o;sf nflu k|To]s ljb\ofyL{sf] ;l~rt clen]v, 36gf j[Tt clen]v, :jd"Nofª\sg
kmf/fdx¿, cjnf]sg kmf/fdx¿ / ;f]l;of] d]l6«s rf6{ Pjd\ ;f]l;of] u|fdsf] dfWodaf6 afn aflnsfsf]
l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ / cfjZos ;'wf/sf pkfo ckgfP/ Ps c;n gful/s agfpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
lnlvt jf df}lvs k/LIffaf6 clwstd cª\s k|fKt ub}{df ljb\ofyL{n] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf pTs[i6tf xfl;n
u/]sf] dfGg ;ls“b}g . p;n] l;s]sf s'/fx¿ hLjgdf pkof]u Pjd\\ Jojxf/df k|bz{g ug{ ;s]df dfq pSt
ljb\ofyL{ ;fdflhs cWoogdf pTtL0f{ ePsf] dfGg'kb{5 .
afn aflnsfn] ljleGg ;dodf sIffsf]7f, ljb\ofno xftf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿df
b]vfPsf] Jojxf/, Pjd\ k|j[lTtsf cfwf/df gd'gf Jojxf/sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
• p;n] w]/} ;fyL agfPsf] 5 jf PSn} a:5 .
• ;fyLx¿;“u ldn]/ v]N5 jf emu8f u5{ .
• ;fyLx¿nfO{ luHofpg] u5{ jf ldn]/ a:5 .
• lzIfs;“u sltsf] 5nkmn u5{ <
• sltsf] cf1fsf/L 5 <
• ;d"xdf g]t[Tj lnG5 ls lnb}g .
• cK7]/f] kbf{ ;xof]u dfU5 ls ;x]/ a:5 .
• c¿nfO{ sltsf] ;xof]u ug{ tTk/ x'G5 <
• c¿sf s'/f ;'lg/xG5 ls k|ltlj|mof klg lbG5, ;sf/fTds k|ltlj|mof lbG5 ls gsf/fTds, r'k nfuL
a:5 ls s'/f sfl6/xG5 .
• p;n] af]Nbf c¿n] ;dy{g u5{g\ ls lj/f]w u5{g\ . luHofp“5g\ ls a]jf:tf u5{g\ jf emu8f u5{g\ .
• 3/ / ljb\ofnosf] ;/;kmfOdf slTtsf] ;lj|motf b]vfp“5 <
• wf/f jf ;f}rfnodf nfOg nfU5, nfUb}g .
• cltl/St lj|mofsnfkx¿df slTtsf] ;xefuL x'G5 < g]t[Tj ;d"xdf k5{ jf sfo{stf{ ;d"xdf k5{ .
lglij|mo ;d"xdf k5{ jf ;lj|mo ;d"xdf k5{ .
• ;d'bfodf x'g] ;fdflhs ultljlwx¿ h:t} M ljjfx, j|taGw, ef]h et]/, k"hf sfo{, hfqf cflbdf
;xefuL x'G5 jf x'“b}g jf s;/L ;xefuL x'G5 <
• ;d'bfosf af6f], s'nf], lgdf{0f h:tf ;fj{hlgs sfo{df slTtsf] rf;f] /fV5 jf ;xeflutf hgfp“5 <
• ;d;fdlos s'/fx¿df slTtsf] hfgsf/L /fV5 / s:tf] k|ltlj|mof hgfp“5 <

79
lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f

80
 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f
kl/ro M
d"Nofª\sg l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] Ps cleGg cª\u xf] . kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/sf] z}lIfs pknlAw ljb\ofyL{x¿ xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg u/L :t/
lgwf{/0f ug{ d"Nofª\sg cfjZos x'G5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] ljZjf;lgotf / j:t'lgi7tf sfod u/L :t/Lo d"Nofª\sgsf] lgldTt k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]usf] cfjZostf x'G5 . oxL tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md sIff -^–*_ @)^( cg';f/ ljsf; ePsf]
sIff * sf] lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljifosf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf / ;f]cg';f/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf gd'gf k|Zgkqx¿ ;fy} pSt
k|Zgkqx¿sf] hf“r ug{ dfls{ª l:sdsf] gd'gf oxf“ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;}b\wflGts / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] nflu 5'66\ f5'66\ } ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
ljlzi6L
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
lj1fg / jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f -;}bwflGts_
\wflGts_
sIff M * k"0ff{ªsM
\sM &%
;do M @ 306f
306f !% ldg]6 pTtL0ff{
TtL0ff{ªs
\ M #)
ljifo If]q If]q tyf PsfO k|Zg pkk|Zg k"0ff{ªs
\ 1fg tx af]w tx k|of]u tx pRr tx s}lkmot
;ª\Vof
;ª \Vof ;ª\
;ªVof
\Vof (K) 30% (U) (A) (H.A)
40% 20% 10%
ef}lts

gfk !
lj1fg

an / ult

;/n oGq !

rfk !) @% &=% !) % @=%

sfo{, zlSt / ;fdYo{ !

tfk

81

Wjlg !

k|sfz

r'Das !

ljb\o't
/;fog
kbfy{ !
lj1fg

ld>0f !

wft' / cwft' ^ !% $=% ^ # !=%

cDn, Iff/ / nj0f !

s]xL pkof]uL /;fogx¿
hLj lj1fg
hLjx¿ !

sf]if / tGt' ! ^ !% $=% ^ # !=%

hLjg k|lj|mof !

e" tyf
k[YjLsf] agfj6 ! @ % !=% @ ) !=%

cGtl/If
df};d / xfjfkfgL
lj1fg
k[YjL / cGtl/If
jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f / o;sf] ;Gt'ng !
lzIff

jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ! ^ !% $=% ^ # !=%
;+/If0f

jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf; !

hDdf !% #) &% @@=% #) !$ *=%

gf]6 M

82
 • hDdf !% cf]6f d'Vo k|Zgx¿ x'g] 5g\ / k|To]s k|Zgsf b'O{ cf]6f pkk|Zg x'g] 5g\ . k|To]s d'Vo k|Zgsf] cª\sef/ % / k|To]s pkk|Zgsf]
cª\sef/ @ jf #
x'g] 5 . @ jf @ eGbf pkk|Zgx¿ km/s km/s kf7af6 ;f]lwg]5 .
• k|Zg kq lgdf{0f ubf{ ;a} PsfOx¿nfO{ ;d]6g\ 'kb{5 .
• k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ 1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr tx -ljZn]if0f, ;+Zn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg_ sf k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .
Specification Grid

Grade 8 Science (Practical)

Pass Marks : 10 Full Marks : 25
ljifo If]q If]q tyf PsfO lrqfª\sg÷gfdfª\ k|of]ufTds sfo{ cflb ;fdfu|L lgdf{0f / :ynut kl/of]hgf÷n3' df}lvs k/LIff -$_
sg÷j0f{g -%_ af/] -%_ k|of]u -%_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ -^_
ef}lts lj1fg • gfk
• an / ult
• ;/n oGq
• rfk
• zlSt, sfo{ / ;fdYo{
• tfk
• k|sfz
• Wjlg
• r'Das
• ljb\o't\
/;fog lj1fg • kbfy{
• ld>0f
• wft' / cwft'
• cDn, Iff/ / nj0f
• s]xL pkof]uL /;fogx¿
hLj lj1fg • hLjx¿
83
 • sf]if / tGt'
• hLjg k|lj|mof
e" tyf • k[YjLsf] agfj6
cGtl/If • df};d / xfjf kfgL
lj1fg
• k[YjL / cGtl/If
jftfj/0f • jftfj/0f / o;sf] ;Gt'ng
lzIff • jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f
• jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;

84
 k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] d"Nofª\
ofªsgsf]
\sgsf] /]s8{ ug]{ cfwf/x¿
1. lrq sf]g]{ jf lrq ;fg]{ cyjf lbOPsf] lrqdf s'g} % cª\u jf efusf] gfdfª\sg ug]{ .
2. :kf]l6ª (Spotting) df % cf]6f dfq} lbg] h:t}, df]8]n, rf6{, j:t' / lrq . o;df gfd / b'O{ cf]6f
ljz]iftf n]Vg'kg]{ . hLj lj1fg ;DaGwL dfq ePdf gfd;lxtsf] juL{s/0f / Pp6f ljz]iftf
n]Vg'kg]{ .
3. k|bz{gdf /fv]sf] lj|mofsnfk jf k|of]usf] klxrfg, 5f]6f] JofVof / lgisif{ jf pkof]lutf n]Vg'kg]{ .
4. :ynut÷k|f]h]S6÷k|ltj]bg÷n]Vg jf l6kf]6 lgDg zLif{s 36Ldf cfwf k[i7 / a9Ldf Ps k[i7;Dd
x'g'kg]{ .
• zLif{s
• ljlw jf tl/sf lrq
• lgisif{
5. df}lvs (Viva) sIff /]s8{
• dfly pNn]lvt a'“bfs} cfwf/df l;ldt x'g] u/L df}lvs ;/n k|Zg a9Ldf $ cf]6f;Dd ;f]Wg] .
• z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dddf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ JolStut ;d"xut -#–% hgf_
lj|mofsnfksf] cfwf/df -h:t} M zLif{s, ;fdfg, ljlw, lgisif{ jf pkof]lutf_

k|To]s lj|mofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ cfwf/

!= lrq sf]g]{ jf ;fg]{ lbOPsf] lrqsf] gfdfª\sg ug]{
• kof{Kt / l7s ePdf % cª\s • kof{Kt / l7s ePdf % cª\s
• kof{Kt t/ ;fgf] ePdf $ cª\s jf • kof{Kt / &%% eGbf a9L l7s ePdf $ cª\s
• kof{Kt t/ 7'nf] ePdf # cª\s • kof{Kt / &%% eGbf sd l7s ePdf # cª\s
• s]xL gldNbf] ePdf @ cª\s • kof{Kt / @%% eGbf sd l7s ePdf @ cª\s
• w]/} ck|f;flª\s ePdf ! cª\s • s]xL dfq l7s ePsf] ePdf ! cª\s
:kf]l6ª\u (Spotting)
• l7s gfd jf klxrfg + b'O{ cf]6f l7s nIf0f jf u'0f n]v]df –% cª\s
• l7s gfd jf klxrfg + Pp6f l7s nIf0f jf u'0f n]v]df –$ cª\s
• b'O{ cf]6f l7s nIf0f jf u'0f dfq n]v]df –# cª\s
• Ps cf]6f l7s nIf0f jf u'0f dfq n]v]df –@ cª\s
• u'0fsf s]xL zAb dfq ldNg] n]v]df –! cª\s

85
@= k|bz{gdf /fv]sf lj|mofsnfk jf k|of]u
• kof{Kt / l7s n]vg jf JofVof (Descripyion) u/]df –% cª\s
• kof{Kt / k|:t'tLs/0f tl/sf (Interpretation) –$ cª\s
• s]xL JofVof / s]xL k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df –# cª\s
• JofVofsf] ;6\6f k|:t'tLs/0f dfq ePdf –@ cª\s
• kof{Kt / lrTt a'‰bf] k|:t'tLs/0f gePdf –! cª\s
#= :ynut÷k|f]h]S6÷k|ltj]bg÷l6kf]6 jf n]vg
• kof{Kt / l7s n]vg ePdf –^ cª\s
• kof{Kt t/ s]xL l7s n]vg gePdf –% cª\s
• ckof{Kt / l7s n]vg ePdf –# cª\s
• ckof{Kt / s]xL a]l7s n]vg ePdf –@ cª\s
• lrTt a'‰bf] gePdf –! cª\s
%= df}lvs k|Zg (Viva)

• k'mlt{nf] / l7s hjfkmdf –$ cª\s

• s]xL a'“bfsf] ;xfotf kfPkl5 l7s hjfkm lbPdf –# cª\s
• s]xL a9L a'“bfsf] ;xfotf kfPkl5 l7s hjfkm lbPdf –@ cª\s
• s]xL a9L a'“bfsf] ;xfotf kfPkl5 sxL hjfkm l7s ePdf –! cª\s
cyjf
sIff /]s8{
• zt k|ltzt sIff /]s8{ l7s tl/sfn] /fv]df –$ cª\s
• &%% ;Dd l7s tl/sfn] /fv]df –# cª\s
• %)% ;Dd l7s tl/sfn] /fv]df –@ cª\s
• @%% ;Dd l7s tl/sfn] /fv]df jf a'“bfut sIff /]s8{ s]xL dfqfdf /fv]df –! cª\s

86
#= ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u
• kf7\oj|md;“u ;DalGwt, :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u ePsf], u'0f:t/Lo / nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of]u ug{
;lsg] –%
• kf7\oj|md;“u ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u ePsf], sd u'0f:t/Lo / sd ;do;Dd k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] –$
• kf7\oj|md;“u ;DalGwt sd :yfgLo ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] –#
• kf7\oj|md;“u ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u gePsf] –@
• kf7\oj|md;“u sd ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] / sd u'0f:t/ –!

87
 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f
Science and Environment
;}b\wflGts k|Zgx¿
(Model Questions)
Class :- 8 Full Marks : 75
Time :- 2 hrs 15 min Pass Marks : 30

;a} k|Zgx¿sf] :ki6 / df}lns pTt/ b]pm M

Group 'A' ef}lts lj1fg (Physics)
k|Zg ! -s_ lk08 eg]sf] s] xf] < cfwf/e"t / tThGo PsfOlar b'O{ cf]6f km/s n]v .
1K + 2U
What is mass? Write two differences between fundamental and derived unit.

-v_ l:y/ cj:yfaf6 rNg ;'? u/]sf] uf8Lsf] k|j]u 5 ;]s]G8kl5 4 m/s2 k'u]5 eg] o;sf] clGtd ult
slt xf]nf < lx;fa u/L lgsfn . 2A
What will be the final velocity of vehicle, if it started from rest and accelerates at 4 m/s2 after 5
second?
k|Zg @ -s_ kl/efiff n]v (Define) : 1+1+1 = 3 K
(i) oflGqs kmfObf (Mechanical advantage)
(ii) ult cg'kft (Velocity ratios)
(iii) sfo{ Ifdtf (Efficiency)
-v_ t/n kbfy{sf] rfk, ulx/fO / 3gTj larsf] cGt/ ;DaGw n]v . 2 HA
Prove that, liquid pressure (p) = hdg.
k|Zg # -s_ sfo{ / ;fdYo{sf] kl/efiff lbO{ tL b'O{ larsf] ;DaGw n]v .
1K + 1K + 1U
Define work and power, write the relationship between them.
-v_ lSnlgsn ydf]{ld6/ / ;fwf/0f ydf]{ld6/ lar b'O{ cf]6f km/s n]v . 2U
Write the two differences between clinical and simple thermometer.
k|Zg $ -s_ k|sfz cfjt{gsf] lgodx¿ n]v . uf8Lsf] ;fO6 P]gfsf] ¿kdf sGe]S; P]gf k|of]u ul/G5, lsg <
1.5K + 1A

88
 Write the laws of reflection of light. convex mirror is used as side mirror in vehiches. Why ?

-v_ cfj[lTt s'g PsfOdf gflkG5 < k|ltWjlg / u'~hodfglar s'g} b'O{ cf]6f km/s n]v .
0.5K + 2U
What is unit of frequency ? Write any two difference between echo and
vaierberation.
k|Zg % -s_ r'Dassf] cf0fljs l;b\wfGt JofVof u/ . 2U
Explain the molecular theory of magnetism.

-v_ 6r{nfO6df z'is ;]n lsg k|of]u ul/G5 < sg} ltg cf]6f sf/0f n]v . 3A

Why we use dry cell in tourch light ? Write any three reason.

Group 'B' /;fog lj1fg (Chemistry)

k|Zg ^ -s_ of}lus eg]sf] s] xf] < 1K+ 2U
tn lbOPsf] zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ /f;folgs ;"q ;dLs/0fdf ¿kfGt/0f u/ .
xfO8«f]hg + clS;hg kfgL
What is compound? Write the word equation of the following chemical equation.
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
-v_ DofUg]l;od tTTjsf] k/df0f'sf] On]S6«f]g ljGof; u/L b]vfpm . 2A
Draw the electronic configuration of Magnesium atom.
k|Zg & -s_ j|mf]df6f]u|fkmL ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] < o;af6 s:tf ld>0fx¿ 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 <
1K + 2U
What is chromatography ? Which types of the minate seperate from it.
-v_ uGws / tfdfsf Ps Ps cf]6f pkof]lutf n]v . 1 + 1 = 2U
Write any one use of sulphur and copper of each.
k|Zg * -s_ cDn, Iff/ / nj0fn] ljleGg ;"rs kbfy{df s] k|efj kf5{g\ < tflnsfdf b]vfpm .
3A
What effect do acid, base and salt have on different indicator ? Show in table.
-v_ ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf kfgLsf] gd'gfx¿sf] s8fkg s;/L kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 < 2U
How can you detect hardness of water collected from different sources?

89
 Group 'C' Biology -hLj lj1fg_
k|Zg ( -s_ efO/;sf] lrq agfO{ s'g} @ efusf] gfds/0f u/ . 3A
Draw a labelled digramm of virus.
-v_ la?jfsf] h/fsf] ¿kfGt/0f s]sf nflu x'G5 < s'g} b'O{ cf]6f sf/0f b]pm .
2U
Why does modification of root occurs ? Write any two causes or uses.
k|Zg !) -s_ dfgj z/L/df sf]if, tGt', / cª\usf] ;DaGw n]v . 3U
Write the relationship between cells, tissues and organs in human body.
-v_ hgfj/df kfOg] tGt'x¿sf] gfd n]v . 2K
Write the name of tissues found in animals.
k|Zg !! -s_ e]h]6]l6e k|f]kfu];g eg]sf] s] xf] < of] ljlwaf6 k|hgg x'g] b'O{ cf]6f la¿jfsf] gfd n]v .
1K+1U
What do you mean by vegetative propagation ? Write the name of two plants
which is reproduced by this process.
-v_ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f eg]sf] s] xf] < la¿jfn] kftdf vfgf agfp“5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg Pp6f k|of]u n]v .
1K + 2HA
What is the photosynthesis ? How can you demonstrate that plant prepares
their food on its leaves? Write with an experiment.

Group 'D' Geology and Astronomy -e" tyf vuf]n lj1fg_

k|Zg !@ -s_ e"Ifo eg]sf] s] xf] < jiff{ofddf g]kfnsf] s'g If]qdf a9L kfgL k5{ < lsg n]v <
1K + 1.5U
What is soil erasion ? Which region of Nepal does rain fall more ?
Why ?
-v_ rGb|dfsf] snf eg]sf] s] xf] < k[YjLdf hLjx¿ pTklTt x'g] s'g} ltg cf]6f
cfwf/x¿ n]v < 1K + 1.5U
What is phases of moon ? Write any three reasons for the existance of
living being on earth.

90
 Group 'E' Environment -jftfj/0f lj1fg_
k|Zg !# -s_ dflg;n] k|s[ltaf6 k|fKt ug]{ s'g} ltg cf]6f j:t'x¿ pbfx/0f;lxt n]v . 3U
What can human being get from nature ? Write any three with examples.
-v_ /fli6«o lgs'~h / jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro b]pm . 2K
Give short introduction of national park and wildlife reserve.
k|Zg !$-s_ hn k|b'if0f x'gfsf s'g} rf/ cf]6f sf/0fx¿ n]v . ltd|f] If]qdf hn k|b'if0f sd ug{ ltdLn] ug{ ;Sg]
s'g} Pp6f pkfo n]v . 2U + 1HA
Write any four reasons of water pollution. Give any one measure that mitigates for
minimizing water pollution in your region.
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;af6 kg]{ s'g} b'O{ cf]6f c;/ n]v .
1k+ 1A
What is climate change ? Write two effects of climate change.
k|Zg !%-s_ h}ljs ljljwtf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf k|sf/x¿ pNn]v u/ . 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 K
What is Bio-diversity ? Write its types.
-v_ cf]gf] ufp“3/ jf cfk"m a:g] 7fp“sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ ltdL s] s] ug{ ;S5f} < s'g} rf/ cf]6f
a'“bfx¿ n]v . 2A
What can you do in your residencial area for protection of environment ?
Write any four points.

;dfKt

91
 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f
Science and Environment
pTt/ s'l~hsf
Marking Scheme
Class : 8

k|Zg g+= ! -s_ j:t'df ePsf] kbfy{sf] hDdf kl/df0f xf] . – ! cª\s
cfwf/e"t tThGo
!= cGo PsfOdf e/ gkg]{ – cfwf/e"t Psfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf PsfOx¿
@= ;ft cf]6f PsfO – w]/}
jf cGo n]v]df – @ cª\s

-v_ u= Om/s
a = 4m/2
t= 5sec
V=?
∴ V = u+at n]v]df – ! cª\s
V = om/s + 4 m/s2 × 5 sec
= 20 m/s → Calculation 0.5 cª\s
PsfO 0.5 cª\s
k|Zg g+= @ -s_ (i) oflGqs kmfObf (M.A) : Okmf]6{eGbf slt u'0ff a9L nf]8 p7fpg ;lsof], To;nfO{ M.A
L M

elgG5 . / M.A - n]vdf – ! cª\s

(ii) Okmf]6{n] kf/ u/]sf] b'/L / nf]8n] kf/ u/]sf] b'/Lsf] cg'kft
E.L

V.R = n]v]df – ! cª\s

d.d

(iii) nufPsf] hDdf Okmf]6{ dWo] slt % pkof]uL sfo{df kl/0ft eof] To;nfO{ pSt oGqsf]
sfo{ Ifdtf elgG5 .
92
 MAV.R
sfo{ Ifdtf = × 100% n]v]df – ! cª\s

-v_ h, d / g ;a} P ;“u ;dfg'kflts x'G5g\ egL k|:6 n]v]df – @ cª\s

k|Zg g+= # -s_ sfo{ (Work) M lglZrt an nufP/ l;wf /]vfdf b'/L kf/ ul/G5
eg] To;nfO{ sfo{ elgG5 . o;sf] PsfO J xf] .
W = F × d –!
cª\s
;fdfYo{ (Power) M sfo{ ug]{ ;do
PsfO ;dodf u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ ;fdfYo{ elgG5
o;sf] PsfO watt xf] .
! cª\s
;fdfYo{ 36\g] / ;do 36]df ;fdYo{ a9\5 . P =
W t

n]v]df !–
cª\s
-v_ clinical simple

1. 8fS6/n] z/L/sf] tfkj|md 1. k|of]uzfnfdf ljleGg j:t'sf] tfkj|md gfKg

gfKg k|of]u ul/g] ydf]l{ d6/ k|of]u ul/g] ydf]{ld6/
2. 350c - 420 c ;Dd 2. w]/} lr;f] / tftf] j:t'sf] tfkj|md gfKg ldNg]
jf cGo n]v]df –@
cª\s
௦௜௡
k|Zg $= -s_ cfjt{gsf] lgod ܹ= sGe]S; P]gf
௦௜௡
n]v]df – !=% cª\s
sGe]S;n] k5fl8 6f9f /x]sf] j:t'x¿nfO{ ;fgf] / ;'N6f] agfP/ b]vfpg] ePsfn] n]v]df
– ! cª\s
-v_ cfj[lTtsf] S.I PsfO xh{ (hz) n]v]df – )=% cª\s
k|ltWjlg u'~hfodfg

1. 17 m eGbf 6f9faf6 Wjlg k/fjt{g 1. 17 m eGbf glhsaf6 Wjlg

eO{ s]xL ;dokl5 p:t} cfjfh ;'lgg] k/fjt{g eO{ cfjfh u'~hg x'g]

93
 lj|mof . lj|mof .

2. cUnf] eL/, kxf8 cflbsf] glhsdf 2. aGb sf]7f, xn cflbdf u'~hfodfg

k|ltWjlg ;'lgg] . x'G5 jf cGo n]v]df –
@ cª\s
k|Zg g+= % -s_ r'Das / r'DasLo j:t'df c0f'x¿sf] l:ylt emNsg] lrq;lxt cf0fljs l;b\wfGtsf] JofVof
u/]df – @ cª\s
-v_ 8«fO;]nsf]
6r{nfO6df k|of]u ul/g'sf] ltg cf]6f sf/0fx¿

– ;'Vvf x'gfn] ;/lIft

– lnP/ lx“8g\ ;lhnf]
– w'|jLs/0f gx'g]
– z'¿df lsGg ;lhnf] / ;:tf]
– cfjZos cfsf/df kfOg] cflb jf cGo s'g} # n]v]df – # cª\s

;d"x -v_ /;fog lj1fg

k|Zg g+= ^ -s_ vfg] g'gsf] c0f';"q → NaCl n]v]df – ! cª\s

→ 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ldn]df – @ cª\s
•
-v_ lrq ldn]df • • – ! cª\s
• •
o
n =12 •
•
+ •
•
•
•
•

tflnsf agfPdf K L M – ! cª\s

2 8 2

94
 Group 'B' /;fog lj1fg (Chemistry)
k|Zg &= -s_ ljleGg /ªx¿ -/ª\uLg 3f]nx¿_ ldl;P/ ag]sf] ld>0fdf ePsf /ªx¿ 5'6o\ fpg] ljlwnfO{
j|mfdf6f]u|fkmL elgG5 . – ! cª\s
Pp6f dWodf ljleGg /ªx¿ km/s km/s ultdf km}ng] vfnsf] ld>0f
of] ljlwaf6 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 h:tf] ljleGg 3f]n, /ut / lk;fadf – @ cª\s
-v_ uGws M oL b'O{ dWo] s'g} Ps u'0f af/] n]v]df – ! cª\s
– of] kfgLdf c3'ngzLn c3ft xf] .
– of] k/fn h:tf] lkmSsf /ªsf] 6Nsg] 7f]; kbfy{ xf] .
tfdf M tn lbOPsf u'0fdWo] s'g} Ps u'0f n]v]df jf cGo ldNg] u'0f n]v]df – ! cª\s
– of] /ftf] v}/f] /ªsf] wft' xf] .
– of] xfjf / kfgL;“u k|ltlj|mof ub}{g .
– of tfk / ljb\o'tsf] /fd|f] ;'rfns xf] .
-b'j} kbfy{sf] Ps Ps u'0fsf nflu Ps Ps cª\s lbg]_

;"rs lgnf] /ftf] ldyfOn km]gf]Nkm

*= -s_
kbfy{
ln6d; ln6d; c/]Gh yflng

cDn /ftf] t6:y /ftf] /ªxLg

Iff/ t6:y gLnf] kx]“nf] u'nfkmL

-v_ nj0f t6:y t6:y t6:y t6:y

– ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf kfgLsf gd'gfx¿nfO{ a/fa/ dfqfdf k/LIf0f gnLx¿df
/fVg] – @ cª\s
– k|To]sdf Ps Ps yf]kf ;fa'gsf] emf]n /fVg] / /fd|/L xNofpg] – ! cª\s
– h;df ;a}eGbf l56f] / w]/} lkm“h cfp“5 Tof] kfgL ;a}eGbf g/d / ;a}eGbf l9nf] / sd
lkm“h cfpg] kfgL ;a}eGbf s8f egL kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 jf o:t} ;xL pTt/ n]v]df
– ! cª\s
hLj lj1fg / e"– tyf Hof]ltif lj1fg
k|Zg g+= ( efO/;sf] lrq agfPdf – 2 cª\s
efux¿ M– 6fpsf], k'R5/ jf cGo @ cf]6f efusf] gfd n]v]df – 0.5 + 0.5 cª\s
-v_ (i) vfb\o kbfy{sf] ;~ro – 1 cª\s
(ii) nu0f / kfgL ;f]:g] jf cGo n]v]df – 1 cª\s

95
k|Zg g+= !)= -s_ sf]if ldn]/ tGt'x¿ / tGt'x¿ ldn]/ cª\ux¿ aGg] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/L aofg u/]df
– 3 cª\s
-v_ Olky]lnon tGt' – 0.5 cª\s
df+zn tGt' – 0.5 cª\s
;+of]hL tGt' – 0.5 cª\s
:gfo' tGt' – 0.5 cª\s
k|Zg g+= !!= -s_ la?jfsf] ljleGg efux¿af6 gof“ la?jf pTkfbg x'g]nfO{ e]h]6]l6e k|f]kfu];g elgG5 .
– 1 cª\s
cfn', u'nfkm jf cGo s'g} @ pbfx/0f n]v]df – 0.5 + 0.5 cª\s
-v_ xl/of] la?jfn] kfgL, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] pkl:yltdf vfgf agfpg]
k|lj|mofnfO{ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f lj|mof elgG5 . – 1 cª\s
xl/of] la?jfsf] kft l6k]/ pdfn]sf] kfgLdf /fvL km]l/ tftf] cNsf]xndf /fvL lr;f] kfgLn] kvfnL
Kn]6df /fv]/ cfof]l8g xfnL lgnf] sfnf] x'G5 egL pNn]v u/]df – 2 cª\s

k|Zg g+= !@ -s_ af9L klx/f] cflbn] s'g} 7fp“sf] df6f] eTsfpg'nfO{ e"Ifo elgG5 egL n]v]df –1 cª\s
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ e]udf a9L kfgL k5{ egL n]v]df – 0.5 cª\s
g]kfnsf] blIf0f k"j{ aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 dg;'gL jfo' cfpg] ePsfn] egL pNn]v u/]df
– 1 cª\s
-v_ rGb|dfsf] cfsf/ 36a9 ePsf] b]lvg] k|lj|mofnfO{ rGb|dfsf] snf elgG5 . – 1 cª\s
k'YjLdf hLjx¿ pTklTt x'g] cfwf/x¿
– hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xfjf cflb cg's"n x'g' – 0.5 cª\s
– hLjnfO{ rflxg] dfqfdf kfgLsf] kof{Kttf – 0.5 cª\s
– hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tfkj|md – 0.5 cª\s
Groupe 'E' jftfj/0f lj1fg
k|Zg g+= !# -s_
(i) kfgL –1 cª\s
(ii) xfjf –1 cª\s
(iii) vfb\ofGg jf cGo ldNg] pTt/ n]v]/ pbfx/0f lbPdf –1 cª\s
96
 -v_ –2 cª\s
!= k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0fsf nflu agfOPsf] If]q /fli6«o lgs'~h xf] egL n]v]df –1 cª\s
@= lglZrt k|hfltsf jGohGt' / ltgLx¿sf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0f ul/Psf] If]q jGohGt' cf/If xf]
egL n]v]df –1
k|Zg g+= !$= -s_ hn k|b"if0fsf sf/0f
(i) gbLdf 9n ld;fpg] – 0.5× 4 = cª\s
(ii) c:ktfnsf kmf]xf]/ hyfefjL kfNg]
(iii) hyfefjL lb;f lk;fa ugf{n]
(iv) vf]nf jf kfgLsf] d'xfg kmf]xf]/ ugf{n] jf ldNg] n]v]df
hn k|b'if0f sd ug]{ pkfo n]v]df ! cª\s
-v_ k[YjLdf a9\bf] tfkj|mdn] ubf{ df};df b]lvg] kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . – 1 cª\s
(i) k[YjLsf] tfkj|md a9\g' – 0.5 cª\s
(ii) ;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx a9\g' jf cGo ldNg] n]v]df – 0.5 cª\s
k|Zg g+= !% -s_ ef}lts j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, lsl;d, j+zf0f' kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;dfli6 ¿k g} h}ljs
ljljwtf xf] . – 1 cª\s
(i) kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ljljwtf – 0.5 cª\s
(ii) k|hflt ljljwtf – 0.5 cª\s
(iii) j+zf0f'ut ljljwtf – 0.5 cª\s
-v_ ufp“ 3/
(i) k|fs[lts ;'/Iff / ;|f]t Joj:yfkg – 0.5 cª\s
(ii) jftfj/0fLo kIfdf hf]8 – 0.5 cª\s
(iii) h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f – 0.5 cª\s
(iv) kfl/l:yt k|0ffnL ;+/If0f jf cGo ldNg] a'“bfx¿ n]v]df – 0.5 cª\s

97
 k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf gd'gf k|Zgx¿
k"0ff{ªs
\ M @%
pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M !)
!= lbOPsf] j:t'sf] lrq (diagram) lvr .

;fwf/0f t/fh' -b'O{ pan ePsf]_ o:t} lrq s'g} j:t'sf] n]vL lbg ;lsg] .
cyjf
o:t} s'g} oGq jf j:t' lbO{ lrq lvrL gfd n]Vg nufpg]

@= lbOPsf] k'mn x]/L lrq agfp / k'mnsf ljleGg efux¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug]{ .

98
#= lbOPsf] k|of]usf] /fd|/L cjnf]sg u/L lgDg lnlvt a'“bfx¿sf] pTt/ n]v

i. of] k|of]usf] gfd n]v .

ii. of] k|of]usf nflu rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] gfd n]v .
iii. of] k|of]uaf6 Pp6f pkof]u n]v .
-o:t} c¿ k|of]ux¿ ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ lbg] ._
$= :ynut e|d0f (Field visit)

ltd|f] ljb\ofno /x]sf] :yfg jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < :ynut cWoog u/L lgDg lnlvt
cfwf/df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/ .
i. Title
ii. Objective
iii. Diagram
iv. Procedure
v. Conclusion
Project Work M ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f lj|mof b]vfpg] Pp6f k|of]]u u/L lgDg lnlvt cfwf/df kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]Vg nufpg] M
i. Experiment Title
ii. Requirement material
iii. Procedure
iv. Diagram
v. Conclusion

99
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff

100
 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff

:jf:Yo lzIff dflg;sf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt ljifo j:t' xf] . :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' kg]{
gful/ssf]] clwsf/ xf] . ;+ljwfgdf klg o;nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] :jf:Yo
tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifo ljb\ofno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mddf clgjfo{ ljifosf] ¿kdf cWofkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
:jf:Yo lzIffdfkm{t ljb\ofyL{df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cfjZo 1fg, l;k tyf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg'sf ;fy}
:j:y afgL a]xf]/fsf] ljsf; u/L ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] pb\b]Zosf ;fy cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^ – * _df
o; ljifosf] kf7\oj|md ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

zf/Ll/s lzIff cfwf/e"t ¿kdf zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfk tyf v]ns'b;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw JolStsf]
zf/Ll/s kIfdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ dfgl;s, ;fdlhs tyf ;+j]uTds kIf;Fu klg plTts} ;DalGwt 5 .
zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] j|mddf lgoldt Jofofdsf] cEof; gugf{n] o'jfj:yfd} zf/Ll/s b'j{ntf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿
ef]Ug'kg]{ x'Fbf ljb\ofno lzIffdf of] ljifosf] k7g kf7gsf] dxTTj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo zf/Ll/s
lj|mofsnfksf] dfWodaf6 zf/Ll/s ¿kn] tGb'?:t, dfgl;s ¿kdf ;r]t, ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf ;Gt'lnt /
;fdflhs ¿kn] ;lj|mo gful/s tof/ kfg'{ xf] .

pSt pb\b]Zo k'/f ug{sf nflu ljb\ofno txdf x'g] z}Ifl0fs k|lqmofdf pko'St 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug{ pko'St
tj/n] d"Nofª\sg u/L ljb\ofyL{x¿sf jf:tljs cj:yf klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;} sfo{df ;xhLs/0f
ug{sf nflu o; ljifosf] u|L8 tyf gd'gf k|Zgkq / pTt/ s'l~hsf;d]t lgdf{0f u/L ljb\ofno txdf pknAw
u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

101
 ;}bwflGts
\wflGts k/LIff
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] k"0ff{ªs
\ #) sf] ;}bwflGts
\wflGts k/LIf0fsf] k"0ff{ªs
\ @) sf] :jf:Yo
lzIffsf] k/LIffdf lgDgfg';f/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5 M
PsfO ;f]lwg] k|Zg k"0ff{ª\s k|ltk|Zg hDdf cª\s
-s_ dfgj z/L/ ! ! ×@ @
-v_ JolStut :jf:Yo ! ! ×@ @
-u_ kf]if0f ! ! ×@ @
3_ /f]u @ ! ×@ $
-ª_ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ! ! ×@ @
-r_ nfu' kbfy{ / w"dkfg ! ! ×@ @
-5_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo ! ! ×@ @
-h_ ;'/Iff tyf k|fylds pkrf/ ! ! ×@ @
-em_ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ! ! ×@ @
hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof !) @)

To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] k/LIffdf lgDgfg';f/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5 M

PsfO ;f]lwg] k|Zg ug'{kg]{ ;ª\Vof k"0ff{ª\s k|ltk|Zg hDdf cª\s

-s_ s;/t @ ! ! ×!! !

-v_ sjfh @ ! ! ×! !

-u_ zf/Ll/s Jofofd @ ! ! ×!! !

-3_ of]u @ ! ! ×!! !

-ª_ v]n @ @ ! ×@@ $

-r_ Pyn]l6S; @ ! ! ×@ @

hDdf k|Zg ;ª\

;ªVof
\Vof !@ & !)

cfGtl/s tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIff

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffdWo] :jf:Yo lzIfftkm{af6 k"0ff{ªs
\ % / zf/Ll/s lzIfftkm{ k"0ff{ªs
\

!% sf] d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg ug'{kb{5 . :jf:Yo lzIffsf] k"0ff{ªs
\ % sf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf cfwf/df

d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg ul/g'k5{ .

102
 -s_ :jf:Yo lzIfftk{
lzIfftkm{

l; g+= sfo{ -k|ltj]bg n]vg tyf k|:t'lt_ k"0ff{ªs

\

! ljifo j:t'sf] ;ª\u7g -k|ltj]bg 9fFrf_ @

– kl/ro

– pb\b]Zo

– d'Vo ljj/0f

– lgisif{

@ k|:t'lt -xfpefp, ;/;kmfO / jfs\z}nL_ #

hDdf %

-v_ zf/Ll/s lzIfftkm{

zf/Ll/s
s lzIffsf] cfGtl/s / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu !% cª\
cªs
\ ;DalGwt lzIfsn] lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .

l; g+= sfo{ k"0ff{ªs

\

! v]ns"b ;DaGwL l;k

l;k !)

@ ;xeflutf %

hDdf !%

k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgcg';f/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 M

• ljb\ofnosf] k|fy{gf ;dodf u/fPsf] zf/Ll/s s;/t / lk6Lsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{ jf
ljb\ofnosf ljleGg pT;j jf sfo{j|mdx¿df u/]sf k|bz{gsf cfwf/df clen]v /fvL k|of]ufTds
d"Nofª\sg ug]{, %
• ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s sfo{ tflnsfcg';f/ ljleGg v]ns'b sfo{j|mddf efu lng nufO{ efu lnPsf] /
p;n] k|bz{g u/]sf] bIftfsf cfwf/df, %
• ljleGg Pyn]lS6;df efu lng nufO{ ;f]sf] cfwf/df, %
• :j:y afgL Jojxf/, :j:y hLjg z}nL, JolStut ;/;kmfOsf cfwf/df, %
ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofyL{sf] JolStut clen]v /fvL o;/L ;do ;dodf ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|of]ufTds cª\s
k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/ dfGg],

103
 lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIff
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff
sIff *
;do M %% ldg]6
k"0ff{ª\sM #)
gd'gf k|Zg pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M
;d'x 's’ :jf:Yo lzIff
Group 'A' Health Education

;a} k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm M !) × @ = @)

Attempt all questions from this group.

!= /St ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f sfo{ n]v .

Write down any two functions of circulatory system.

@= cfˆgf] z/L/ :j:y /fVg] s'g} b'O{ pkfo n]v .

Write down any two measures to keep your body healthy.

#= ;'s]gf; eg]sf] s] xf] <

What is marasmus ?

$= x]kf6fOl6; aL ;g]{ s'g} b'O{ dfWodx¿ n]v .

How is hepatitis B transmitted¿ Write any two modes.

%= dw'd]xsf] la/fdLn] ckgfpg' kg]{ s'g} b'O{ cf]6f ;fjwfgL n]v .

Write down any two precautions which are to be followed by a diabetic patient ¿

^= c;'/lIft ue{ ktgaf6 z/L/df x'g] s'g} b'O{ cf]6f c;/ pNn]v u/ .
Write any two effects from unsafe abortion on body .

&= db\okfgaf6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 b'O{ cf]6f pkfo k|:t't u/ .

104
 Write down any two measures to prevent alcohol use.

*= kmf]xf]/ d}nf k'gMrj|m0f eg]sf] sf] xf] < k'gM rj|m0fsf] s'g} Pp6f pbfx/0f b]pm .
What is recycling of waste ? Write down any one example of recycle.

(= n]s nfUbf b]vfkg]{ s'g} b'O{ cf]6f nIf0f n]v .

Write down any two symptoms of altitude sickness.

!)= g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] s'g} rf/ cf]6f ;+:yfsf] gfd n]v .
Write down any four health services which are provided by Nepal government.

v’ zf/Ll/s lzIff
;d"x 'v
!)
Group 'B' Physical Education
!!= sDd/sf] s;/t s'g v]nsf] nflu cfjZos 5 < !
Which game requires the exercise of waist ?

cyjf (or)
kfv'/fsf] s;/t s'g v]nsf] nflu cfjZos 5 <
Which game requires the exercise of arms?

!@= sjfhdf s'g cj:yfdf bfofF gh/ ul/G5 < !

In which situation eyes right is performed in drill?

cyjf (or)
sjfhdf s'g cj:yfdf 5'6\6L lbOG5 <
In which condition the troop is made dismissed in drill ?

!#= lk6L g+= @ n] z/L/sf] s'g cª\udf k|efj kf5{ < !

Which part of body is influenced by PT No 2 ?

105
 cyjf (or)
lk6L g+ # n] z/L/sf] s'g cª\udf k|efj kf5{ <
Which part of body is influenced by PT No 3?

!$= ds/f;gn] z/L/sf] s'g cª\unfO{ kmfObf k'/\ofpF5 < !

Which part of body is benifited by Makarasan ?

cyjf (or)
xnf;gn] z/L/sf] s'g cª\unfO{ kmfObf k'/\ofpF5 <
Which part of body is benifited by Halasan ?

!%= k'm6an v]nsf s'g} b'O{ lgodx¿ n]v . @

Write down any two rules of foot ball game.

!^= af:s]6an v]nsf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f l;kx¿ n]v . @

Write down any two skils of basket ball game.

!&= nª\uhDksf r/0fx¿ n]v . @

Write down the steps of performing long jump.

cyjf (or)
;6k6sf r/0fx¿ n]v .
Write down the steps of performing shot put.

106
 dfls{ª l:sd
s’ :jf:Yo lzIff
;d"x 's

!= kf]ifs tTTj / clS;hgnfO{ sf]ifsf]ifdf k'¥ofpg], sf]ifdf /x]sf lasf/o'St kbfy{ 5fnf, kmf]S;f]
/ lduf{}nfdf k'¥ofpg], /f]usf sL6f0f';Fu n8L /f]u nfUgaf6 hf]ufpg], h:tf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f ldNg]
pTt/ n]v]df @
@= g'xfpg], lgoldt Jofofd ug]{, kf}li6s cfxf/ vfg] cflb h:tf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f ldNg] pTt/ n]v]df @
#= z/L/df sfaf]{xfO8]«6\; / k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] df+;k]zL ;'s]/ uO{ xf8 5fnf dfq b]lvg] cj:yfnfO{
egL n]v]df @
$= /f]uL;Fu n;k; / of}g ;Dks{, /f]uLn] k|of]u u/]sf] Pp6} ;'O{sf] ;femf k|of]u, /f]uLsf] /utsf]
k|of]u, ;ª\j|mldt cfdfn] hGdfPsf] lzz'df ;b{5 egL s'g} b'O{ dfWod n]v]df @
%= lgoldt Jofofd, z/L/sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ vfgf vfg], lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg]
cflbdWo] s'g} ldNg] b'O{ n]v]df @
^= /St>fj x'g], /St cNktf x'g], afFemL x'g], d[To';d]t x'g] cflb dWo] s'g} b'O{ c;/ n]v]df @
&= hg r]tgf hufpg], c;n ;fyLsf] ;ª\ut ug]{, h:tf s'g} ldNg] b'O{ n]v]df @
*= sfd gnfUg] j:t' h:t} sfuh, kmnfd, l;;f, Knfl:6s cflbnfO{ sf/vfgfdf k|zf]wg u/L k'gM
gof“ ;fdu|L agfpg'nfO{ k'gMrj|m0f elgG5 / k'/fgf]af6 gofF sfuh, sfFrsf] 6'j|mfaf6 l;l; cflb
dWo] s'g} Ps pbfx/0f n]v]df ! ×! Ö @
(= jfsjfsL nfUg], 6fpsf] b'Vg], jfGtf x'g], ;f; k]mg{ uf/f] x'g], z/L/ ef/L x'g], cflbdWo] s'g} b'O{
n]v]df @
!)= pk:jf:Yo rf}sL, :jf:Yo rf}sL, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, lhNnf c:ktfn, c~rn c:ktfn,
s]Gb|Lo c:ktfn, cfo'j]{lbs c:ktfn, cflb dWo] s'g} rf/ n]v]df @

…v’ zf/Ll/s lzIff

;d"x …v
!!= lhDgfl:6s, elnan, Pyn]l6S;, vf]vf], sa8\8L, cflb s'g} klg ldNg] v]nsf] gfd n]v]df !
cyjf

107
 elnan, af:s]6 an, Pyn]l6S;, cflbdWo] s'g} ldNg] v]n n]v]df
!@= k|d'v cltlysf] cufl8af6 hfFbf ul/G5 egL n]v]df !
cyjf
lbgsf] sfo{ ;s]kl5 5'6\l6 lbOG5 egL n]v]df
!#= xft v'6\6f egL n]v]df !
cyjf
kfv'/f egL n]v]df
!$= 9f8 jf 5ftLsf] df+;k]zLdf kmfObf egL n]v]df !
cyjf
9f8 jf 5ftL jf lt3|f jf sDd/dWo] s'g} b'O{sf] df+;k]zLdf kmfObf x'G5 egL n]v]df
!%= k'm6an v]nsf ldNg] s'g} b'O{ cf]6f lgod n]v]df h:t} M lss ckmaf6 v]n ;'? ug]{, uf]n
lsk/afx]s cGo v]nf8Ln] xftn] an 5'g gkfpg], () ldg]6sf] vn], uf]nsf cfwf/df xf/lht
x'g]\, $% ldg]6kl5 !) ldg]6sf] dWofGt/, cflb . @
!^= af:s]6 an v]nsf kfl;ª\, l8«jlnª, ;'l6ª, lkef]l6ª cflb dWo] s'g} b'O{ cf]6f l;k n]v]df @
!&= Pk|f]r /g, 6]s ckm, ˆNffO6, NoflG8ª egL n]v]df @
cyjf
xf]lN8ª, :6fG;, UnfOl8ª, l/lnh / kmnf] y|" egL n]v]df

108
g}lts lzIff

109
 ljlzi6L
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
g}lts lzIff -;}bwflGts_
\wflGts_
sIff M * k"0ff{ªs
\ M @%
;do M $% ldg]6 pTtL{0ff{ªs
\ M !)
j|m=;+= PsfO÷If]q 1fg / af]w k|of]ufTds tyf ljZn]if0ffTds l;k l;h{gfTds l;k k|Zg kf7\oef/ s}lkmot
vf]hd"ns l;k ;ª\Vof
;ª\lIfKt nfdf] ;ª\lIfKt nfdf] ;ª\lIfKt nfdf] ;ª\lIfKt nfdf]
!= rl/q ljsf; ! – – ! – – – – @ !$
@= dfgjLo d"No dfGotf ! – – – – ! – ! # !%
#= gful/s st{Jo / bfloTj ! – – ! – – – @ !$
$= ;fd"lxs hLjg kb\wlt / ! – – ! – – – @ !#
ljljwtf
%= cg'zf;g tyf ;sf/fTds ! – – – – ! – ! # !$
;f]r
;f]lwg] k|Zg ;ª\Vof % # @ @ !@ &)
;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ k|Zg ;ª\Vof % @ ! ! (
cª\sef/ @x% = !) #x@ = ^ $x! = $ %x! = %

gf]6 M ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ cfpg] % cf]6f k|Zg ;a} clgjfo{ x'g] 5g\ . nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] # lsl;dsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5g\ h;dWo] # k"0ff{ªs
\ sf @, $ / % k"0ff{ªs
\ sf !÷! cf]6f k|Zgsf]
pTt/ lbg'kg]{ 5 . nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] k|Zg 5gf]6sf] cj;/ x'g] 5 .

110
 g}lts lzIff
Moral Education
sIff *
Class 8
gd'gf k|Zgkq
gkq
Model Question Paper (Theoritical)

k"0ff{ªs
\ (Full Marks) M @% (25) pTtL0ff{ªs
\ (Pass Marks) M !)
;do (Time) M $% ldg]6 (45 mins.)

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pTt/ n]v M %X@ = !)

-s_ cfk\mgf] afgLnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
What is the best way of making self habit good ?
-v_ cfWoflTds d"NocGtu{t kg]{ s'g} rf/ cf]6f u'0fx¿ n]v .
Write any four spiritual qualities which you have.
-u_ ;xsfo{ s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
How can we do collaboration ?
-3_ zfGt /xg s] ug'{k5{ <
What should be done to remain calm ?
-ª_ s:tf] dflg;nfO{ a'b\lwdfg\ 7flgG5 < n]v .
What type of person is taken as wise person ?

@= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] ;ª\

;ªlIfKt
\lIfKt pTt/ n]v M @X # = ^
Give short answers. (Any two)
-s_ cfOtdfgn] ufp‘df u/]sf sfd h:t} ltdLn] klg cfk\mgf] ufp“df ug{ ;Sg] s'g}
ltg cf]6f sfdx¿ n]v .

111
 Write any three main works that can be done by you village as Aaitaman did
in his village.
-v_ gful/sn] s/ ltbf{ x'g] s'g} ltg cf]6f kmfObfx¿ pNn]v u/ .
Mention any three benefits of paying tax.
-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < s'g} ltg cf]6f pkfox¿ n]v .
How can social problems be solved ? Write any three ways.

#= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M ! X $=$

Give answer of any one question:
-s_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf sfo{x¿dWo] s'g} rf/ cf]6f c;n sfd / rf/ cf]6f ;'wf/
ug{'kg{] sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .
Mention any four good deeds and deeds to be improved which happened in
your community.
-v_ hf] sf]xL pGglttkm{ cl3 a9\g ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ltdL ljZjf; u5f}{ < cfk\mgf]
ljrf/ rf/ cf]6f a'“bfdf k|:t't u/ .
‘Anyone can lead towards progress” Do you agree with this statement or
not? Write your opinion in four points.

$= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] l;h{gfTds pTt/ n]v M ! X %=%

Give answer of any one question.

-s_ cltn] vlt u5{ eGg] ljrf/;Fu ;xdt x'‘b} !) a'Fbfdf cfk\mgf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .
“Extreme harms more’. Write any 10 points agreeing with this statement.

-v_ /fi6«, /fli6«otf Pjd\ /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf gful/sn] v]Ng ;Sg]
e"ldsfnfO{ s'g} b; cf]6f a'Fbfdf k|:t't u/ .
Write the roles of citizens in preserving and promoting nation, nationality
and national integrity in any 10 points.

;dfKt

112
 pTt/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f s'l~hsf
-;}bwflGts_
\wflGts_

!= -s_ ;xL pTt/ k"0f{ jfSodf n]v]df @

-v_ ljifo j:t' 5'6 eO{ cf+lzs ¿kdf pTt/ n]v]df !
cyf{t\
lgDgfg';f/ ;Defljt pTt/ n]v]df
-s_ c;n ;fyLsf] ;ª\ut, u'? jf dfGohgsf] cfb/, cf1fsf/L, ;Eo / dof{bfdf
a:g] cflb h:tf ldNg] pTt/ n]v]df .
-v_ cfWoflTds d"NocGtu{t ;To, cfTd ;Gt'li6, ;bfrf/, k|]d, clx+;f, w}o{, zflGt
/ ;]jf h:tf u'0fx¿ kb{5g\ eGg] h:tf pTt/ lbPdf .
-u_ ;sf/fTds ;f]r / ;xof]uLkgsf cfwf/df ;a};Fu ldn]/ sfd
u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] h:tf pTt/ lbPdf .
-3_ zfGt /xg l/;, 3dG8, O{iof{ / abnfsf] efjgf TofuL w}o{ wf/0f
ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg] h:tf pTt/ lbPdf .
-ª_ uNtLaf6 l;s]/ cfkm"nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ dflg; g} a'b\lwdfg\ dflgG5 cflb h:tf
pTt/ lbPdf .
-oL / o:t} s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf pTt/x¿nfO{ k'/f cª\s k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 _
@= k|Zg g+ @ sf ;Defljt pTt/x¿ M
@ -s_

cfOtdfgsf sfd;Fu tfbfTDotf b]vfP/ jf gb]vfP/ ljb\ofyL{n] ug{ ;Sg] s'g} ltg cf]6f
sfd pNn]v u/]df #

s'g} b'O{ sfd pNn]v u/]df @

s'g} Ps sfd pNn]v u/]df !
h:t} M
 af6f]3f6f], k'n, kfgLsf] d'xfg, d7, dlGb/, rf}/ cflbsf] ;/;kmfO
cleofg ;Grfng u/]df
 j[b\w j[b\wfsf] ;Ddfg, ;]jf / ;'/Iff u/]df

113
  cGw ljZjf;, s'/Llt tyf e|dsf lj?b\wsf] cleofgdf ;lj|mo
eO{ ;dfh ;'wf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ u/]df

@= -v_

s/sf af/]df Ps jfSo atfpFb} ltg cf]6f kmfObf pNn]v u/]df #

b'O{ cf]6f kmfObf pNn]v u/]df @

Pp6f kmfObf pNn]v u/]df !
h:t} M
 gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/af6 /fHonfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'/f
ug{ ;xof]u x'G5 .
 /fi6« ;DkGg x'g'sf ;fy} ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] klg OHht / k|lti7f a9\5 .
 s/ lt/L ;Eo gful/ssf] kl/ro lbg ;lsG5 / /fHoaf6 x'g] sf/jfxLaf6
aRg ;lsG5 . -oL / o:t} vfn] s'g} # a'‘bfsf s'/fx¿ ;d]6]/ pTt/ n]v]df #
cª\s k|bfg ug]{_
@=-u_

Ps jfSodf ;fdflhs ;d:of pNn]v ub}{ ltg cf]6f pkfo pNn]v u/]df #

b'O{ cf]6f pkfo pNn]v u/]df @

Pp6f pkfo pNn]v u/]df !
h:t} M
 ;fd"lxs ¿kdf e]nf eO{ a}7s, 5nkmn, cGtlj|mof, uf]i7Lsf cfwf/df
lgisif{df k'Ug]
 u'0f / bf]ifsf ;Ddfg jf lt/:sf/ ug]{
 cffk\mgf] sfo{n] c¿sf] sfddf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f];\ eGg]tkm{ ;r]t
eO{ ;xfg'e"lt / k/fg'e"lt k|s6 u/L ;a}sf] enf] x'g] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg] .
-oL / o:t} vfn] s'g} # a'“bfsf s'/fx¿ ;d]6]/ pTt/ n]v]df # cª\s k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]_
#= k|Zg g+= # sf ;Defljt pTt/x¿ :
#= -s_
h:t} M c;n sfdx¿

114

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cleofg, ;ef, ;xsfo{, ;dGjo ug]{

ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu a}7s, 5nkmn, ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿;“u e]63f6

;|f]tsf] vf]hL / kl/rfng

:jf:Yo rf}sL lgdf{0f / ;~rfng

cfk;L ;b\efj / ;xsfo{sf nflu ;+o'St sfo{j|md

d7, dlGb/, u'Daf ljxf/, af6f]3f6f], ;fj{hlgs :yfgsf] dd{t÷;Def/ / ;+aw{g h:tf
s'g} rf/ cf]6f c;n sfd pNn]v u/]df, k|To]ssf] )=% sf b/n] @ cª\s lbg] .
;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ M

cfk;L snx, dgd'6fj / em}emu8fsf] jftfj/0f x'g glbg]

k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf s';+:sf/sf] k|ltjfb ug]{

cfk\mgf] st{Jo kfngfeGbf clwsf/sf] vf]hLdf dfq a9L Wofg lbg] jf ljjfb
ug]{ k|j[lTtnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{

JolStut cf:yf, :jfy{, dxTTj / cfsf+Iffsf cfwf/df ;d"x lgdf{0f gug]{

ljnfl;tf pGd'v ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ / cfgLafgL, cflb h:tf ;'wf/of]Uo sfdx¿ ljifo
j:t';“u ldNg] u/L s'g} rf/ cf]6f a'“bf n]v]df )=% cª\ssf b/n] @ cª\s lbg] .
-oL / o:t} vfn] s'g} $ a“'bfsf s'/fx¿ ;d]6]/ pTt/ n]v]df $ cª\s k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]_
#= -v_
• cfk\mgf] kIf ls6fg u/L To;sf af/]df rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf pNn]v u/]df $
• ltg cf]6f a'Fbf pNn]v u/]df #
• b'O{ cf]6f a'Fbf pNn]v u/]df @
• Pp6f a'Fbf pNn]v u/]df !
$= sf ;Defljt pTt/x¿ :
k|Zg g+= $ -s_
• cgluGtL OR5fn] cltsf] l;h{gf u5{
• clgolGqt OR5f / k'/f ug{ g;lsg] cfjZostfsf] nf]en]
dflg;nfO{ dxTTjsfª\IfL agfpF5
• dxTTjsfª\IfL dflg; pGglttkm{ cfslif{t x'G5
• cltn] l/;, 3dG8, cxª\sf/ h:tf b'u'{0fsf] ljsf; u5{
115
 • gsf/fTds k|ltkmn lbg] u'0fn] dflg;nfO{ cdof{lbt / clgolGqt agfpF5
• o:tf ljz]iftf ePsf JolSt g} nf]eL x'G5g\
• nf]eL dflg; b'MvL czfGt eO{ cfj]udf ;lj|mo /xG5
• nf]eL dflg;n] dof{bfsf] ;Ldf kf/ u5{
• OR5f / cfsfª\IffnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'k5{
• cgfjZos nf]e ug'{ x'Fb}g
• c¿sf] pGgltaf6 k|]/0ff lnO{ ;b\Jojxf/ ug{'k5{
• k|To]s dflg;n] cGo dflg;sf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{
-oL / o:t} vfn] s'g} !) a'“bfx¿ n]v]df k|lt a'Fbf )=% sf b/n] % cª\s k|bfg ug{
;lsg]_
k|Zg g++= $ -v_

/fi6«k|]dsf] efjgfcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{

/Fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{]

/fi6«sf] df}lns ljz]iftfsf] k|jw{g ug{]

;fd"lxs sfddf ;xeflutf hgfpg]

l;h{gfTds sfddf pT;flxt / ;lj|mo /xL ;dfh ;]jf ug]{

JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt ;b\efj /fvL ljsf;sf sfddf ;lj|mo /xg]

ldqtfk"0f{ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{]

/fli6«o PstfnfO{ dha't agfpg]

k/:k/ ;xof]u ug{]

c¿sf] cl:tTjsf] /Iff / ;Ddfg ug]{

b]zsf] k|lti7f a9fpg] sfd ug]{
-oL / o:t} vfn] s'g} !) a'“bfx¿ n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]_

116
 Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\
ofªsg
\sg ;DaGwL lgb]{zg
sIff M * -g}lts lzIff_
g}lts lzIff ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zocg'¿k sIff * sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ;DaGwL @% cª\ssf] k|of]ufTds k/LIff lng'kg]{ x'G5 . To; k/LIffsf nflu
k|To]s PsfOaf6 %—% u/L hDdf @% k"0ff{ª\s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIfsn] ljb\ofyL{sf
Jojxf/df cfPsf] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ k/LIf0f u/L PsfOcg';f/ lgDg lnlvt cfwf/df cª\s k|bfg
ug'{kg]{ 5 M
!= PsfO ! df c;n rfl/lqs Jojxf/ k|bz{g÷rfl/lqs rfl/lqs ljsf; cGtu{t % zLif{s 5g\ .
tL, …ljb\ofyL{sf] sfo{z}nLÚ, …ljZjf;Ú, …rl/q ljsf;sf b[i6fGtx¿sf] cg's/0fÚ, …c;n
;+:sf/ tyf b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]uÚ Pj+ …c;n rl/q k|bz{g ug]{ tTk/tfÚ x'g\ . oL
zLif{scGtu{t s]xL pkzLif{s lbO{ tL pkzLif{ssf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{df cfPsf]
¿kfGt/0fsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ of]hgf agfOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] M
-c_ ljbljb\ofyL{
\ofyL{sf] sfo{z}nL zLif{scGtu{t …c¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg]Ú /
…kfl/jfl/s ;xof]uÚ u/L b'O{ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-cf_ ljZjf; zLif{scGtu{t …lzIfsk|ltsf] ljZjf;Ú, …l;sfOk|ltsf] ljZjf;Ú /
…;xkf7Lk|ltsf] ljZjf;Ú u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O_ rl/q ljsf;sf b[i6fGtx¿sf] cg's/0f zLif{scGtu{t …;d:of klxrfgÚ,
…ljsNksf] vf]hLÚ, …pQd ljsNk 5gf]6Ú / …cfˆgf] sfd cfkm}+ ug]{ afgLÚ h:tf $
pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O{_ c;n ;+:sf/ tyf b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]u zLif{scGtu{t …;fdflhs ¿kdf
k|rlnt c;n ;+:sf/ tyf b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]uÚ, …;+:s[lthGo c;n
;+:sf/ tyf b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]uÚ, Pj+ …k|ljlwhGo c;n ;+:sf/ tyf
b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]uÚ u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-p_ c;n rl/q k|bz{g ug]{ tTk/tf zLif{scGtu{t …sIffsf]7fdf ug]{ Jojxf/Ú /
…ljb\ofnodf ug]{ Jojxf/Ú u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
@= PsfO @ df dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf] k|jw{g zLif{scGtu{t …dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf]
af]w / tbg'¿k Jojxf/ k|bz{gÚ, …l;h{gfTds Ifdtf tyf ;xof]uL efjgf k|bz{gÚ,
…OdfGbf/L tyf pQ/bfloTj af]wÚ, …;fdflhs sfo{df cu|;/tfÚ / …w}o{ wf/0fÚ u/L %
zLif{s 5g\ . h;dWo] M
-c_ dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf] af af]]w / tbg'¿k Jojxf/ k|bz{g zLif{scGtu{t
…d]nldnfkÚ, …;Ddfg, dfof / ;Tsf/Ú …;bfrf/Ú u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-cf_ l;h{gfTds Ifdtf tyf ;xof]uL efjgf k|bz{g zLif{scGtu{t …sIffsf]7fdf u/]sf]
l;h{gfÚ / …;d"x sfo{df u/]sf] ;xeflutfÚ, oL @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
117
 -O_ Odfgbf/
Odfgbf/L
bf/L tyf pTt/bfloTj
pTt/bfloTj af]w zLif{scGtu{t …u[xsfo{ lgoldt ¿kdf u/]sf]Ú,
…;/;kmfOÚ / …c¿nfO{ ;DdfgÚ oL # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O{_ ;fdflhs sfo{df cu|;/tf zLif{scGtu{t …ljb\ofno ;/;kmfOÚ, …sIffsf]7f
;/;kmfOÚ / …hfqf kj{, d]nf, af6f], k'n cflb ;~rfng, ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gdf
;xof]uÚ oL # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-p_ w}o{ wf/0f zLif{scGtu{t …kfnf] kv{g] afgLÚ, …Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg] afgLÚ / …cj;/sf]
;Gt'lnt ljt/0fÚ u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
#= PsfO # df gful/s st{Jo / bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf tyf clwsf/sf] vf]hL zLif{scGtu{t
…cfrf/ ;+lxtf, lgod sfg'gsf] kfngfÚ, …lzi6frf/Ú, …:jfy{/lxt hLjg z}nLÚ, …;fj{hlgs
;DklTtsf] ;b'kof]uÚ / …clwsf/sf] vf]hL ubf{ c¿sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg u/L % zLif{s
5g\ . h;dWo] M
-c_ cfrf/ ;+lxtf, lgod sfg'gsf] kfngf zLif{scGtu{t …ljb\ofnosf] lgod kfngfÚ /
…sIffsf]7fsf] lgod kfngfÚ u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-cf_ lzi6frf/ zLif{scGtu{t …lzi6 af]nLÚ / …dfof, cfb/Ú oL @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O_ :jfy{/lxt hLjg z}nL zLif{scGtu{t …e]6]sf] j:t' lkmtf{ lbg]Ú / …cg'dltlagf
c¿sf] ;/;fdfg k|of]u gug]{Ú u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O{_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklTt
;DklTtsf] ;b'b'kof]u zLif{scGtu{t …ljb\ofno, wf/f, rkL{sf] ;'/Iff tyf
sf] ;
htgÚ, …af]6 la?jfsf] ;+/If0fÚ / …rp/, wfld{s :yn, af6f], k'n cflbsf] ;+/If0f
tyf ;+jw{gÚ, u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-p_ clwsf/sf] vf]hL ubf{ c¿sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg zLif{scGtu{t …sIffsf]7fdf x'g]
cGt/lj|mofdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf x'g] cj;/Ú, …c¿sf] ljrf/ ;'Gg] afgLÚ / …c¿sf
efjgfsf] sb/Ú u/L # pkzlif{s 5g\ .
$= PsfO $ df ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg zLif{scGtu{t …;fdflhs Jojxf/Ú, …;fd"lxs g]t[Tj /
;xsfo{Ú, …g}ltstf sfod ug]{ :yfgLo k|rngsf] cEof; tyf lg/Gt/tfÚ, …st{Jo
kfngfÚ, / …ljljwtfsf] ;DdfgÚ u/L % zLif{s 5g\ . h;dWo] M
-c_ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ zLif{scGtu{t …k|fy{gf ug]{ ;dodf ug]{ Jojxf/Ú, / …vfnL tyf
k'm;{bsf ;dodf ljb\ofno tyf sIffsf]7fdf ug]{ Jojxf/Ú u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-cf_ ;fd"lxs g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{ zLif{scGtu{t …lzIf0f l;sfOsf] g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{Ú,
…cltl/St tyf ;x–sfo{snfkdf lng] g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{Ú / …sIff Joj:yfkgdf lng]
g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{Ú u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O_ g}ltstf sfod ug]{ :yfgLo k|rngsf] cEof; tyf lg/Gt/tf zLif{ssf pkzLif{s
5}gg\ .

118
 -O{_ st{Jo kfngf zLif{scGtu{t …;fyLefO;Fu ldnLh'nL a:g]Ú / …cfjZostfg';f/
vfhf, k':ts, k]lG;n cflbsf] ;xof]uÚ oL @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-p_ ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg zLif{scGtu{t …;lxi0f'tf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ k|bz{gÚ / …hftLo
tyf n}ª\lus lje]b lj?b\w Jojxf/ k|bz{gÚ u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
%= PsfO % df cg'zf;g / ;sf/fTds lrGtgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / vf]hd"ns Jojxf/
k|bz{gcGtu{t …:j:y lrGtgsf] cEof;Ú, …;xL sfo{Ú, …nugzLntfÚ, …c;n cfr/0fÚ /
…;+j]u Joj:yfkgÚ u/L % zLif{s 5g\ . h;dWo]M
-c_ :j:y lrGtgsf] cEof; zLif{scGtu{t …;sf/fTds ;f]rfOÚ, …kl/jt{gsf nflu
tof/Ú / …sfd ug]{ efjgfÚ u/L # pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-cf_ ;xsfo{ zLif{scGtu{t …lgod cg';f/sf] sfo{Ú / …c¿nfO{ rf]6 gk'¥ofpg] sfo{Ú
u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O_ nugzLntf zLif{scGtu{t …k9fO n]vfOdf s]lGb|t /xg] afgLÚ / …gofF s'/f
l;h{gfdf nflu/xg] afgLÚ u/L @ pkzLif{s 5g\ .
-O{_ c;n cfr/0f zLif{scGtu{t …;do kfngfÚ, …ljb\ofnodf lgoldttfÚ, / …u[xsfo{
kfngfÚ oL # pkzLif{s 5g\
-p_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg zLif{scGtu{t …gl/;fpg]Ú, …;'vdf gdflTtg]Ú, …b'Mvdf gcflTtg]Ú,
…j|mf]w tyf 3dG8 k|bz{g gug]{Ú, / …cfˆgf ;d:of ;fyL, lzIfs tyf 3/ kl/jf/df
-;Fu_ JoSt ug]{Ú, h:tf oL % pkzLif{s 5g\ .
sIff * sf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ;DaGwL k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] cª\s k|bfg ug{
tn Ps cª\s tflnsf lbOPsf] 5 . To;df PsfOsf] ;ª\s]t ug{ s|dzM !,@,#,$,%
cª\s /flvPsf 5g\ . PsfOnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{ x/]s cª\ssf d'lg d"n zLif{s / k|To]s
zLif{ssf nflu cª\s Ps -!_ lbOPsf] 5 . k|To]s PsfOsf pkzLif{snfO{ ;d]t Wofg
lbO{ ljb\ofyL{df ePsf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf cfwf/df slTt klg kl/jt{g geP z"Go -)_,
cf+lzs kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvP cfwf -!÷@_ / nlIot pb\b]Zo cg'¿k Jojxf/ kl/jt{g
ePsf] cj:yfdf Ps -!_ cª\s k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 5 . oxL k|ls|ofn] % PsfOsf @% zLif{ssf
nflu @% k"0ff{ª\saf6 cfjZos cª\s k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 5 . o;/L ;a} zLif{sdf cª\s k|bfg
u/L cGtdf s'n of]u lgsflng] 5 / ;}b\wflGts k/LIffsf] cª\s;Fu k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf]
cª\s;d]t of]u u/L s'n %) k"0ff{ª\sdf g}lts lzIff ljifosf] k/LIff kmn k|sfzg
ul/g] 5 .

119
 gfd M
ldlt M
#
!
@

tof/ ug]{
x:tfIf/ M
↓
j|m=;+=

↓
→
→

cª\s
PsfO
;ª\s]t

sf] gfd
ljb\ofyL{
zLif{s /
lhNnf M === === ==== === === === ===

ljb\ofyL{sf] sfo{z}nL
!

ljZjf;
!
!

rl/q ljsf;sf b[i6fGtx¿sf] cg's/0f

!

c;n ;+:sf/ tyf b'ik|efjsf] klxrfg / k|of]u

gfd M
ldlt M
!

?h' ug]{
x:tfIf/
c;n rl/q k|bz{g ug]{ tTk/tf
!

dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf] af]w / tbg'¿k Jojxf/ k|bz{g

!

l;h{gfTds Ifdtf tyf ;xof]uL efjgf k|bz{g

!
@

Odfgbf/L tyf pTt/bfloTj af]w

!

;fdflhs sfo{df cu|;/tf

!

w}o{ wf/0f
!

cfrf/ ;+lxtf, lgod sfg'gsf] kfngf

!

lzi6frf/
!

ldlt
gfd M
x:tfIf/
#

:jfy{/lxt hLjg z}nL

!

120
k|wfgfWofks
;fj{hlgs ;DklTtsf]] ;b'kof]u
!
g}lts lzIff sIff M *

clwsf/sf] vf]hL ubf{ c¿sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg

!

;fdflhs Jojxf/
!

;fd"lxs g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{

!
Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] -k|of]ufTds_ d"Nofª\sg tflnsf @)&)

g}ltstf sfod ug]{ :yfgLo k|rngsf] cEof; tyf

$
!

lg/Gt/tf
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === ===

st{Jo kfngf
!

ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg
!

gfd M
ldlt M

:j:y lrGtgsf] cEof;

!

;xL sfo{
!

ljb\ofnosf] 5fk

nugzLntf
%
!

c;n cfr/0f
!

;+j]u Joj:yfkg
!
hDdf

@%
k"0ff{ª\s M @%

s}lkmot
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff

121
 lhNnf :t/
:t/Lo k/LIff
ljifo ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf @)&)
clgjfo{ k];f, Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIff
k];f Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff dfgj hLjg / hLljsf]kfh{g;“u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo xf] . JolStnfO{
;'vL / pTkfbgzLn hLjgsf nflu tof/ kfg{ cfjZos 1fgsf] ;'?jft ug]{ / l;k l;Sg hfu?s agfpg] ;fy}
cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ s'g} klg k];f c“ufNgsf nflu lzIff tyf tflnd lngnfO{ pTk]|l/t ug{ / cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{
Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;lj|mo hLjgofkg ug{ l;sfpg] hLjgof]uL lzIff xf] . o; ljifosf] d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofsf nflu
;DalGwt ljifosf] 1fg, l;k / pRr bIftf Pjd\ Jojxfl/s clej[lTt cj:yfsf] k/LIf0f u/L ljifo ljzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAw d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k/LIff / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;}b\wflGts kIfsf] d'Nofª\sgsf nflu lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 eg] Jofjxfl/s kIfsf]
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu sIffdf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] ljifout 5nkmndf ;xeflutf, lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf, hfu?stf,
nugzLntfsf clen]vx¿ / ljleGg lsl;dsf k/LIff cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . o; ljifodf %) k"0ff{ªs \ sf]
;}b\wflGts k/LIff / %) k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIffsf nflu lgDg %) k"0ff{ªs
\ sf]
ljifo If]qaf6 lgDgfg';f/ cª\sef/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
j|m=;+= ljifo If]q cª\s ef/

!= k];fut lzIff !%

@= Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f @%

#= k|ljlw lzIff !)

hDdf %)

;}b\wflGts k/LIffsf] pTtL0ff{ª\s @) x'g] 5 .

%) k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] nflu lgDg kIfsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ tkl;ncg';f/sf] cª\sef/ ljefhg ul/Psf]
5.
j|m=;+= ljifo ljj/0f cª\s ef/

!= ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt !)

@= k|of]ufTds sfo{ clen]v %

#= ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u @)

$= n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ -of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f_ !)

%= df}lvs k/LIff %

hDdf %)

k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] pTtL0ff{ª\s @) x'g] 5 .

122
 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff
-;}b\wflGts_

sIffM *
k"0ff{ªs
\ M %) pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M @)
;doM ! 306f #) ldg]6

ljifo If]q PsfO k|Zg k"0ff{ª\s 1fg l;k pRr Ifdtf s}lkmot
;+Vof

k];fut lzIff k];fut lzIff ! % !

/f]huf/L, tflnd tyf lzIff ! % !

/f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf ! % !

Joj;fo ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k ! % !

cled'vLs/0f

Joj;fo

-s_ t/sf/L v]tL $ @) ! @ !

-v_ kmnk'mn v]tL

-u_ ;'Vvf t/sf/L, kmnk'mn

tyf vfb\o ;fdu|L
tof/L

-3_ k'mn tyf h8La'6L v]tL

-ª_ kz'kG5L :ofxf/ /

x]/rfx

-r_ lzNk snf

-5_ df6f]sf] sfd

-h_ l;nfO a'gfO

k|ljlw lzIff :yfgLo k|ljlw ! % !

cfw'lgs k|ljlw ! % !

123
 k|Zg / pTt/ s'l~hsf
~hsf
gd'gf k|Zgkq
Model Question

lhNnf :t/
:t/Lo k/LIff
District Level Examination

ljifo M k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff

Occupation, Business and Technology Education

-;}bwflGts_
\wflGts_
(Theoritical)

pTtL0ff{ª\s M @) (Pass Marks : 20) k"0ff{ª\s M %) (Full Marks : 50)

;do M ! 306f #) ldg]6 (Time : 1 hrs. 30 minutes)

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm M !)x

!) %= %)
Answer the following Questions (10x5 = 50)

;d'x -s_ k];fut lzIff

Group A: Occupational Education

k|Zg g+ != ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf s'g} kf“r cf]6f k];fx¿ pNn]v u/ < s'g} Ps k];fsf] j0f{g u/ .
State any five occupations in public service sector ? Explain any one of them.

k|Zg g+ @= cfhef]ln cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/Ldf g]kfnLx¿hfg] j|md a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f u/ .
The trend of international employment is increasing in Nepal at present. Analyse its
advantages and disadvantages.

124
k|Zg g+ #= ltd|f] bfh' j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgsf] nflu ltdL;“u ;Nnfx dfUb} x'g'x'G5 . bfh'nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf
;"rgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx kf“r cf]6f a'b“ fdf k|:t't u/ .
Your elder brother is asking for suggestions about foreign employment. Present any five
suggestions to get right information for foreign employment.

;d"x -v_ Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f

Group B: Business Education

k|Zg g+ $= ltd|f] a:tLdf ;~rfng ePsf] s'g} Pp6f pb\of]usf] gfd n]vL To;n] ;dfh ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg
k|:t't u/ .
Mention any one industry of your locality and present its contribution to social
development.

k|Zg g+ %= s'g} rf/ k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v . -k|Zg g+= -h_ clgjfo{ 5 ._
(Give answer of any four Questions)

-s_ cuf{lgs t/sf/L v]tL eg]sf] s] xf] < pTkfbgsf tl/sf 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
What is meant by Organic Vegetable farming ? Write in short about the process of
production.

-v_ kmnk'mnsf la?jf sf“65f“6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f / kmfObf n]v .
Write the pourts to be considered while pruning the fruit plants and their advantages.

-u_ kmnk'mn tyf t/sf/L ;'sfpg] ljlw n]vL s'g} Pssf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/ .
Mention the methods of drying fruits and Vegetable and explain any one of them.

-3_ g]kfndf kfOg] s'g} kf“r hl8a'6Lsf] gfd, k|of]u x'g] efu / pkrf/ x'g] /f]usf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .
Make a list of any five medicinal herbs with their parts used and enlist the disease to be
cured.

-ª_ dfGb|f] agfpgsf] nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf gfd n]v . o;sf] pkof]lutfsf] j0f{g u/ .
Write the essential materials required for making Nepali mat (mandro). Explain its
utilization.

125
-r_ sk8fsf] gfk lng] tl/sf k|:t't u/ .
Present the procedure of measuring the clothes.

-5_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf pknAw s'g} % cf]6f df6fsf ef8f“x¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ logLx¿sf] pkof]lutf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
Make a list of any five clay pots and enlist their utilities.

-h_ e]8fafv|f kfng Joj;fodf r/0f Joj:yf /fd|f] x'g h?/L 5, k|i6 kf/ .
"Proper grazing is essential in goat farming." Justify this statement.

cyjf (or)
ufO{e};Ldf nfUg] k|d'v @ /f]ux¿ n]vL ltgLx¿sf nIf0f / pkrf/ ljlw n]v .
Write the two main diseases to be infected in cattle/buffallow and write their symptoms
and treatment.

cyjf (or)
s'v'/f kfngaf6 pTkflbt j:t'n] dfgj hLjg k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg jf dxTTjdfly rrf{ u/ .
Discuss about the contribution made by or significance of products of poultry farming to
the human life.

cyjf (or)
g]kfndf aª\u'/sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg s:tf] 5 < rrf{ u/ .
How is the market management of pig farming in Nepal ? Discuss it.

cyjf (or)
ltdLn] b]v]sf] df5f kfng Joj;fosf af/]df Pp6f 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg n]v .
Write a short report on the fish farming.

cyjf (or)
df}/L kfngsf kmfObf 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
Write the advantages of bee keeping in short.

126
 ;d"x u k|ljlw lzIff
Group C: Techonology Education

k|Zg g+ *= ltd|f] ufp“3/df k|of]u ul/g] s'g} kf“r cf]6f :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] gfd n]vL ;ª\If]kdf j0f{g u/ .
Write any five local technologies used in your village. Explain in brief.

k|Zg g+ (= s'g} kf“r cf]6f cfw'lgs pks/0fx¿sf] gfd n]vL s'g} Ps cfw'lgs pks/0f k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf pNn]v
u/ .
Write any five names of modern technology. Write any one of procedure of modern
technology.

pTt/ s'l~hsf
;d'x -s_ k];fut lzIff
!= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf k];fx¿ M lrlsT;f, OlGhlgol/ª, s[lif, jg, ljTt, ko{6g, lzIf0fdWo] s'g} kf“r cf]6f
n]v]df cª\s @=% / oLdWo] s'g} Pssf] kl/ro, cWoog If]q, dxTTj 5f]6s/Ldf n]v]df cª\s @=% u/L
hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{
@= cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/Lsf] kmfObfx¿ -!= b]z ljb]z 3'Dg @= gof“ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt #= cfsif{s
kfl/>lds $= /fh:j j[lb\w %= hLjg:t/ j[lb\w cflb_ / o:t} s'/f ;d]6L ljZn]if0f u/]df @=% /
a]kmObfx¿ -!= gof“ kl/j]zdf cg's"ng x'g sl7g @= k|ljlw, l;k / 1fgsf] sdL #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/
;DaGwL gLlt ;DaGwL 1fgsf] cefj $= km/s /xg;xg / sfg'gL Joj:yf %= u'gf;f] ;'Gg] plrt lgsfo
gx'g' cflb_ / o:t} s'/f ;d]6L ljZn]if0f n]v]df @=% u/L hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{
#= j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ljefu, >d dGqfno, hgzlSt ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;ª\3 ;+:yf, ljb]zL ;ª\3;+:yfsf]
j]a;fO6, tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfx¿ cflbsf af/]df ljb]z hfgsf] nflu cfjZos
;Nnfx % a'“bfdf cfPdf cª\s % k|bfg ug]{
;d"x -v_ Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f
$= :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt s'g} pb\of]usf] gfd n]v]df ! cª\s / To;n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;df k'/o\ fPsf]
of]ubfg -!= /f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf, @= l56f] 5l/tf] sfo{, #= cfodf j[lb\w, $= pTkflbt ;dfu|Lsf] ;xh
k|flKt h:tf ljifo ;dfj]z_ u/L pNn]v u/]df $ cª\s u/L hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{

127
-s_ /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ k|of]u gul/sg pTkfbg ul/Psf] t/sf/L eGg] cfzo cfpg] pTt/ n]v]df # cª\s /
;f] sf] pTkfbgsf tl/sfx¿ -af/L vGg], dn xfNg], lap /fVg], / cuf{lgs kbfy{sf] dfq k|of]u ug]{ h:tf
a'“bf n]v]df @ cª\s u/L hDdf % k|bfg ug]{ .
-v_ kmnkm'n la?jf sf“65f“6sf k'/fgf dls{Psf, sfd gnfUg] afSnf] ePsf] xf“uf x6fpg] eGg] cfzo cfPdf
@=% / u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg, alnof] xf“uf, :j:Yo la?jf h:tf cfzo cfpg] n]v]df @=% cª\s k|bfg ug]{
-u_ kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/LnfO{ kl5;Dd k|of]u ug{sf nflu ;f}o{ ljlw, 3fddf ;'sfpg] ljlw jf ljb\o'tLo
;fwgx¿df ;'sfpg] ljlw / tl/sfx¿ n]v]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{
-3_ g]kfndf kfOg] s'g} klg kf“r h8La'6Lx¿sf] gfd n]vL ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u x'g] efu / pkrf/ x'g] /f]ux¿sf]
gfd n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg ug]{,
-ª_ dfGb|f] agfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ dfGb|f]sf] k|of]usf] af/]df n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg
ug]{,
-r_ sk8fsf] gfk lng] ljlw z/L/sf c+ux¿sf] gfk ;lxt n]v]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{,
-5_ :yfgLo :t/df k|of]u x'g] s'g} % cf]6f df6fsf ef“8fx¿sf] gfd n]vL ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutfx¿sf af/]df
n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg ug],{
-h_ -c_ dx“uf] bfgfsf] ;6\6fdf 3f;kft vfg], pTkfbg nfut sd x'g], k|fs[ltdf ePsf 3f;kftaf6 /f]u sd
nfUg] l56f] l56f] a9\g] h:tf s'/fx¿ k|:6 kf/L r/0fsf] dxTTj tyf kmfObf k'i6L u/]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{

/f]usf] gfd nIf0f pkrf/

Eofu't] Hj/f] cfpg] !)^=!)&, ¥ofn l;ufg sf8\g], ;Nkmf ;d'xsf] PlG6jfof]l6s
lb;f lk;fa, slAhot, /ut ldl;Psf] kftnf] -lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxdf_ clS;6]8«
lb;f bft s6s6\ofpg], ^–* 306fdf d5{ ;fOlsg Snf]/]d km]lgsn
vf]/]t d'vdf 3fp, ¥ofn sf8\g] v'/ kmf6]sf], v'/df d'vsf] 3fpnfO{ ! k6s kflgdf
3fp, Hj/f] cfpg] v'66\ f l;wf g6]Sg], b'w 36\g], lkm6ls/L ld;fO ;kmf ug]{, v'/df kf]6f;
b'Anfpg] kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{, lxdf]s; dnd nufpg]
gfDn] k/hLjL, emf]j|mfpg], bfgfkfgL gvfg], b'Anfpb} h]gfO8 jf]n; ! u|fd k|lt !)) s]hLsf
hfg], /f}“ 7f8f] x'g], lb;f kftnf], uGxfpg], df6f] b/n] Eofl;g]G;&% s]hL ! jf]n;sf b/n]
vfg], sn]hf] lau|]/ cf“vfdf sr]/f nfUg] lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxn] #.$ lbgkl5
b}lgs v'jfpg]
y'g]nf] b'wdf /ut lkk ldl;P/ cfpg], kmfrf] ;f/f] 7'nf b'w bf]xL ;s]kl5 k]lkl8g cf]lkl8g
/ftf] x'G5 ldl;Psf] emf]ndf y'nfO{ s]xLa]/
8'afpg] . ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg]
PlG6jfof]l6s rnfpg]

128
-cf_ Eofu't], vf]/]t, gfDn], a'g]nf]dWo] s'g} @ n]v]df cª\s !, nIf0fx¿ n]v]df cª\s @ pkrf/ ljlw n]v]df cª\s
@ u/L hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
-O_ v]tLsf] nflu dn, dflg;sf] nflu k|f]l6g o'St cG8f tyf df;', /fd|f] Joj;fo, cfly{s cfDbfgL, /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ h:tf dxTTj bzf{O rrf{ u/]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{ .
-O{_ ahf/ Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo ahf/, zx/ ahf/ / Joj:yfkgsf] s'/f pNn]v u/L rrf{ u/]df / aª\'/sf]
ahf/ dfu a9\bf] s'/fx¿ n]v]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{ .
-p_ df5fsf] hft, kf]v/L lgdf{0f k|lj|mof, hn Joj:yfkg, cfxf/ / ahf/ Joj:yfkg;lxtsf] Pp6f 5f]6f]
k|ltj]bg n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
-pm_ dx, d}g / s'6 n]vL JofVof u/]df cª\s % k|bfg ug]{ .

;d"x u k|ljlw lzIff

*= t'Og, kfgL 36\6, hftf], df]xL kfg]{, kfgL tfGg] k'nL, wfg s'6g\ ] l9sLh:tf % k|ljlw n]vL ;fdfGo kl/ro /
sfd n]v]df % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .
(= 6«ofS6/, lk7f] lk;g], wfg s'6\g] d]l;g, 8f]h/, jiff{sf] kfgL ;ª\sng, jfl;ª d]l;g /]lk|mh]/]6/, Po/
slG8;g/ dN6L ldl8of, lel8of s'/fsfgL, df]afOn kmf]g, :Sofg/, lk|G6/, PkmPd, ;f]nf/ 6'sL, OG6/g]6
cflb n]v]df # cª\s / s'g} Pssf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]v]df @ cª\s u/L hDdf % cª\s k|bfg ug]{ .

ljifo ljlzi6L
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff
k|of]ufTds k/LIff k"0ff{ªs
\ M%)
sIff M* pTtL0ff{
TtL0ff{ªs
\ M @)
ljifo If]q PsfO lj|mofsnfk ;ª\Vof k"0ff{ª\s s}lkmot
k];fut lzIff k];fut lzIff @ !)
/f]huf/L tflnd tyf lzIff ! %
/f]huf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf ! %
Joj;fo != t/sf/L v]tL

129
 cled'vLs/0f @=kmnk'mn v]tL
#= ;'Vvf t/sf/L tyf vfb\o $ @)
;fdu|L tof/
$= kmnk'mn tyf hl8a'6L
v]tL
%= lzNk snf
^= df6f]sf] sfd
&= l;nfO a'gfO
*=kz'kG5L :ofxf/ / x]/rfx
k|ljlw lzIff :yfgLo k|ljlw ! %
cfw'lgs k|ljlw ! %

lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIffsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ %) k"0ff{ªs

\ sf] x'G5 . k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu k];fut lzIffaf6 # cf]6f
lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ !% cª\sef/ Joj;fo cled'vLs/0faf6 % cf]6f lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ @% cª\sef/ / k|ljlw
lzIffaf6 @ cf]6f lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ !) cª\sef/ u/L hDdf %) k"0ff{ªs \ sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
k|To]s ;d"xdf tf]lsPcg';f/sf lj|mofsnfk kg]{ u/L lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ hDdf !) cf]6f lj|mofsnfk
u/fpg'kg]{
5.
k|To]s lj|mofsnfksf] 5'66\ f5'66\ } d"Nofª\sg u/L ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] k|fKtfª\s lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ / clen]lvs/0f u/L
/fVg'k5{ . h'g clen]v;lxt ;DalGwt If]qdf k7fpg'kg]{ 5 . ljb\ofyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bg l6kf]6 ;DalGwt
lgsfon] lg/LIf0f ug{ cfp“bf b]]vfpg'kg]{ 5 .

130
 lj|mofsnfksf] lj:t[t ljj/0f
!= k];fut lzIff
k];fut lzIffcGtu{t ljleGg If]qsf hgzlSt / pgLx¿sf sfo{ ljj/0f, To; sfo{n] ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg, h:tfaf/] s'g} Ps lj|mofsnfk k|ltj]bg n]vg ug{ nufpg] .
cGt/f{li6«o k];f jf k];f 5gf]6 u/L pTs[i6 k];fnfO{ c“ufnL hLjgnfO{ ;/n / ;/; Joltt u/]sf] s'g} Ps
k|ltj]bg n]Vg nufpg] . o:tf vfnsf @ cf]6f lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufO{ !) cª\sef/sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
/f]huf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;"rgfsf ;|f]t, lj1fkg j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf tyf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf
pgLx¿n] k'¥ofpg] ;]jf / ;xof]u /f]huf/sf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgL, lng'kg]{ lzIff, tflnd cflb af/]df
s'g} klg Pp6f lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] / % cª\sef/sf] d'Nofª\sg ug]{ .
@= Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f M
;fdfGo Joj;flos l;kcGt{ut pko'St lg0f{o lng] l;k, ;d:of ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfg ug]{ l;kcGt{utsf s'g}
klg l;k k|of]u u/L hLjgnfO{ :t/Lo / ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf l;kx¿ k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df % cª\sef/sf]
d'Nofª\sg ug]{
Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f ug{sf nflu Joj;fo ;+rfngsf 5gf]6 k|lj|mof ahf/sf] cj:yf, sRrf kbfy{, :j¿k,
hgzlSt, jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / ;dfwfg, jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] d'Nofª\sg h:tf s'/f jf pb\odlzntf, o;sf]
kl/ro cfjZostf dxTTj h:tf s'/f pNn]v u/L k|ltj]bg k]; u/]df jf Joj;fo ;+rfngsf 9f“rf tof/
u/]df jf :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt pb\of]usf af/]df Pp6f ;fgf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|:t't u/]df jf ahf/
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|:t't u/]df
s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] kl/ro, cfjZostf, dxTTj, pknlAw, ;dfhnfO{, ;+:yfnfO{ / /fHonfO{ x'g]
kmfObf, jftfj/0fLo k|efj / Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿;d]t pNn]v ePsf] PsfO ;ftb]lv rf}w;Dd -PsfO !!
afx]s_ s'g} # cf]6f lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg] . pSt lj|mofsnfksf] !% cª\sdf k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
PsfO P3f/ kz'kIfL :ofxf/ / x]/rfxdWo] s'g} Ps kz'kG5L kfns s[ifssf ufO{ / To;sf af/]df kl/ro,
cfjZostf, dxTTj, kmfObf -JolSt, ;dfh / /fHo_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj / Joj:yfkg;d]tsf] Pp6f :ynut
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]df % cª\sef/sf] k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] d'Nofª\sg ug]{ .
#= k|ljlw lzIff
:yfgLo k|ljlw l9sL, hftf], kfgL 36\6, xft]sn, t'Og, df]Okf/]sf cflbsf af/]df :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] kl/ro,
cfjZostf, dxTTj, kmfObf / ;a} pNn]v ePsf] :ynut k|ltj]bg jf sfo{ ljj/0f;lxt k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]df
% cª\sef/sf] k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
cfw'lgs k|ljlw jfl;ª d]l;g, /]lk|mh]/]6/, ;f]nf/ 6'sL jiff{sf] kfgL ;ª\sngdWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf kl/ro
cfjZostf, dxTTj, kmfObf;lxtsf] Pp6f k|of]ufTds k|ltj]bg k]; u/]df % cª\sef/sf] k"0ff{ªs\ df d"Nofª\sg
ug]{ .

131
 k|of]ufTds sfo{
sfo{ u/fp“bf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

:yfgLo :t/df k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/fp“bf lzIfs g} rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .

k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk u/fp“bf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ lgwf{l/t ljifo / If]qsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

ljb\ofnosf] cj:yf / ljb\ofyL{sf] OR5f / ¿lrcg';f/ zLif{s 5gf]6 ug{] .

zLif{scg';f/sf] s] ug]{ slxn] ug]{ :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ .

sfo{ of]hgfsf] tflnsf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ .

cWoogsf nflu cWoog ljlw / ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ .

lj|mofsnfksf d'Vo d'Vo sfo{x¿ ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ k"j{hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

:yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/ zLif{s 5gf]6 ug'kg]{ .

k|ltj]bgsf nflu cfjZos zLif{sx¿ Hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ .

k|ltj]bgsf] clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

132
;+:s[t

133
 ;+:s[t
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf,
tflnsf, @)^(

sIff * k"0ff{ªs
\ M !))
;do M # 306f pTtL0ff{ªs
\ M $)

j|m=;+= ;f]lwg] ;dfwfg cª\

cªsef/
\sef/ k|Zgsf] k|s[lt ljwf -ljifo If]q_÷:ki6Ls/0f
ug'{kg]{

!= & % %×$ Ö @) af]wfTds syf, k|aGw, hLjgL, ;+jfb

@= # # #×% Ö !% clt;ª\lIfKtf]Tt/fTds÷ kb\o ljwf

cGjon]vgfTds÷JofVofTds

#= @ ! !×% Ö % kqn]vgfTds 3/fo;L, Jofkfl/s tyf

sfof{noLo

$= @ ! !×% Ö % l;h{gfTds n]vg syf, hLjgL, k|aGw

%= ! ! !×% Ö % zAbfy{ n]vg zAb 1fg

^= ! ! !×% Ö % lj|mofy{ n]vg lj|mof 1fg

&= ! ! !×!) Ö !) cg'jfb ;+:s[taf6 g]kfnLdf % cf]6f

tyf g]kfnLaf6 ;+:s[tdf %
jfSo

* ! ! !×% Ö % lnª\uaf]wfTds efifftTTj

( ! ! !×% Ö % kof{on]vgfTds efifftTTj

!) ! ! !×!) Ö !) zAb lgdf{0ffTds pk;u{, k|Too, ;lGw, ;df;

!! ! ! !×% Ö % cz'bl\ w ;+zf]wgfTds sf/s, ljelSt / z'b\wfz'bl\ w

!@ ! ! !×% Ö % jfSofGt/0f sfn, k'?if, jrg / lnª\u

!# ! ! !×% Ö % ¿kfjnLn]vg zAb / wft' ¿kfjnL

@# !( !)) hDdf

b|i6Jo M

134
sIff ^ / & df lnOg] ^) k|ltztsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf j|mddf klg plNnlvt ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsg] 5 .
;¿k–
;¿k–k|Zgkqd\
gkqd\

ljifoM – ;+:s[td\ k"0ff{ªs

\ fM – !))
sIff – ci6dL pQL0ff{ªs
\ fM –$)
;doM –306fqod\
!= kl7tkf7fg\
kl7tkf7fg\ cfwf/Ls[To sf~rg k~r k|Zgfg\
gfg\ pTt/ot
pTt/ot
%×$≠@)
$≠@)
-s_ hn:o :jR5tfo} ls+ ls+ st'{+ zSot] <
-v_ ;lxi0f'tf gfd lsd\ < c:of cfjZostf sf <
-u_ :jfldgM /fdfgGb:o ;'ljrf/fM s] <
-3_ PsnJoM sy+ dxfg\ wg'w{/M cejt\ <
-ª_ uf]ofqfkj{ sy+ dfGot] < ;ª\If]k]0f lnvt .
-r_ dfbskbfyf{gf+ ;]jg]g ls+ ejlt <
-5_ lj1fg]g cfljis[tflg ;fwgflg lsdy{d\ cfjZosflg < ;f]bfx/0f+ lnvt .
@= ;j]{ k|ZgfM ;dfw]ofM
-c_ kf7fwf/]0f PsjfSo]g k|Zgfg\
gfg\ pTt/ot
pTt/ot
%×!≠%
!≠%
-s_ wLdtf+ sfnM sy+ uR5lt <
-v_ j;Gt>LM sLb[zL jt{t] <
-u_ a'bl\ wgfzft\ ls+ ejlt <
-3_ ;d'b|M s:d} tg"hf+ bbf} <
-ª_ x[bo;Gtfk M ls+ sYot] <
-cf_ k|bQ:o kB:o cGjo+ lnvt !×%≠%
%≠%
36+ leGBft\ k6+ l5GBft\ s'of{b\ ub{e/f]x0fd\ .
o]g s]g k|sf/]0f k|l;b\wM k'?iff] ej]t\ ..

135
-O_ d~h"iffof+ k|bQfg\
Qfg\ zAbfg\
zAbfg\ clGjio kB:o JofVof+ k"/ot
/ot
!)×)=%≠
!) )=%≠ %
cfn:o+ lx dg'iof0ff+ z/L/:yf] dxfg\ l/k'M .
gf:To'Bd;df] aGw'M s'jf{0ff] gfj;Lblt ..
JofVof – cfn:o+ dg'iof0ff+=======lti7lt . ==== t]iff+ dxfg\ zq'M ======= . otf] lx, cfn:o+ dg'iof0ffd\
pGgtf}======= ejlt . cfn:o]g sfo{:o=====ejlt k/Gt' kl/>d]0f ======l;b\lwM ejlt . ctM
kl/>dM ======aGw'M jt{t] . oM ======= s/f]lt ====== sbflk c;kmnM ======ejlt .
d~h"iff
sfo{:o, cl:t, g, xflgM, z/L/], dg'iof0ffd\, kl/>dd\, afwsd\, ;M, cfn:od\
#= cw:tgof]M k|Zgof]M Ps:o}j ;dfwfg+ s'?t !×%≠%
%≠%
-s_ clIf–zAb:o ¿kfl0f lnvt .
-v_ zLª\–;]j\wfTjf]M n[6n
\ sf/:o ¿kfl0f lnvt .
$= d~h"ifftM plrt+ kof{okb+ lrTjf lnvt
%×!≠%
!≠%
;fu/M, b[i6\jf, /f;eM, tgof, jf;M
d~h"iff
jLIo, tg"hf, ;d'b|M, k6M, ub{eM
%= jfSofzo+ kl7Tjf d~h'ifftM plrt+ zAb+ lrg'
lrg't %×!≠%
!≠%
-s_ oM /f]lu0ff+ k/LIf0fd\, cf}ifwf]krf/+ r s/f]lt –
-v_ ;fd'lb|s]0f hndfu]{0f j:t"gfd\ cfoftlgof{ts/0fd\ –
-u_ dzs]EoM ;'/Iffo} k|of]Ho+ hfnd\ –
-3_ dfgsJofs/0fsf]zflb/lxtf :yfgLof efiff –
-ª_ s:oflk tYo:o clen]vo'tM kfiff0fv08M –
d~h"iff
kf/jxgd\, eflifsf, lznfkqd\, lrlsT;sM, dzshfnd\
^= ;lGwof]u]g k|s[ltk|Tooof]u]g r kblgdf{0f+ s'?t !)×!≠!)
!) !≠!)
-s_ n]vs ± 6fk\ -v_ ljgf ± Pj

136
 -u_ s[ ± cgLo/\ -3_ sM ± x;lt
-ª_ ud\ ± zt[ -r_ dft[ ± cfb]zM
-5_ ljZjhg ± v -h_ ttM ± r
-em_ cWofTd ± 7s\ -`_ clt ± Oj
&= lj|mofkbdwLTo k/:k/+ d]not %×!≠%
!≠%
‘c’ v08M ‘cf’ v08M
;]jt] k|;GgM ejlt .
jf~5lt ;]jf+ s/f]lt .
wfjlt k|flKt+ s/f]lt .
cfKgf]lt s"b{g+ s/f]lt .
t'iolt OR5f+ s/f]lt .
*= cw:tgfgf+ kbfgf+ lnª\
lnªulgb]
\ulgb]{zg+ s'?t %×!≠%
!≠%
d"ifsfM, o'ud\, ljB't\, lt;|M, c>"l0f .
(= /]vfª\
fªlstkbfgfd\
\lstkbfgfd\ cz'lb\bw+\w+ ;+zf]wot
lstkbfgfd %×!≠%
!≠%
-s_ hgfM wgflg ch{lot'd\ cotWjd\ .
-v_ utlbj;] lzlIfsf jfSo;+zf]wgd\ clzIfyfM .
-u_ u'l0fgL aflnsfM ;'sd{ s'j{lGt .
-3_ /]l8of]sfo{j|md:o k|:tf]lq Pj+ slytjtL .
-ª_ z'sM ;'dw'/f+ ehg+ ufolt .
!)= lgb]{zfg';f/]0f jfSoflg kl/jt{ot %×!≠%
!≠%
-s_ lj1fg:o o'u] hgfM ;'lvgM cejg\ . -jt{dfgsfn]_
-v_ ;f ljdfg]g hd{gLb]z+ uR5t' . -dWodk'¿if]_
-u_ ;Dk|lt s[lifIf]q] clk kl/jt{gd\ cejt\ . -ax'jrg]_
-3_ ;kmnM k'¿ifM cWoog+ g Tohlt . -:qLlnª\u]_
-ª_ cfjf+ u[xsfo{d\ cs'j{ . -eljioTsfn]_

137
!!= cg'jfb+ s'?t !)×!≠!)
!) !≠!)
-c_ g]kfnLefiffofd\ -cf_ ;+:s[tefiffofd\
-s_ hgGoM lzz'if' l:gx\olGt . -s_ ;/:jtL ljb\ofsL b]jL x'g\ .
-v_ ;ª\3] zlStM ejlt . -v_ dflg;sf hLjgdf ljleGg ;d:of cfOk5{g\ .
-u_ /f]lu0fM lrlsT;fno+ uR5lGt . -u_ 3/df alxgL l5g\ .
-3_ dftf lzz'+ b'Uw+ kfoolt . -3_ ;a} k|f0fL b'Mvaf6 d'lSt rfxG5g\ .
-ª_ u'?s'nLgfM 5fqfM j]b+ k7lGt . -ª_ vfnL hdLgdf j[If /f]k0f ug'{k5{ .
!@= k|bQfM kbfjnLM cfw[To n3'syf+ /rot !×%≠%
%≠%
– u|fd:o lgs6] gbL – n'AwM s'Ss'/M
– s'Ss'/:o d'v] cl:yv08M – gBfM hn] k|ltlaDabz{gd\
– k|ltlaDa+ b[i6\jf ck/M s'Ss'/M c:tLlt ljrf/M – k|ltlaDa] b[i6d\ cl:yv08+ u|xLt'd\
cfj|md0fd\
– :jd'v:y:o cl:yv08:o gbLhn] ktg+ jxg+ r – ‘cltnf]eM xflgs/M’ Olt syfofM
;Gb]zM
cyjf
k|bQfM kbfjnLM cfw[To n3'k|aGw+ /rot
– ;Hhgfgf+ ;ª\ultM ;T;ª\ultM
– ;T;ª\ultM kf]lifsf, b':;ª\ultZr gflzsf
– ;T;ª\ultdfg\ hgM u'0fL
– ;T;ª\uTof b'u'{0ffgf+ ljgfzM
– ;T;ª\ulto'StM hgM dfgl;s¿k]0f r :j:yM
– ;T;ª\uTof cfo'ifM, oz;M, an:o, ljBfofZr j[lb\wM
– bf]ifu'0ffM ;+;u{hfM
– ;T;ª\ultM ;j]{iff+ s[t] clgjfof{
!#= :j:o c:j:ytfsf/0fd'lNnVo cjsfzfo k|wfgfrfo{+ ;Daf]Wo Ps+ lgj]bg+ lnvt .
!×%≠%
%≠%
cyjf
;+:s[tefiffofM dxŒj+ k|bZo{ :jldq+ k|lt Ps+ kq+ lnvt .
;dfKtd\
;dfKtd\*
*;dfKtd

138
 pTt/s'
pTt/s'l~hsf

k| g+ !=
ljifoj:t"gf+ 1fg] @
k|:t'tLs/0f] !
z'b\wefiffofM k|of]u] !
k| g+ @= -c_
PszAb]g pTt/k|bfg] )=%
k"0f{jfSo]g pTt/k|bfg] !
k| g+ @= -cf_
st[{sd{0ff]/Gj]if0f] !
lj|mofof cGj]if0f] !
ljz]if0fkbfgfdGj]if0f] !
t]iff+ ;dGjok"j{sn]vg] @
k| g+ @= -O_
z'b\wf]Tt/rog] -k|ltzAbd\_ )=%
k| g+ #= -s_
¿kfjnLn]vg] -k|ltljelSt )=%_ $
z'b\wzAbn]vg] !
k| g+ #= -v_
¿kfjnLn]vg] -k|ltwft' @_ $
z'b\wzAbn]vg] !
k| g+ $=
z'b\wf]Tt/rog] -k|ltzAbd\_ !
k| g+ %=
z'b\wf]Tt/rog] -k|ltzAbd\_ !

139
k| g+ ^=
z'b\wf]Tt/n]vg] -k|ltzAbd\_ !
k| g+ &=
z'b\wf]Tt/rog] -k|ltzAbd\_ !
k| g+ *=
z'b\wf]Tt/n]vg] -k|ltzAbd\_ !
k| g+ (=
z'b\wf]Tt/n]vg] -k|ltjfSod\_ !
k| g+ !)=
z'b\wf]Tt/n]vg] -k|ltjfSod\_ !
k| g+ !!=
z'b\wf]Tt/n]vg] -k|ltjfSod\_ !
k| g+ !@=
;d'lrtzLif{srog] !
ljifof]k:yfkg] #
z'b\wefiffofM k|of]u] !
k| g+ !#=
lbgfª\sn]vg] )=%
;Daf]wgflbn]vg] !=%
ljifof]k:yfkg] @
z'b\wefiffofM k|of]u] !

140