Control Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
X-bar and R chart

MA–MR chart
Introduction

• used to determine if a manufacturing or

business process is in a state of statistical
control

• used to detect/identify assignable causes.

always has a central line for the average, an
upper line.

• for the upper control limit and a lower line for the
lower control limit.

• also known as Shewhart charts or process-

behavior charts
Control Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
X-bar and R chart

MA–MR chart
Attributes Control Charts
• charts applied to data that follow a discrete distribution.

Variable Control Charts

• charts applied to data that follow a continuous distribution.

• Are typically used used in pairs:

• monitors process average
• monitors the variation in the process
• A quality characteristic that is measured on a
numerical scale is called a variable.
• dimension
• length, width
• weight
• temperature
• volume
Control Chart

Variable Control Charts

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
X-bar and R chart

MA–MR chart
• X-bar and R chart (also called
averages and range chart)

• X-bar and s chart

• Moving average–moving range chart

(also called MA–MR chart)

• Target charts (also called difference

charts, deviation charts and nominal
charts)

• CUSUM (cumulative sum chart)

• EWMA (exponentially weighted moving

average chart)
Variable Control Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

• is a type of control chart used to

monitor variables data when samples are
collected atis a type of control chart used to
monitor variables data when samples are
collected at regular intervals from
a business or industrial process.

• is advantageous in the following situations:

• The sample size is relatively small (n ≤
10)
• The sample size is constant
• Humans must perform the calculations for
the chart
Variable Control Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

X bar Charts
• is used to monitor the average value, or mean,
of a process over time.
• Mean chart or average chart

R Chart

• is a control chart that is used to monitor

process variation when the variable of interest
is a quantitative measure.
• Range Chart
Variable Control Chart

Guidelines in X Bar and R Chart:

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

• The R chart is examined first before

the X bar chart

• If the R chart indicates the sample

variability is in statistical control, the X bar
chart is examined to determine if the
sample mean is also in statistical control.

• If the sample variability is not in statistical

control, then the entire process is judged to
be not in statistical control regardless of
what the X bar chart indicates.
Variable Control Chart

Reading Control Charts

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

Control chart is out of statistical control if:

Variable Control Chart

The Chart Construction Process

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

• in order to construct x bar and R charts, we must first find

the upper- and lower-control limits:

R Chart Control Limits x Chart Control Limits

UCL = D 4 R UCL = x + A 2 R

LCL = D 3 R LCL = x - A 2 R
X Bar and R Chart Variable Control Chart

Constants for X-bar and R charts

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart

Steps in Constructing an R chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

1. Select k successive subgroups where k is at least 20,

in which there are n measurements in each subgroup.
Typically n is between 1 and 9. 3, 4, or 5
measurements per subgroup is quite common.

2. Find the range of each subgroup R(i) where

R(i)=biggest value - smallest value for each subgroup i.

3. Find the centerline for the R chart, denoted by

RBAR=summation of R(i)/ k

4. Find the UCL and LCL

5. Plot the subgroup data and determine if the process is

in statistical control.
Variable Control Chart

EXAMPLE: SPC for bottle filling:

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

Sample Observation (xi) Average Range

(R)

1 11.90 11.92 12.09 11.91 12.01

2 12.03 12.03 11.92 11.97 12.07
3 11.92 12.02 11.93 12.01 12.07
4 11.96 12.06 12.00 11.91 11.98
5 11.95 12.10 12.03 12.07 12.00
6 11.99 11.98 11.94 12.06 12.06
7 12.00 12.04 11.92 12.00 12.07
8 12.02 12.06 11.94 12.07 12.00
9 12.01 12.06 11.94 11.91 11.94
10 11.92 12.05 11.92 12.09 12.07
Variable Control Chart

Calculating the subgroup ranges and

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

mean of ranges
Sample Observation (xi) Average Range (R)
1 11.90 11.92 12.09 11.91 12.01 11.97 0.19
2 12.03 12.03 11.92 11.97 12.07 12.00 0.15
3 11.92 12.02 11.93 12.01 12.07 11.99 0.15
4 11.96 12.06 12.00 11.91 11.98 11.98 0.15
5 11.95 12.10 12.03 12.07 12.00 12.03 0.15
6 11.99 11.98 11.94 12.06 12.06 12.01 0.12
7 12.00 12.04 11.92 12.00 12.07 12.01 0.15
8 12.02 12.06 11.94 12.07 12.00 12.02 0.13
9 12.01 12.06 11.94 11.91 11.94 11.97 0.15
10 11.92 12.05 11.92 12.09 12.07 12.01 0.17

R 0 . 15
Variable Control Chart

Calculating the UCL and LCL

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

UCL = D 4 R ( 2 . 11 )( 0 . 15 ) 0.32

LCL = D 3 R ( 0 )( 0 . 15 ) 0
 X Bar and R Chart

LCL = 0.00
R = 0.15
UCL = 0.32
R-CHART
Variable Control Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart
Steps in Constructing the X Bar Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

1.Find the mean of each subgroup and the grand mean of all
subgroups.
2. Find the UCL and LCL
3. Plot the LCL, UCL, centerline, and subgroup means
4. Interpret the data using the following guidelines to
determine if the process is in control:
Variable Control Chart

Calculating the sample means and the

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

grand mean
Sample Observation (x ) Average Range (R)
i

1 11.90 11.92 12.09 11.91 12.01 11.97 0.19

2 12.03 12.03 11.92 11.97 12.07 12.00 0.15
3 11.92 12.02 11.93 12.01 12.07 11.99 0.15
4 11.96 12.06 12.00 11.91 11.98 11.98 0.15
5 11.95 12.10 12.03 12.07 12.00 12.03 0.15
6 11.99 11.98 11.94 12.06 12.06 12.01 0.12
7 12.00 12.04 11.92 12.00 12.07 12.01 0.15
8 12.02 12.06 11.94 12.07 12.00 12.02 0.13
9 12.01 12.06 11.94 11.91 11.94 11.97 0.15
10 11.92 12.05 11.92 12.09 12.07 12.01 0.17

X 12 . 00
Variable Control Chart

Calculating the UCL and LCL

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

UCL = x + A 2 R 12 0 .58 ( 0 .15 )= 12 . 09

LCL = x - A 2 R 12 - 0 .58 ( 0 .15 )= 11 . 91

Variable Control Chart

X BAR CHART

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
X Bar and R Chart

UCL = 12.10

X = 12.00

LCL = 11.90
Variable Control Chart

X-bar and S Chart

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
1. The sample size n is moderately large,
n > 10 or 12
2. The sample size n is variable

The Construction of X-bar and S Chart

Setting up and operating control charts for X-

bar and S requires about the same sequence of step
as those for the X-bar and R charts, except that for
each sample we must calculate the average X-bar
and sample standard deviation S.
Variable Control Chart
Standard
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
Deviation

2
( xi x)
si
n 1

Variance
 X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

Formula 2 Formula 1

For σ given
Variable Control Chart

For σ not given

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart

Example
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
Piston for automotive engine are produced
by a forging process. We wish to establish statistical
control of inside diameter of the ring manufactured
by this process using X-bar and S charts.

Twenty-five (25) samples, each of size five

(5), have been taken when we think the process is in
control. The inside diameter measurement data from
these samples are shown in table.

TABLE
Variable Control Chart

Calculating the UCL and LCL (X bar Chart)

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA–MR chart
UCL = x + B 4 S 74 . 001 1 . 435 ( 0 .0094 )= 74 . 014

LCL = x - B 3 S 74 . 001 - 0 . 565 ( 0 .0094 )= 73 . 996

Calculating the UCL and LCL (S Chart)

UCL = B 4
S 1 . 435 ( 0 .0094 )= 0 . 0135

LCL = B 3
S 0 . 565 ( 0 .0094 )= 0 . 0053

ANSWER-1 ANSWER-2 Table of Constant

Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
MA-MR charts

• In situations where data are collected slowly over a period

of time, or where data are expensive to collect, moving
average charts are beneficial.

• Moving Average / Range Charts are a set of control charts

for variables data (data that is both quantitative and
continuous in measurement, such as a measured
dimension or time). The Moving Average chart monitors
the process location over time, based on the average of
the current subgroup and one or more prior subgroups.
The Moving Range chart monitors the variation between
the subgroups over time.
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart
Variable Control Chart

Image for MA- MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
Moving range (MR)

• n= number of measuremens in moving

average
• MR= l current measurement – previous
measurement I
• R = total of MRs/ total numbers of MRs
• X = total of measurements/ total numbers
of measurements
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
Formula MR

UCL= 3.267 x R
LCL= 0

Formula MA
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
Example
where; n=2

Observations (X)

1) 100 10) 96.5 19) 100.9

2) 101.7 11) 105.2 20) 98.6
3) 104.5 12) 95.1 21) 105.9
4) 105.2 13) 93.2
5) 99.6 14) 93.6
6) 101.4 15) 103.3
7) 94.5 16) 100.1
8) 1010.6 17) 98.3
9) 99.1 18) 98.5
Variable Control Chart
Measurement (X) mA mR
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
100 - -

Table
101.7 100 100.9 1.7
104.5 101.7 103.1 2.8
105.2 104.5 104.9 0.7
99.6 105.2 102.4 5.6
101.4 99.6 100.5 1.8
94.5 101.4 98 6.9
101.6 94.5 98.1 7.1
99.1 101.6 101.6 2.5
96.5 99.1 97.8 2.6
105.2 96.5 100.9 8.7
95.1 105.2 100.2 10.1
93.2 95.1 93.4 1.9
93.6 93.2 98.5 0.4
103.3 93.6 101.7 9.7
100.1 103.3 99.2 3.2
98.3 100.1 98.4 1.8
98.5 98.3 99.7 0.2
100.9 98.5 99.7 2.4
98.6 100.9 99.8 2.3
105.9 98.6 102.3 7.3
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

MA–MR chart
X-bar and S chart

Target charts
For mA
n=2
R=79.7/20=3.985
X= 2096.8/21= 99.85

For MR
For mR

UCL= 3.267 x R
LCL= 0
= 3.267 X 3.985
= 13.02
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart

Target Chart
Variable Control Chart

Difference Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
• Is a type of Short Run SPC (Statistical Process Control)
Variable Control Chart

Difference Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts • Red Line – Our production rate for

the past 6 months.

• Green Line - The competitor’s

production rate for the past 6 months.

• Shaded Region – Is the difference

between the 2 production rate
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Deviation Column Chart

A B C D E F
1 Budget and Actual Revenues

2 Budget Actual Dev Pos Dev Neg Dev

3 AB 1200 1250 4.2% 4.2% 0.0%

4 CD 1000 900 -10.0% 0.0% -10.0%

5 EF 900 950 5.6% 5.6% 0.0%

6 GH 1150 1100 -4.3% 0.0% -4.3%

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart

Deviation Column Chart

Variable Control Chart

• Computation
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Deviation = (Actual – Budget) / Budget
Variable Control Chart

Short Run SPC Approaches

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
• Nominal Short Run SPC
• Target Short Run SPC
Variable Control Chart

Short Run Nominal X Bar and R Chart

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts • The nominal x bar and R chart is used to

monitor the behavior of a process running
different part numbers and still retain the
ability to assess control.

• This is done by coding the actual measured

readings in a subgroup as a variation from a
common reference point, in this case the
nominal print specification.
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Nominal and Target X Bar and R Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart

Historical Average or Nominal?

X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Variable Control Chart
Variable Control Chart

Example
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
Suppose the historical average based on
10 measurements taken from the last time a given
part number was run is 20.4 and the sample
standard deviation was 1.07. Determine if the
nominal of 20.0 or the historical average of 20.4
should be used.
Variable Control Chart
X Bar and R Chart

X-bar and S chart

MA–MR chart

Target charts
SOLUTION

• Calculate the difference

• Multiply the f1 value times the
standard deviation
• Compare the difference and
the product
 THANK
CUSUM EWMA CONSTANT END
YOU
 CUSUM
Cumulative Sum Chart Tab

CUSUM charts show cumulative sums of

EWMA
subgroup or individual measurements from a
target value. CUSUM charts can help you decide
whether a process is in a state of statistical

CONSTANT
control by detecting small, sustained shifts in the
process mean.

THANK
YOU
END
 CUSUM
• CUSUM works as follows: Let us collect m samples,
each of size n, and compute the mean of each
sample. Then the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control
chart is formed. In either case, as long as the process

EWMA
remains in control centered at , the CUSUM plot
will show variation in a random pattern centered
about zero. If the process mean shifts upward, the

CONSTANT
charted CUSUM points will eventually drift upwards,
and vice versa if the process mean decreases.

• A visual procedure proposed by Barnard in 1959,

THANK
known as the V-Mask, is sometimes used to

YOU
determine whether a process is out of control. A V-
Mask is an overlay shape in the form of a V on its
side that is superimposed on the graph of the

END
cumulative sums.
 CUSUM
The origin point of the V-Mask (see diagram below) is placed on top
of the latest cumulative sum point and past points are examined to
see if any fall above or below the sides of the V. As long as all the
previous points lie between the sides of the V, the process is in
control. Otherwise (even if one point lies outside) the process is

EWMA
suspected of being out of control.

CONSTANT
THANK
YOU
END
 CUSUM
• In practice, designing and manually constructing a V-Mask is a
complicated procedure. A CUSUM spreadsheet style procedure will
be shown below is more practical, unless you have statistical
software that automates the V-Mask methodology. Before describing
the spreadsheet approach, we will look briefly at an example of a V-

EWMA
Mask in graph form.

• An example will be used to illustrate the construction and application

of a V-Mask. The 20 data points 324.925, 324.675, 324.725, 324.350,

CONSTANT
325.350, 325.225, 324.125, 324.525, 325.225, 324.600, 324.625,
325.150, 328.325, 327.250, 327.825, 328.500, 326.675, 327.775,
326.875, 328.350

• Are each the average of samples of size 4 taken from a process that

THANK
YOU
has an estimated mean of 325. Based on process data, the process
standard deviation is 1.27 and therefore the sample means have a
standard deviation of 1.27/(41/2) = 0.635.

END
• We can design a V-Mask using h and k or we can use an alpha
and beta design approach. For the latter approach we must specify.
 CUSUM
In our example we choose α = 0.0027, and β= 0.01. Finally, we decide
we want to quickly detect a shift as large as 1 sigma, which sets δ = 1.
When the V-Mask is placed over the last data point, the mask clearly
indicates an out of control situation.

EWMA
CONSTANT
THANK
YOU
END
 CUSUM
We next move the V-Mask and back to the first
point that indicated the process was out of control. This is
point number 14, as shown below.
We next move the V-Mask and

EWMA
back to the first point that
indicated the process was out
of control. This is point number
14, as shown below. Most

CONSTANT
users of CUSUM procedures
prefer tabular charts over the
V-Mask. The V-Mask is actually
a carry-over of the pre-
computer era. The tabular
method can be quickly

THANK
YOU
implemented by standard
spreadsheet software. To
generate the tabular form we
use the h and k parameters
expressed in the original data

END
units.
We will construct a CUSUM tabular charthfor the example
k described above.

CUSUM
For this example, the parameter
325 are 4.1959
h = 4.1959 and k = 0.3175. Using these
0.3175
design values, the tabular form of the example is
Increase Decrease
in mean in mean
Group x x-325 x-325-k Shi 325-k-x Slo CUSUM

EWMA
1 324.93 -0.07 -0.39 0.00 -0.24 0.00 -0.007
2 324.68 -0.32 -0.64 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.40
3 324.73 -0.27 -0.59 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.67
4 324.35 -0.65 -0.97 0.00 0.33 0.33 -1.32
5 325.35 0.35 0.03 0.03 -0.67 0.00 -0.97

CONSTANT
6 325.23 0.23 -0.09 0.00 -0.54 0.00 -0.75
7 324.13 -0.88 -1.19 0.00 0.56 0.56 -1.62
8 324.53 -0.48 -0.79 0.00 0.16 0.72 -2.10
9 325.23 0.23 -0.09 0.00 0.54 0.17 -1.87
10 324.60 -0.40 -0.72 0.00 0.08 0.25 -2.27
11 324.63 -0.38 -0.69 0.00 0.06 0.31 -2.65
12 325.15 0.15 -0.17 0.00 0.47 0.00 -2.50

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YOU
13 328.33 3.32 3.01 3.01 -3.64 0.00 0.83
14 327.25 2.25 1.93 4.94* -0.57 0.00 3.08
15 327.83 2.82 2.51 7.45* -3.14 0.00 5.90
16 328.50 3.50 3.18 10.63* -3.82 0.00 9.40
17 326.68 1.68 1.36 11.99* -1.99 0.00 11.08

END
18 327.78 2.77 2.46 14.44* -3.09 0.00 13.85
19 326.88 1.88 1.56 16.00* -2.19 0.00 15.73
20 328.35 3.35 3.03 19.04* -3.67 0.00 19.08
 CUSUM
EWMA Control Charts

Definition

EWMA
• The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) is a
statistics for monitoring the process that averages the
data in a way that gives less and less weight to data as
they are further removed in time.

CONSTANT
• In statistical quality control, the EWMA
chart (or exponentially-weighted moving average chart) is
a type of control chart used to monitor either variables or
attributes-type data using the

THANK
monitored business or industrial process's entire history of

YOU
output. While other control charts treat rational subgroups
of samples individually, the EWMA chart tracks
the exponentially-weighted moving average of all prior
sample means.

END
 CUSUM
The statistic that is calculated is:

EWMAt = λ Yt + (1 - λ) EWMAt-1 for t = 1, 2, ..., n.

EWMA
Where:

CONSTANT
• EWMA0 is the mean of historical data (target)
• Yt is the observation at time t
• n is the number of observations to be monitored
including EWMA0

THANK
• 0 < λ ≤ 1 is a constant that determines the depth of

YOU
memory of the EWMA.

The equation is due to Roberts (1959).

END
 CUSUM
Definition of control limits for EWMA

The center line for the control chart is the

target value or EWMA0. The control limits are:

EWMA
UCL = EWMA0 + ksewma
LCL = EWMA0 - ksewma

CONSTANT
where the factor k is either set equal 3 or
chosen using the Lucas and Saccucci (1990) tables.
The data are assumed to be independent and these

THANK
tables also assume a normal population.

YOU
END
 CUSUM
Example of calculation of parameters for an EWMA
Control chart
To illustrate the construction of an EWMA control chart, consider a
process with the following parameters calculated from historical

EWMA
data:

EWMA0 = 50 s = 2.0539

CONSTANT
with λ chosen to be 0.3 so that λ / (2-λ) = .3 / 1.7 = 0.1765
and the square root = 0.4201. The control limits are given by
UCL = 50 + 3 (0.4201)(2.0539) = 52.5884
LCL = 50 - 3 (0.4201) (2.0539) = 47.4115

THANK
Consider the following data consisting of 20 points

YOU
52.0 47.0 49.6 51.2
47.0 51.0 47.6 52.6
53.0 50.1 49.9 52.4

END
49.3 51.2 51.3 53.6
50.1 50.5 47.8 52.1
 CUSUM
EWMA statistics for sample data
These data represent control measurements from
the process which is to be monitored using the EWMA

EWMA
control chart technique. The corresponding EWMA
statistics that are computed from this data set are:

CONSTANT
50.60 49.21 50.11 49.92

49.52 49.75 49.36 50.73

50.56 49.85 49.52 51.23

THANK
YOU
50.18 50.26 50.05 51.94

END
50.16 50.33 49.38 51.99
 CUSUM
RAW DATA AND EWMA statistics for sample data

EWMA
CONSTANT
THANK
YOU
END
 CUSUM
The control chart is given below

EWMA
CONSTANT
THANK
YOU
END
 CUSUM
Interpretation of EWMA Control chart

The red dots are the raw data; the jagged

EWMA
line is the EWMA statistics over time. The chart tells
us that the process is in control because all EWMA
lie between the control limits. However, there seems

CONSTANT
to be a trend upwards for the last 5 periods.

THANK
YOU
END
 THANK
CUSUM EWMA CONSTANT
YOU
END
 CUSUM
THANK YOU

EWMA
Group 5 QCT

CONSTANT
Alina, Jassfer D.
Alvarez, Son Robert C.
Bautista, Billy Joe

THANK
YOU
Calosa Gilbert
Cristobal, Arnel Mark John
Mercado, Kim Nath

END
 THANK
CUSUM EWMA CONSTANT
YOU
END
END
Group 5 QCT