1.
STRING OPERATIONS
STRING:-
A group of collections of characteristics is called a string.In java “string” is a predefined final class.A java string
is a initialized object of the string class.A string is represented with in double quotes.we can assign string literal
directly to string variables
Eg: String name=”rama”;
String address=new string(“vsp”);
String methods:
String class defines no of methods that are for to perform various string manipulation tasks
1.public Boolean is empty();
To find string is empty(OR)not.
2.public Int Length();
To find the length of the string.
3.public Boolean equals(string s)
It returns ‘true’when two strings are equals(or)it return ‘false’ when two string are not equal
4.public Boolean equal Ignore case(string)
Same as “equals”but it doesn’tconsider class
5.public int compare to (string);
Comparing string lexicographically means after comparison
Method should returns difference b/w string content.
6.public char charAt(int index);
Returns the character at the specified index.
7.public int code point At(Int index);
Returns the characters Ascii value at the specified Index.
8.public string concat (string);
Merging the specified string at the end of the existed string
9.public Boolean contains(string);
To find given string is available(Or)not in a existed string
10.public Int index of (char ch)
Return the index with in existed string of first occurence of the specified character.
11.public Int index of (char ch)int from index
Return the index within existed string of the first occurrence of the specified character ,searching from the
specified index.
12.public string to uppercase();
Converts all characters in string to uppercase.
13.public string to lowercase();
Convert all characters in string to lowercase
14.public string replace (“char old char”,char new char”);
Replacing a character with new character
15.public string trim();
Deleting trailing and leading spaces of a string
program
class StringOperations
public static void main(String args[])
String str1="welcometoaditya";
String str2="WelcomeToAdityaCollege";
System.out.println(str1.concat(str2));
System.out.println(str1.length());
System.out.println(str1.charAt(3));
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
String str3="abcd";
System.out.println(str3.replace('a','k'));
System.out.println(str1.indexOf('T'));
System.out.println(str3.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str2.toLowerCase());
System.out.println(str3.isEmpty());
str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str2);
OUTPUT
D:\rajesh>javac StringOperations.java
D:\rajesh>java StringOperations
welcometoadityaWelcomeToAdityaCollege
15
false
kbcd
-1
ABCD
welcometoadityacollege
false
false
2. creating class and object
Class:- Class defines the structure of an object
Class is collection of members(data+method)
Class may be thought of data type and object as a variable of that data type
Once a class has been defined we can create no of objects belonging to that class .so a class is collection of
similar type.
Eg:- class employee
Members
Employee e,e1;
Object: Object are the basic run time entities in object oriented system. They may also represent user defined
data types
Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data
Object is the physical reality of class
Object is an instance of class
Any programming is analyzed term of object and nature of communication between them.
program
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Scanner;
class CalculateVolumeAndSurface
public static void main(String args[])
CalculateVolumeAndSurface c=new CalculateVolumeAndSurface();
c.volumeandsurfacearea();
public void volumeandsurfacearea()
double length,width,height;
System.out.println("enter the length");
Scanner scn=new Scanner(System.in);
length=scn.nextDouble();
System.out.println("enter the width");
width=scn.nextDouble();
System.out.println("enter the width");
height=scn.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Volume = " + length*width*height);
System.out.println("Surface area = " + 2*((length*width)+(width*height)+
(height*length)));
OUTPUT
D:\rajesh>javac CalculateVolumeAndSurface.java
D:\rajesh>java CalculateVolumeAndSurface
enter the length
12
enter the width
22
enter the width
44
Volume = 11616.0
Surface area = 3520.0
3.a) Method overloading
Method overloading:-
Creating multiple methods with having same method name but different parameters is called method overloading
It is used to executed same logic with different type of arguments we can develop method overloading in same
class to crate an overloaded method,method name should be same and difference in number and type of
parameters
program
class Test1
public int sum(int x,int y)
return x+y;
public int sum(int x,int y,int z)
return x+y+z;
public float sum(float x,float y)
return x+y;
}
class Test2 extends Test1
public float sum(float x,float y)
return x+y;
public float sum(float x,float y,float z)
return x+y+z;
public int sum(int x,int y)
return x+y;
class Methodoverloading
Public static void main(String args[])
Test1 t=new Test1();
Test2 t1=new Test2();
System.out.println(t.sum(123,432));
System.out.println(t.sum(12,13,14));
System.out.println(t.sum(12.5f,13.5f));
System.out.println(t1.sum(14.5f,15.5f));
System.out.println(t1.sum(16.5f,17.5f,18.5f));
System.out.println(t1.sum(12,43));
Output:-
D:\rajesh>javac Methodoverloading.java
D:\rajesh>java Methodoverloading
555
39
26.0
30.0
52.5
55
3.b)Method overriding
Method overriding:-
Pre-defining super class non-static method in subclass with same prototype. This is called method overriding
program
class Vehicle
void start()
System.out.println("Vehicle is started");
void run()
{
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
void stop()
System.out.println("Vehicle is stopped");
class Bike2 extends Vehicle
void start()
System.out.println("Bike is not started");
void run()
System.out.println("Bike is not in running state, because the bike is not started...!!");
public static void main(String args[])
Bike2 obj = new Bike2();
obj.start();
obj.run();
Vehicle v= new Vehicle();
v.stop();
Output:
D:\rajesh>javac Bike2.java
D:\rajesh>java Bike2
Bike is not started
Bike is not in running state, because the bike is not started...!!
Vehicle is stopped
4.Implementation of Abstract class
Abstract class:-if the class is having abstract keyword at the class definition it is called an abstract class.
If a class contain abstract method (or)methods it must be declared as abstract class.
When we don’t want to create object for our class then make it as abstract class.
Sub class developers provide implementation for abstract methods according to their business requirement which
is called method overloading.
If subclass developer does not override the super class abstract class then subclass should be declared abstract
class.
We can’t create object for abstract class.
Abstract class variable can give reference for its subclass object.
Program
abstract class Cycle
Cycle()
{
System.out.println("I bought new Gear cycle");
abstract void run();
void changeGear()
System.out.println("gear changed to 3rd Gear");
class Honda extends Cycle
void run()
System.out.println("running safely..");
class TestAbstraction2
public static void main(String args[])
Cycle obj = new Honda();
obj.run();
obj.changeGear();
Output:-
D:\rajesh>javac TestAbstraction2.java
D:\rajesh>java TestAbstraction2
I bought new Gear cycle
running safely..
gear changed to 3rd Gear
5. Implementing Exception Handling
Exception:
Exception is a runtime error caused due to logical mistakes occurred during program exception.
Exception is a condition that is caused by a runtime error in the program.
It is a signal that indicates some soft of abnormal condition has been occurred in a code at runtime.
To represent different logical mistakes java defined different exception classes. All the classes are subclasses of
‘throwable” class.
In java exception is an object of one of the subclass of throwable class.
When an exception is raised program exception is terminated abnormally. It means statement which are placed
after exception causing statement won’t be executed.
Exception Handling:
The process of handling exception is converting JVM given exception message into user understandable message
and also for stopping abnormal termination of the program.
Exception handling code should be embedded in java program to handle exception and to print (or) pass user
understandable message.
Program
import java.util.*;
class ExceptionDemo
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("enter the first value");
Scanner scn=new Scanner(System.in);
int i=scn.nextInt();
System.out.println("enter the second value");
int j=scn.nextInt();
try
double k=i/j;
System.out.println("the value is:"+k);
catch(Exception e)
System.out.println(e);
Output:
Javac ExceptionDemo.java
Java ExceptionDemo
enter the first value:
200
enter the second value
10
The value is 20.
6. Creating Package
Package: A folder that is linked with java class files is called as a packages.
Package is a java folder
It is used to group related classes and Interface
The Grouping is usually done according to their functionality
Packages are contains for classes it is also used to seperate new classes from existed classes
Java.lang: Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language.
Java.io: Provides for system input and output through data streams, serialization and the file system.
Java.awt: Contains all of the classes for creating user interfaces and for painting graphics and images.
Java.util: This class contains utility classes like vector, ArrayList, Scanner date,etc..,
Program
package p1;
public class A
public void m1()
System.out.println("in m1");
public void m2()
System.out.println("in m2");
}
package p2;
public class D
public void m3()
System.out.println("in m3");
import p1.A;
class F
public static void main(String[] s)
A a1=new A();
a1.m1();
a1.m2();
Output:
d:/ rajesh/javac -d . A.java
javac F.java
java F
in m1
in m2
7.Interface
Interface:
Interface is fully un-impletmented class used for declaring set of operations of object. we can develop a "losely
coupled" runtime ploymorphysm object
* it allows us to define only public static final variables and public abstract methods for declaring a object
operation.
* it is mainly introduced in java to support for developin multple inheritance
* it is used for developing a specification this means that do not implement anycode
* data fields contains only constant
syntax:
interface interfacename
final variables declarations;
abstract methods declarations;
Program
interface Shapes
void getArea();
void getSlides();
class Rectangle implements Shapes
public void getArea ()
{
int length=6;
int breadth=5;
int area=length*breadth;
System.out.println("The area of the square is "+area);
public void getSlides()
System.out.println("I have 4 sides");
class Square implements Shapes
public void getArea ()
int length=6;
int area=length*length;
System.out.println("The area of the rectangle is "+area);
public void getSlides()
public static void main(String[] s)
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
r1.getArea();
r1.getSlides();
Square s1=new Square();
s1.getSlides();
Output:
D:\rajesh>javac Square.java
D:\rajesh>java Square
The area of the rectangle is 30
I have 4 sides
The area of the square is 25
I can get sides of a polygon
Create MultiThreading
Multi Threading:
Thread: A thread is an independent sequential flow of execution. A thread is created in java stack Area.
It executes methods in sequence one after one. Every Program will have atlease one Thread.
A thread is similar to that has a single flow of control. A program that contains multiple flow of control is
known as MultiThreading program.
A thread which is created by JVM is called main method which executes the flow of main() method.
Threads are created by form main Thread.
Program
class RunnableDemo implements Runnable
{
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
RunnableDemo( String name)
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
public void run()
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--)
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
Thread.sleep(50);
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
public void start ()
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null)
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
class MultiThreadingDemo
public static void main(String args[])
RunnableDemo R1 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-1");
R1.start();
RunnableDemo R2 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-2");
R2.start();
OUTPUT
D:\rajesh>javac MultiThreadingDemo.java
D:\rajesh>java MultiThreadingDemo
Creating Thread-1
Starting Thread-1
Creating Thread-2
Starting Thread-2
Running Thread-1
Thread: Thread-1, 4
Running Thread-2
Thread: Thread-2, 4
Thread: Thread-1, 3
Thread: Thread-2, 3
Thread: Thread-1, 2
Thread: Thread-2, 2
Thread: Thread-1, 1
Thread: Thread-2, 1
Thread Thread-1 exiting.
Thread Thread-2 exiting.
Applets program to draw various program
Web Applets:
Applet: Applets are small java programs that are primarly used in internet applications. They can be transported
over the internet from one computer to another and run using the “applet Viewer” (or) any web browser that
supports java
Applet life cycle:
Every java applets a set of default behavior from the “applet” class.
When an applet is loaded, java automatically calls a series of applet class methods which are called life
cycle methods
Each method changes applet states include:
1. Born on initialize state
2. Runing state
3. Idle State
4. Dead or destroy state
Program
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class DrawingPolygon extends Applet
public void paint(Graphics g)
int x[] = { 70, 150, 190, 80, 100 };
int y[] = { 80, 110, 160, 190, 100 };
g.drawPolygon (x, y, 5);
int x1[] = { 210, 280, 330, 210, 230 };
int y1[] = { 70, 110, 160, 190, 100 };
g.fillPolygon (x1, y1, 5);
/*
<html>
<body>
<applet code="DrawingPolygon.class" width="3000" height="1500">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
*/
Output:
D:\rajesh>javac DrawingPolygon.java
D:\rajesh>appletViewer DrawingPolygon.java
10.implementing multiple inheritance
Multiple inheritence:- it is a process of deriving the properities(or) methods from more than one class into
another class is termed as multiple inheritence
Java doesn’t support multiple inheritence by using classes but it can be supported by using with interface
Program
interface Car
int speed=50;
public void totalDistance();
interface Train
int distance=150;
public void speed();
class Vehicle implements Car,Train
int totalDistance;
int avgSpeed;
public void totalDistance()
totalDistance=speed*distance;
System.out.println("Total Distance Travelled : "+totalDistance);
public void speed()
int avgSpeed=totalDistance/speed;
System.out.println("Average Speed maintained : "+avgSpeed);
public static void main(String args[])
Vehicle v1=new Vehicle();
v1.totalDistance();
v1.speed();
Output:
D:\rajesh>javac Vehicle.java
D:\rajesh>java Vehicle
Total Distance Travelled : 7500
Average Speed maintained : 150
11.THREAD PRIORTIES
THREAD PRIORTIES
Every thread created in JVM is assigned with a priority which affects the order in which it is scheduled by
processor for running .JVM Executive threads based on their priority and scheduling.
Java permits us to set the priority of thread using the set priority () method:
Thread Name.set priority(int);
Thread class defines several priority constants
Final int MIN_PRIORITY=1;
Final int NORM_PRIORITY=5;
Final int MAX_PRIORITY=10;
Program
import java.lang.*;
class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
public void run()
System.out.println("Inside run method");
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ThreadDemo t1 = new ThreadDemo();
ThreadDemo t2 = new ThreadDemo();
ThreadDemo t3 = new ThreadDemo();
System.out.println("t1 thread priority : "+ t1.getPriority());
System.out.println("t2 thread priority : "+ t2.getPriority());
System.out.println("t3 thread priority : "+ t3.getPriority());
t1.setPriority(2);
t2.setPriority(5);
t3.setPriority(8);
System.out.println("t1 thread priority : "+ t1.getPriority());
System.out.println("t2 thread priority : "+ t2.getPriority());
System.out.println("t3 thread priority : "+ t3.getPriority());
System.out.println("Currently Executing Thread : "+ Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("Main thread priority : "+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(10);
System.out.println("Main thread priority : "+ Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
Output:
D:\rajesh>javac ThreadDemo.java
D:\rajesh>java ThreadDemo
t1 thread priority : 5
t2 thread priority : 5
t3 thread priority : 5
t1 thread priority : 2
t2 thread priority : 5
t3 thread priority : 8
Currently Executing Thread : main
Main thread priority : 5
Main thread priority : 10