0% found this document useful (0 votes)
99 views28 pages

Bdwbu: Imvqb I KW

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
99 views28 pages

Bdwbu: Imvqb I KW

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

imvqb I kw³ BDwbU

CHEMISTRY AND ENERGY 8


f~wgKv (Introduction)

cÖwZwbqZ c`v‡_©i cwieZ©b NU‡Q| G cwieZ©b †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK Dfq cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b
N‡U ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡Z Zv‡ci D™¢e N‡U, Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
wewµqvq Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U| ivmvqwbK kw³‡K we`y¨r, Zvc I Av‡jvK kw³‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| ivmvqwbK
kw³i †bwZevPK cÖfveI Av‡Q| ivmvqwbK kw³‡K h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi Kiv Ges G cÖwµqvq Drcbœ eR©¨‡K
mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv LyeB Riæix| Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li gva¨‡g ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z cwieZ©b
Kiv nq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 8.1 : ivmvqwbK kw³
cvV - 8.2 : ivmvqwbK kw³i cwieZ©b I Gi e¨envi Ges Gi ÿwZKi w`K
cvV - 8.3 : Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl
cvV - 8.4 : Zwor we‡kølY I Gi cÖ‡qvM
cvV - 8.5 : wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv I we`y¨r Drcv`b

cvV-8.1
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ivmvqwbK kw³
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-


 ivmvqwbK kw³ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Zv‡cvrcv`x I Zvcnvix wewµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK kw³i cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã eÜb kw³, Zv‡cvrcv`x, Zvcnvix, eÜb fv½v, eÜb m„wó

ivmvqwbK kw³
K) eÜb kw³ I ivmvqwbK wewµqvq kw³i cwieZ©b:
wbw¯Œq M¨vm †hgb wnwjqvg (He), wbqb (Ne), AvM©b (Ar), wµÞb (Kr) cÖf…wZ GK cigvYyK AYy wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ‡Z
¯’vqxfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| wbw¯Œq M¨vm e¨vZxZ Ab¨vb¨ †gЇji cigvYy¸‡jv cÖK…wZ‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| Ab¨vb¨ †gЇji cigvYy¸‡jv AYy wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| GKB †gЇji `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy hy³ n‡q †gЇji
AYy MVb K‡i| †hgb H2, O2, N2, Cl2, O3, P4, S8 BZ¨vw`| Avevi wfbœ †gЇji `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy mshy³
n‡q †hЇMi AYy MVb K‡i| †hgb, H2O, NH3, CH4, NaCl, HCl, CO2 cÖf…wZ †hЇMi AYy| AYyi g‡a¨
cigvYymg~n GK we‡kl AvKl©b kw³ Øviv hy³ _v‡K| G kw³B eÜb kw³|
†h AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfv‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy †K‡bv †gŠwjK AYy ev †hŠwMK AYy ev Avqbxq †Rv‡Ui g‡a¨
mymsNe× n‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡KB ivmvqwbK eÜb e‡j| cixÿvi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ ‡h, AYy‡Z ev Avqbxq †Rv‡U
cigvYy¸‡jv ïaygvÎ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i bv| ivmvqwbK e܇bi gva¨‡g cigvYy¸‡jv †h B‡jKUªbxq MVb
KvVv‡gv jvf K‡i Zv AwaKZi myw¯’Z nq| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖwZwU wm‡÷g Zvi AšÍwbwn©Z kw³ Kwg‡q ¯’vwqZ¡ jv‡fi †Póv
K‡i|
G Kvi‡Y cigvYy¸‡jv ivmvqwbK ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªbxq MV‡bi w`K †_‡K A‡cÿvK…Z AwaK myw¯’wZ jv‡fi
†Póv K‡i| A_v©r cigvYy wb¤œZi kw³i Ae¯’vq †cŠQv‡bvi cÖeYZv †`Lvq| ZvB cigvYy¸‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e hy³ nq
ev ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i m„wó nq ivmvqwbK e܇bi|
GQvovI †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AYy ev Avqbmg~n ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi kw³i cÖfv‡e hy³ _v‡K| G kw³
AvšÍ:AvYweK kw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G kw³i cÖfv‡eB c`v‡_©i Dcv`vbmg~n ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ †_‡K
c`v‡_©i GKwU mywbw`©ó Ae¯’v †hgb KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq Ae¯’vi m„wó K‡i| c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ AvšÍ:AvYweK kw³i
cwigvY †ewk n‡j KwVb Ae¯’v, Kg n‡j Zij Ae¯’v Ges G kw³i gvb G‡Kev‡i Kg n‡j M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq c`v_©
Ae¯’vb K‡i| GKB c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v †f‡` AvšÍ:AvYweK kw³ wfbœ nq| †hgb KwVb eid‡K Zvcw`‡j kw³ †kvlY
K‡i Zij cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| Av‡iv Zvc w`‡j Zij cvwb kw³ †kvlY K‡i Rjxq ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq|
wecixZfv‡e Rjxq ev®ú‡K VvÛv Ki‡j kw³ nvwi‡q Zij cvwb Ges Zij cvwb‡K Av‡iv VvÛv Ki‡j kw³ nvwi‡q
KwVb ei‡d cwiYZ nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ kw³ RvwoZ| Avevi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi
†ÿ‡ÎI kw³i cwieZ©b N‡U| ivmvqwbK wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î kw³i †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~‡Îi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| m~ÎwU n‡jv kw³ GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G‡K †Kv‡bv
Ae¯’v‡ZB m„wó ev aŸsm Kiv m¤¢e bq| GwU kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|

152 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

L) Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv I Zvcnvix wewµqv:


ivmvqwbK wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ci D™¢e I †kvlY Gi Dci wfwË K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv¸‡jv‡K `y †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv
nq:
1. Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv Ges
2. Zvcnvix wewµqv
Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv: †hme ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Zv‡ci D™¢e nq, Zv‡K Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv e‡j| KvV, Kqjv, LPG
M¨vm, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm BZ¨vw`‡K †cvov‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq| Pzb cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Pzb
n‡jv K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW, CaO hv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q K¨vjwmqvg nvBWª·vBW I Zvc Drcœ K‡i|
CaO (s) + H O (l)  Ca(OH) (aq) + Zvc
2 2
wewµqvq Drcbœ Zvc‡K mvaviYZ ∆H Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges GwU mgxKi‡Yi Wvb w`‡K †jLv nq| †hgb,
A + B  C + D + ∆H (Zvc)
D`vniY: 1 †gvj Kve©b I 1 †gvj Aw·‡Rb wewµqv K‡i 1 †gvj Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Drc‡bœi mgq 393.5 kJ Zv‡ci
D™¢e nq| wewµqvi mgxKiYwU wb¤œiƒc:
C(s) + O (g)  CO (g) + 393.5 kJ.mol-1
2 2
G‡ÿ‡Î ∆H = - 393.5 kJ.mol-1 (∆H Gi gvb FYvZœK Øviv Zvc Drcbœ †evSvq)
G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqK Kve©b I Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ †gvU ivmvqwbK kw³ Drcv` Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi ga¨w¯’Z ivmvqwbK
kw³ A‡cÿv †ewk| wewµq‡Ki G AwZwi³ kw³B Zvckw³ wn‡m‡e †ewi‡q Av‡m|
GKBfv‡e,
N (g) + 3H (g)  2NH (g) + 92.2 kJ
2 2 3
C(s) + 2H (g)  CH (g) + 74.8 kJ. mol-1
2 4
1
H (g) + O (g)  H O(l) + 285.8 kJ. mol-1
2 2 2 2

A_v©r wbM©Z Zvckw³ = (Drcv` ‡hŠMmg~‡ni †gvU kw³ -wewµqK ‡hŠM mg~‡ni †gvU kw³)|
Z‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Gi gvb memgq FYvZœK nq| mKj Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³
wewµq‡Ki †gvU kw³ A‡cÿv Kg nq|
GKwU Kv‡uPi Møv‡mi A‡a©K cwigvY cvwb wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ KwVb Pz‡bi wKQz cwigvY
wkÿv_©xi KvR †hvM Kiæb| Gevi ch©‡eÿY K‡i djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|

Zvcnvix wewµqv:
†h me ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡Z Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U Zv‡K Zvcnvix wewµqv e‡j| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm I Av‡qvwWb M¨v‡mi
g‡a¨ wewµqv NwU‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡qWvBW M¨vm cÖ¯Z
Í Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡qvWvBW Drcv`‡bi mgq
Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U|
H (g) + I (g)  2HI(g) - 53 wK‡jvRyj
2 2
Zvcnvix wewµqvq †kvwlZ Zvc‡K -∆H Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges GwU mgxKi‡Yi Wvb w`‡K †jLv nq| †hgb,
A + B  C + D - ∆H (Zvc)

imvqb I kw³ 153


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

D`vniY: 1 †gvj bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm I 1 †gvj Aw·‡Rb M¨v‡mi wewµqvq 2 †gvj bvBwUªK A·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ nIqvi
mgq 180.5 kJ Zvc †kvwlZ nq| wewµqvi mgxKiYwU wb¤œiƒc:
N (g) + O (g)  2NO(g) - 180.5 kJ
2 2
G‡ÿ‡Î ∆H = + 180.5 kJ (∆H Gi gvb aYvZœK Øviv Zv‡ci †kvlY †evSvq)
G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ ‡gvU ivmvqwbK kw³ Drcv` bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvB-A·vB‡Wi ga¨w¯’Z
ivmvqwbK kw³ A‡cÿv Kg| Drcv‡`i G AwZwi³ kw³B
Zvckw³ wn‡m‡e †kvwlZ nq|
A_v©r †kvwlZ kw³ = (Drcv` †hŠM mg~‡ni †gvU kw³  NaHCO3
wewµqK †hŠM mg~‡ni †gvU kw³)
Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î H Gi gvb me mgq abvZœK nq|
CO2 Gi ey` ey`
mKj Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³ wewµq‡Ki
kw³i Zzjbvq †ewk nq|
cixÿv: GKwU Kv‡uPi Møv‡mi g‡a¨ †jeyi im A_ev wf‡bMvi wb‡q
Zvi g‡a¨ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU †hvM Kiæb| Gevi
ch©‡eÿY K‡i djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|
wPÎ 1: Zvcnvix wewµqvi cixÿv

M) imvqwbK wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©‡bi wnmve


cÖ‡Z¨K ivmvqwbK wewµqvi †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ_‡gB wewµq‡Ki ga¨Kvi eÜb¸‡jv †f‡½ hvq Ges cieZx©‡Z bZzb eÜb
m„wói gva¨‡g bZzb c`v‡_©i m„wó nq| G bZzb c`v_©B Drcv`| wewµq‡Ki ga¨Kvi eÜb fv½vi †ÿ‡Î kw³i
cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Drcv‡`i ga¨Kvi eÜb m„wói †ÿ‡Î kw³i †kvlY N‡U| cÖwZwU ivmvqwbK wewµqvi †ÿ‡ÎB Kx Kx
e܇bi fv½b nq Ges G Rb¨ †gvU cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i MYbv Kiv nq| wVK GKBfv‡e Drcv‡`i g‡a¨ Kx Kx bZzb
e܇bi m„wó n‡q‡Q Ges G Rb¨ †gvU Drcbœ kw³ MYbv Kiv nq| G `yB kw³i gv‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ wb‡Pi mgxKiY
e¨envi K‡i wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b MYbv Kiv nq|

wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b = (wewµq‡Ki eÜb fv½vi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³ - Drcv‡`i eÜb m„wói †ÿ‡Î
wbM©Z †gvU kw³)|
Zv‡ci G cwieZ©b FYvZœK n‡j wewµqv Zv‡cvrcv`x nq Ges abvZœK n‡j wewµqv Zvcnvix nq|
eÜbkw³i mviwY
eÜb eÜb kw³ (kJ/mole)
C-H 414
H-H 435
C-Cl 326
O-H 464
Cl-Cl 244
OO 498
H-Cl 431

154 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

mviwY‡Z cÖ`Ë eÜbkw³i mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Pi wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b MYbv Kiæb:
CH (g) + Cl (g)  CH Cl(g) + HCl(g)
4 2 3
G wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î GK †gvj C-H I GK †gvj Cl-Cl eÜb †f‡½‡Q Ges GK †gvj C-Cl I GK †gvj H-Cl bZzb
e܇bi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
GK †gvj C-H I GK †gvj Cl-Cl eÜb fv½vi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU †kvwlZ kw³ = (414+244) = 658 kJ
GK †gvj C- Cl I GK †gvj H-Cl eÜb m„wói †ÿ‡Î wb©MZ †gvU †kvwlZ kw³ = (326+431) = 757 kJ

 wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b, ∆H = (eÜb fv½vi Rb¨ †gvU cÖ‡qvRbxq †kvwlZ kw³ - eÜb m„wói Rb¨ †gvU wbM©Z kw³)
= (658-757) = -99 kJ
 G wewµqvq 99 kJ Zvc wbM©Z nq|

N) wewµqvi kw³ wPÎ: †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ci D™¢e I †kvlY wewµqvi kw³ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Kiv hvq| wPÎ 2 I wPÎ 3 Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡cvrcv`x I Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î kw³wPÎ `yywU ch©‡eÿY Ki|

Drcv`
E
2

E wewµqK
1

E
1
wewµqK
E
2 Drcv`

wPÎ 2: Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi kw³wPÎ; GLv‡b E1 > E2 wPÎ 3: Zvcnvix wewµqvi kw³wPÎ; GLv‡b E2 > E1

Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î wewµq‡Ki ‡gvU kw³, E1 Gi cwigvY Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³, E2 Gi †gvU cwigv‡Yi
Zzjbvq eo nq| A_v©r E1 > E2nq| G RvZxq wewµqv hLb m¤úbœ nq ZLb wewµqv msNwUZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î
wewµq‡Ki †gvU kw³ †_‡K Drcv` MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³i cwigvY Kg nq| G AwZwiw³ kw³ Zvckw³
wn‡m‡e †iwi‡q Av‡m| wecixZ fv‡e Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Gi wVK D‡ëvwU N‡U| Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î
wewµq‡Ki †gvU kw³, E1 Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³ E2 A‡cÿv Kg nq| A_v©r E2 > E1 nq| myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î wewµq‡Ki
†gvU kw³i cwigvY, Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³i cwigv‡Yi Zzjbvq Kg nq| G Kvi‡Y wewµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ cwi‡ek †_‡K †kvlY K‡i| wewµqK cwi‡ek †_‡K Zvc †kvlY K‡i Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq|

imvqb I kw³ 155


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡Pi wewµqv¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î wewµqv Zv‡ci cwigvY MYbv Kiæb:


1. CH (g) + 4Cl (g)  CCl + 4HCl(g)
4 2 4
2. CH (g) + 2O (g)  CO (g) + 2H O(g)
4 2 2 2
wkÿv_©xi KvR 3. CH (g) + 2Cl (g)  CH Cl (g) + 2HCl(g)
4 2 2 2
4. CH - CH (g) + 6Cl (g)  CCl - CCl (g) + 6HCl(g)
3 3 2 3 3
5. CH - CH OH(l) + 6O (g)  2CO (g) + 2H O(g)
3 2 2 2 2

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 eÜb kw³: AYyi g‡a¨ cvgvYy¸‡jv GK we‡kl AvKl©Y kw³ Øviv hy³ _v‡K| G kw³‡K eÜb kw³ e‡j|
 ivmvqwbK eÜb: †h AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfv‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK ev †hŠwMK AYy ev Avqwbq
†Rv‡Ui g‡a¨ mymsNe× n‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i, Zv‡K ivmvqwbK eÜb e‡j|
 kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î: kw³‡K GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G‡K †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB m„wó
ev aŸsm Kiv m¤¢e bq|
 Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv: †hme ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Zv‡ci D™¢e nq Zv‡K Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv e‡j|
 Zvcnvix wewµqv: †h me ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡Z Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U Zv‡K Zvcnvix wewµqv e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|


1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gŠwjK AYy?
K) H2O L) HCl M) S8 N) CO2
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) Kqjv †cvov‡j kw³ aŸsm nq|
L) GjwcwR M¨vm †cvov‡j Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U|
M) Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î wbM©Z kw³ FYvZœK nq|
N) Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î wbM©Z kw³ k~Y¨|
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb:
i) wm‡÷g Zvi AšÍwbwn©Z kw³ Kwg‡q ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
ii) Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Drcv‡`i †gvU kw³ wewµq‡Ki †gvU kw³ A‡cÿv Kg|
iii) eÜb fv½vi mgq kw³i †kvlb N‡U|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

156 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cvV-8.2 ivmvqwbK kw³i cwieZ©b I Gi e¨envi


Ges Gi ÿwZKi w`K
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
 ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ kw³ Drcv`‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GwmW e„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK kw³i e¨envi I Gi †bwZevPK cÖfve D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kw³ Drcv`‡b R¡vjvwb weï× nIqvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivmvqwbK kw³, Zvc, Av‡jv, †kvlY, D`Mxib, WªvB‡mj, W¨vwb‡qj
gyL¨ kã
†Kvl, Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvbx
ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvc, we`y¨r I Av‡jvKkw³‡Z cwieZ©b
GKwU w`qvkjvB Gi KvwV R¡vjv‡j Mig Abyfe Kwi Ges Av‡jv cvB| †gvgevwZ‡K R¡vjv‡j Zvc I
Av‡jv `ywUB †c‡q _vwK (wPÎ ) GKBfv‡e KvV, Kqjv, KvMR, †K‡ivwmb, wW‡Rj, †c‡Uªvj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, GjwcwR
(LPG) M¨vm cÖf…wZi `n‡bi d‡j Zvc I Av‡jv `y‡UvB ‡c‡q _vwK| Zvc I Av‡jv n‡jv Zwor Pz¤^Kxq iwk¥| GB †h
GZ me c`v‡_©i D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv G‡`i kw³i inm¨ Kx? Gme R¡vjvbx
`n‡bi d‡j †KbBev Zvc I Av‡jvi m„wó nq|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ `n‡bi d‡j †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AYy Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ nq
Ges bZzb Aw·‡Rb hy³ AYyi m„wó K‡i| A_v©r AYyi c~‡e©i eÜb †f‡½
hvq Ges Aw·‡Rb hy³ bZzb e܇bi m„wó nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cÖK…wZK
M¨vm, wg‡_b‡K `nb Ki‡j Kve©b WvB A·vBW I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
CH (g) + 2O (g)  CO (g) + 2H O(g) + Zvc wPÎ 1: †gvgevwZ R¡j‡Q|
4 2 2 2
wg‡_b (CH4) AYyi C-H eÜb †f‡½ I Aw·‡Rb (O2) AYyi O=O eÜb
†f‡½ bZzb AYy Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2) Gi g‡a¨ C=O I cvwb (H2O) Gi g‡a¨ O-H e܇bi m„wó n‡q‡Q| me
eÜb fv½vi †ÿ‡Î Ges m„wói †ÿ‡Î GKB cwigvY kw³i h_vµ‡g †kvlY I D`MxiY N‡U bv| G †ÿ‡Î kw³i
†kvl‡Yi Zzjbvq Drcbœ nq A‡bK †ewk| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mKj R¡vjvbxi `n‡bi d‡jB Drcbœ c`v‡_©i Af¨šÍixb kw³
R¡vjvbxi AYyi ga¨w¯’Z kw³i Zzjbvq Kg nq| G Kvi‡Y AwZwi³ kw³ Zwor Pz¤^Kxq iwk¥ wnmv‡e Pviw`‡K wewKwiZ
nq hv Avgiv †c‡q _vwK Zvc I Av‡jvK kw³ wn‡m‡e|
GKBfv‡e Kqjv I Kve©b‡K `nb Ki‡j bZzb AYy Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi m„wó nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Aw·‡Rb Abyi O=O
eÜb †f‡½ hvq Ges Drcbœ Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi †ÿ‡Î C=O bZzb e܇bi m„wó nq|
C(s) + O (g)  CO (g) + Zvc
2 2
G‡ÿ‡ÎI Drcbœ AwZwi³ kw³‡K Avgiv Zvc kw³ wn‡m‡e I Av‡jv wn‡m‡e †`wL, G kw³B Zwor Pz¤^Kxq iwk¥|
R¡vjvbxi `n‡bi d‡j m„ó Zvckw³ e¨envi K‡i ZvcBwÄb UvievBb (PvKv) Nywi‡q Zvckw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z
cwiewZ©Z K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k †ewki fvM we`y¨r †K‡›`ªB G g~jbxwZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq| †Kv_vI
cÖvK…wZK M¨vmwfwËK we`y¨r †K›`ª, †Kv_vI †c‡Uªvwjqvg Dcv`vbwfwËK we`y¨r ‡K›`ª Ges †Kv_vI Avevi Kqjv wfwËK

imvqb I kw³ 157


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

we`y¨r †K›`ª| me †ÿ‡ÎB R¡vjvbx‡K `nb K‡i Drcbœ Zv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ Zvc Bwćbi UvievBb Nywi‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b
Kiv nq| †Rbv‡iU‡i Zij †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq Dcv`vb‡K `nb K‡i we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq|
wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vUvix †hgb, WªvB †mj, †jW e¨vUvix †Kvl, wjw_qvg
e¨vUvix, W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î ivmvqwbK kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| Avevi WªvB‡mj, †jW mÂqx †Kvl cÖf…wZi mvnv‡h¨
Av‡jv †c‡q _vwK| G‡ÿ‡Î WªvB †m‡ji mvnv‡h¨ UP© R¡vjv‡bv Ges
†jW mÂqx †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ AvBcGm (IPS) Gi gva¨‡g we`y¨r I
Av‡jv Drcv`b Kiv nq| G meB ivmvqwbK kw³‡K wewfbœ fv‡e
wewfbœ kw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z K‡i gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i gvbe
Kj¨v‡Y e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ 2: †Rbv‡iUi Pj‡Q Ges Av‡jv R¡j‡Q|

ivmvqwbK kw³ ‡_‡K cvIqv wewfbœ kw³ Kv‡R jvMv‡bv:


R¡vjvbxi `n‡bi d‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq| Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³| Avevi KvR Kivi mvg_©‡K kw³ e‡j| R¡vjvbxi
`n‡bi d‡j ivmvqwbK kw³ Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| evox‡Z KvV cywo‡q ivbœv Kwi, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm ev GjwcwR
M¨vm cywo‡q ivbœv Kwi, GgbwK ïKbv cvZv, ïKbv †Mvei Gme cywo‡qI ivbœvi KvR K‡i _vwK| me †ÿ‡ÎB
ivmvqwbK kw³ †_‡K Zvc kw³ Drcbœ nq| Avevi Gme R¡vjvwbi `n‡bi mgq Av‡jvI cvIqv hvq| Zvckw³‡K
e¨envi K‡i B‡Ui fvUvq BU †cvov‡bv nq| MÖv‡g Kzgvi KvuPv gvwUi
cv·K cywo‡q cvKv K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡ÎI Zvckw³i e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K| wmivwgK wkí, KvuP wkí, †jvnv I B¯úv‡Zi XvjvB wkí,
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi XvjvB wkí me †ÿ‡ÎB cÖPzi cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb
nq| iv¯Ívq GZme Mvox, UªvK, evm, †U‡¤úv, wm Gb wR Pj‡Q| meB
‡c‡Uªvwjqvg R¡vjvbx A_ev cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K `nb K‡i| cvwb‡Z jÂ,
w÷gvi, eo eo RvnvR Pj‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î R¡vjvbxi Drm †c‡Uªvwjqvg
wPÎ 3: UP© R¡j‡Q|
RvZxq Dcv`vb, †ijMvoxi R¡vjvbx Kqjv A_ev †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq
Dcv`vb| AvKv‡k wegvb, †nwjKÞvi Pj‡Q M¨v‡mvwjb R¡vjvwb e¨envi
K‡i| GwUI †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq R¡vjvbx|
m¨v‡jv Bwćbi mvnv‡h¨ km¨ †ÿ‡Z cvwb †`qv nq| G †ÿ‡ÎI †c‡Uªvwjqvg †K `nb K‡i Drcbœ kw³‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q gvwUi Mfxi †_‡K cvwb †Zvjv nq| †Rbv‡iUi †_‡K we`y¨r †c‡q _vwK| GLv‡bI R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e
†c‡Uªvwjqvg‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖvq †ewki fvM we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi R¡vjvbxB †c‡Uªvwjqvg| Avgiv AvBwcGm (IPS) Gi
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vUvixi gva¨‡g ivmvqwbK kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z cwiewZ©b Kwi Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ evj¦ R¡vjv‡bv, ˆe`y¨wZK
d¨vb Pvjv‡bv, †Uwjwfkb †`Lv me wKQzB m¤úbœ K‡i _vwK| G meB
ivmvqwbK kw³ †_‡K cvIqv wewfbœ ai‡bi iƒcvšÍwiZ kw³|

AvRKvj MÖv‡g ev‡qvM¨vm cøv‡›Ui e¨envi h‡_ó †`Lv hvq| G M¨vm


cøv‡›U ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g Drcbœ wg‡_b M¨vm‡K R¡vjvwb
wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i ivbœvi KvR, we`y¨r Drcv`b KvR, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv,
ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦ R¡vjv‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq| GwUI ivmvqwbK
kw³i eûgyLx e¨env‡ii GKwU D`vniY|
wPÎ 4: †Rbv‡iUi Pj‡Q

158 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

ev‡qvM¨vm
ivbœv Kiv
wdëvi
ivbœvN‡ii eR©¨

Zvc Ges Av‡jv


ev‡qvM¨vm
cïcvwLi gjgyÎ

ev‡qv ¯ø¨vwi we`y¨r

ev‡qv mvi
dm‡ji Aewkóvsk ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U

K…wl
KviLvbvi eR©¨ K…wl
wPÎ 5: ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U
ivmvqwbK kw³i h_vh_ e¨envi:
ivmvqwbK kw³i h_vh_ e¨envi AZ¨šÍ Riæix| gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` GZ †ewk cwigv‡Y I AwaK nv‡i
ivmvqwbK kw³‡K e¨envi Ki‡Q †h, GKmgq ivmvqwbK kw³i Dr‡mi gvivZœK NvUwZ n‡e| ZLb R¡vjvbx msKU
†`Lv †`‡e| ivmvqwbK kw³i cÖavb Drm Kqjv, †c‡Uªvwjqvg, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm BZ¨vw` meB Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb| c„w_ex‡Z
Gi gRy` mxwgZ| e¨env‡ii gvÎv evo‡Z _vK‡j AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv GK mgq GwU dzwi‡q hv‡e|
GLb cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i GwU dzwi‡q hv‡e †Kb? cÖwZwbqZ †Zv Dw™¢‡`i I cÖvwYi Rb¥ I g„Zy¨ n‡”Q| Zv n‡j G me
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbxi †kl nIqvi KviY Kx? DËiUv LyeB mvaviY| †h nv‡i R¡vjvwbi e¨envi evov‡Q Ges n‡”Q †m nv‡i
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb Drcbœ n‡”Q bv|
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb †kl n‡q †M‡j ZLb kw³i †hvMvb w`‡Z Avgiv Kx e¨envi Kie? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Av‡MB
Avgv‡`i‡K R¡vjvwbi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| AcÖ‡qvR‡b kw³i AcPq Kiv ‡_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
AKvi‡Y M¨v‡mi Pzjv R¡j‡Z _vKv, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv Nyi‡Q, fvj¦ R¡j‡Q GwU KL‡bvB Kvg¨ bq| kw³i cwiwgZ
e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk weKí kw³i Dr‡mi AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î bevqb‡hvM¨
R¡vjvwbi w`‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| mgy`ª m¤ú‡`i w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡en| Avgv‡`i i‡q‡Q wekvj
mgy`ª DcK‚j| mgy`ªc„‡ôi DËvj S‡ov nvIqv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb Drcv`‡bi Acvi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q| evqy, UvievBb wbgv‡©Yi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k we`y¨r Pvwn`vi eo GKUv Ask †gUv‡Z cv‡i| AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z
wek¦e¨vcx evqy, UvievBb¸‡jvi Drcv`b ÿgZv e„wׇZ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î GZ Acvi
m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Gi myôz cwiKíbv I D‡`¨v‡Mi Kvi‡Y G cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| GwU ev¯ÍevwqZ
n‡j ivmvqwbK kw³i e¨env‡ii Dci Pvc K‡g Avm‡e|

imvqb I kw³ 159


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

R¡vjvwb weï× nIqvi ¸iæZ¡:


Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi `n‡bi d‡j mvaviYZ Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨vm, cvwb I Zvc †c‡q _vwK| ¯^í evqy‡Z R¡vjvwb `nb
Ki‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨v‡mi mv‡_ wKQz cwigvY Kve©b g‡bv·vBW M¨vmI Drcbœ nq| Kve©b g‡bv·vBW (CO)
Lye welv³ M¨vm| GwU bxie NvZK M¨vm bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ GwU gvivZœK SzwKc~Y©| Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb Kqjvi
g‡a¨ h‡_ó cwigvY eR¨© mvjdvi I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb eZ©gvb _v‡K| Kqjvi `n‡bi mgq eR©¨ mvjdvi cwiewZ©Z n‡q
mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW (SO2) Ges bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Zvi wewfbœ A·vBW †hŠM wn‡m‡e evqy‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| mvjdvi WvB-
A·vBW M¨vm evqy‡Z wg‡k evqyi NbZ¡ e„w× K‡i Ges Rjxq ev‡®úi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q mvjwdDwiK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i
_v‡K| mvjwdDwiK GwmW GwmW e„wói m„wó K‡i| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBWI GKBfv‡e Rjxq ev‡®úi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
bvBwUªK GwmW, bvBUªvm GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| G¸‡jvI GwmW e„wó m„wóKvix Dcv`vb| GwmW e„wói Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK
wech©q N‡U|
Bwćbi bwKs ÿgZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ R¡vjvwb †Z‡ji mv‡_ †UUªvB_vBj ‡jW (TEL) wgwkÖZ K‡i †`qv nq| G ai‡bi
R¡vjvwbi `n‡bi d‡j †jW A·vBW (PbO) I †jW WvB A·vBW (PbO2) †hЇMi m„wó nq| GwU gvivZœK welv³
Dcv`vb| wkï‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i weKvk NUv‡Z GwU evuav m„wó K‡i| ZvB †Kv‡bv fv‡eB †UUªvB_vBj †jW wgwkÖZ R¡vjvwb‡K
e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq|
GQvov hvbevnb †_‡K wbM©Z Kv‡jv †avuqvq Kve©b g‡bv·vBW (CO), bvBUªvm A·vBW (N2O), A`» M¨vmxq R¡vjvwb
we‡klZ wg‡_b evqy‡Z wg‡k _v‡K| Gme eR©¨ Dcv`vb evqy‡Z G‡m m~‡h©¨i Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g welv³ †avuqvi m„wó K‡i| G‡K Ôd‡Uv‡KwgK¨vj †avuqvÕ e‡j| G †avuqv evqy gÛ‡ji I‡Rvb ¯Íi‡K ÿq K‡i
Ges ‰ewk¥K Dòvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvivZœK f‚wgKv iv‡L| G me we‡ePbv K‡i Avgv‡`i †K cwi‡ek evÜe I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
weï× R¡vjvwbi e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ivmvqwbK kw³ e¨env‡ii †bwZevPK cÖfve


Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi `n‡bi d‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2), Rjxq ev®ú I Zvc †c‡q _vwK| Gm‡ei cvkvcvwk Drcbœ
nq welv³ CO, SO2, NO2, N2O I †avuqvi mv‡_ wbM©Z A`» M¨vmxq R¡vjvwb| Gm‡ei MšÍe¨¯’vb evqygÛ‡ji evqy|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` evqygÛ‡ji CO2 †K MÖvm K‡i wVKB wKš‘ cwigv‡Y LyeB Kg| ZvQvov †h
nv‡i Mv‡Qi wbab Pj‡Q Zv‡Z K‡i evqygÛ‡ji CO2 M¨v‡mi †kvl‡Yi nvi AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z Av‡iv n«vm cv‡e G‡Z
†Kvb m‡›`n †bB| Drcbœ CO2 M¨vm I AcwiewZ©Z wg‡_b (CH4) M¨vm `ywUB wMÖb nvDm M¨vm| G `ywU M¨v‡mi Zvc
aviY ÿgZv A¯^vfvweKfv‡e †ewk| bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi A·vBW ¸‡jvI wMÖb nvDm M¨vm| ˆewk¥K Dòvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î G‡`i
f‚wgKv h‡_ó| G M¨vm ¸‡jvi cÖfv‡e ˆewk¥K Dòvqb N‡U| d‡j wMÖb nvDm cÖfve m„wó nq| DËi †giæi eid M‡j
wM‡q `wÿY †giæi cvwbi D”PZv e„w× Ki‡Q, m„wó Ki‡Q eb¨v, AwZe„wó Avevi KL‡bv Abve„wói| ˆewk¦K Dòvq‡bi
Kvi‡Y Dw™¢` g‡i wM‡q m„wó n‡”Q bZzb giæf‚wgi| fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki, ÿq n‡”Q I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii|
I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii ÿ‡qi Kvi‡Y c„w_exc„‡ô G‡m co‡Q gvivZœK ÿwZKviK AwZ †e¸wb UV iwk¥| ivmvqwbK kw³
e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z Av‡iv fqven ÿwZi mb¥yLxb n‡e Avgv‡`i G
meyR c„w_ex| G meyR c„w_ex‡K iÿvi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡`i‡KB wb‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i cieZx eskai‡`i Avevmfzwg‡K
bó Kiv Pj‡e bv| G‡ÿ‡Î nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj, wewfbœ bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb, wewfbœ Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl Ges
wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi cøv‡›Ui w`‡K †ewk K‡i ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb|
R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e B_vbj e¨envi:
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb GKw`b dzwi‡q hv‡e| Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© GLbB mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| gvbyl weKí
R¡vjvwbi mÜvb K‡iB P‡j‡Q| B_vbj (CH3-CH2-OH) GKwU `vn¨ Zij nIqvq G‡K R¡vjvwbi weKí e¨env‡ii
†Póv A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB ïiæ n‡q‡Q| †c‡Uªvwjqvg I †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq R¡vjvwbi mv‡_ GKwU wbw`©ó kZKiv

160 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

Abycv‡Z B_vbj‡K e¨envi K‡i †gvUi Bwćbi weKí R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e G‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| eªvwRj miKvi
Rxevk¥ Zij R¡vjvwbi mv‡_ cÖvq 25% B_vbj‡K e¨envi Ki‡Q| DËi Av‡gwiKvi A‡bK †`‡kB G c×wZi cÖPjb
ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq me †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq Zij R¡vjvwbi mv‡_ 10% B_vbj‡K e¨envi Kiv nq|
B_vbj‡K GKwU kZKiv Abycv‡Z Zvc Drcv`‡bi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i KjKviLvbv, Mvwo, jÂ, RvnvR
GgbwK wegv‡bi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡eI e¨envi Kiv hvq| G fv‡e e¨eüZ A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv B_vbj‡K Avgiv †Kb R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB| KviY Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e‡ov GKwU Ask
B_vbj c~Y© Ki‡j Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi gRy‡`i Dci Kg Pvc co‡e| Dciš‘ B_vb‡ji Drcv`‡bi KvuPvgvj LyeB mnR
cÖvc¨ I `v‡g m¯Ív| wPwb K‡ji DcRvZ wPUv¸o ev †gvjv‡mm Gi cÖavb Drm| wPUv¸o‡K we‡kl cÖwµqvq MvuRb
K‡i B_vbj c֯ͅZ Kiv nq| ZvQvov km¨ `vbv ev †k¦Zmvi RvZxq Dcv`vb †_‡K MvuRb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g B_vbj
Drcv`b Kiv nq| Gfv‡e wPUv¸o I †k¦Zmvi †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`b K‡i Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi Dci Pvc A‡bKUvB
Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e| evsjv‡`‡k †gmvm© †Kiæ GÛ †Kvs, (`k©bv) wPUv¸o n‡Z evwYwR¨Kfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`b
Kiv n‡jI G A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki 16wU wPwb K‡ji DcRvZ wn‡m‡e
Drcbœ wPUv¸o‡K KvuPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ Kiv nq| D³ A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K †gvUi Bwćbi
weKí R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡j Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi 25% Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|
1| Avcbvi GjvKvq ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U †`‡L Zvi wbgv©Y †KŠk‡ji Dci 200 k‡ãi
wkÿv_©xi KvR GKwU cªwZ‡e`b wjLyb|
2| eB‡qi evB‡i Avcbvi †`Lv ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvc, we`y¨r I Av‡jvK kw³
iƒcvšÍ‡ii `ywU K‡i D`vniY wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 ivmvqwbK kw³: Dcv`v‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j †h kw³i D™¢e N‡U Zv‡K ivmvqwbK kw³ e‡j|
 Zvc kw³: †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i `n‡bi mgq Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q bZzb Aw·‡Rb hy³ AYy m„wó nIqvi mgq
†h kw³ wbM©Z nq Zv‡K Zvckw³ e‡j|
 GwmW e„wó: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e„wói cvwb‡Z GwmW wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G ai‡bi e„wó‡K GwmW e„wó e‡j|
 cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj: †c‡Uªvwjqvg I †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ cÖvq 25% B_vbj‡K wgwkÖZ K‡i
†gvUi Bwćbi weKí R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡K cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| †KvbwU bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvbxi e¨envi?
K) Kqjv cywo‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b L) wW‡Rj w`‡q k¨v‡jv ‡gwkb Pvjv‡bv
M) e¨vUvwi w`‡q UP© R¡vjv‡bv N) evqycÖevn †_‡K we`y¨r Drcv`b|
2| weKí R¡vjvbx n‡jv-
K) Kqjvi cwie‡Z© wW‡Rj L) wW‡R‡ji cwie‡Z© †K‡ivwmb
M) †K‡ivwm‡bi cwie‡Z© ev‡qvM¨vm N) AK‡U‡bi cwie‡Z© cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb-
i) Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbxi `n‡b MÖxY nvDm M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
ii) evqy we`y¨r bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvbx|
iii) Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm meB Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

imvqb I kw³ 161


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.3 Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl


D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-


 RviY weRviY wewµqvi B‡jKUªbxq gZev` e¨envi K‡i Pj we`y¨‡Zi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li ZworØvi MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kvl I M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vUvwii cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivmvqwbK †Kvl, cwievnx, ZworØvi, B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx, A¨v‡bvW,
gyL¨ kã
K¨v‡_vW, jeY †mZz
Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl
KvV, Kqjv, Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb‡K `nb K‡i ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z cwiYZ K‡i G Zvc †_‡K
we`y¨r I Av‡jv Drcbœ Kiv nq| Avevi ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ bv K‡i mivmwi we`y¨r kw³‡ZI
cwiYZ Kiv hvq Ges we`y¨r kw³ e¨envi K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| ivmvqwbK kw³‡K mivmwi we`y¨r
kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj D™¢veb K‡ib weÁvbx M¨vjfvwb (Galvanik)| cieZx© mg‡q weÁvbx †fvëv (Volta) GKB
cÖwµqvq D³ c×wZi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ 1780 mv‡j weÁvbx M¨vjfvwb Ges 1800 mv‡j weÁvbx
†fvëv ¯úófv‡e cÖgvY K‡ib †h, ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e msNwUZ RviY-weRviY wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcbœ nq| Zv‡u`i
G gnvb Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvi‡YB Avgiv e¨envwiK Rxe‡b e¨vUvwi e¨envi Ki‡Z cviwQ| Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl Ggb
GKwU hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v, hvi gva¨‡g ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j m„ó ivmvqwbK kw³‡K mivmwi Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
Kiv nq| Avevi †jW gviKvwi †Kv‡li g‡a¨ we`y¨r kw³ e¨envi K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwUZ Kiv nq| G
cÖwµqv‡K Zwor we‡kølY e‡j| †h †Kv‡l Zwor we‡kølY Kiv nq Zv‡K Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kvl e‡j| GKwU Zwor
ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î ZworØvi, jeY †mZy I Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªeY _v‡K| †h †Kv‡bv Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡l `ywU
avZe `Û‡K GKB ev wfbœ Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Y AvswkK wbgw¾Z Kiv nq| G `Û¸‡jv‡K ZworØvi e‡j| ZworØvi
†K Avevi evg ZworØvi ev RviY ZworØvi Ges Wvb ZworØvi ev weRviY ZworØvi G `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq|

8.9 we`y¨r cwievnx I ZworØvi


cwievnx: B‡jKUª‡bi cÖevnB Zwor cÖevn| †h me c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q B‡jKUªb Z_v Zwor PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zviv
Zwor cwievnx| †hgb mKj avZz, `ªe‡Y I MwjZ Ae¯’vq avZzi jeY, GwmW, ÿvi je‡Yi `ªeY mg~n Zwor
cwievnx| Zwor cwien‡bi †KŠkj Z_v B‡jKUªb cwien‡bi ‡KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i Zwor cwievnx mg~n‡K
`yBfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v: 1) avZe ev B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx I 2) Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnx|
c`v‡_©i KwVb Ae¯’vq Zwor cwien‡bi mgq †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b bv N‡UB B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni Kvi‡Y
we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx e‡j| †hgb mKj avZz I MÖvdvBU G ai‡bi cwievnx| avZzi DËß
Ae¯’vq Zwor cwienb ÿgZvi n«vm N‡U| GwU GKwU †fŠZ cwieZ©b c×wZ| B‡jKUªb AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ª I nvjKv KYv
e‡j Lye `ªæZ gva¨‡g PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|

162 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

Zwor cwienb hw` †hЇMi weMwjZ ev `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq


Zv‡`i abvZœK I FYvZœK Avqb Øviv Zwor cwienb
m¤úbœ nq Z‡e Zv‡K Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnx e‡j| G
†ÿ‡Î ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwVZ nq| †hgb, me
ai‡bi AvqwbK †hŠM, MwjZ jeY I Gi `ªeY, GwmW
K¨v‡_vW
`ªeY, ÿvi `ªeY BZ¨vw`| DËß Ae¯’vq Zwor we‡køl¨
ZworØvi
cwievnx‡Z Zwor cwienb e„w× cvq| Zwor cÖevnKv‡j A¨v‡bvW
ivmvqwbK wµqv msNwVZ nq| ZworØvi

wPÎ 1: mvaviY Zwor †Kvl|


ZworØvi:
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq weMwjZ A_ev `ªexf‚Z Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i g‡a¨ `ywU avZe cwievnx A_ev MÖvdvBU `Û Ggbfv‡e
†i‡L †`qv nq †hb GKwU w`‡q B‡jKUªb †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Ab¨wU w`‡q B‡jKUªb †ei n‡q hvq| G `ywU avZe
A_ev MÖvdvBU cwievnx†K ZworØvi ejv nq| ZworØvi Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li B‡jKUªwbK cwievnx I
B‡jK‡UªvjvBU cwienxi g‡a¨ Zwor cÖev‡ni †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i †Kvl eZ©bx c~Y© K‡i|
GKwU Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î `ywU ZworØv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi Ges AciwU K¨v‡_vW
ZworØvi|

A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi:
†h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii abvZœK cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges hvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb `ªeY †Q‡o P‡j hvq, Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW
ZworØvi ev abvZœK ZworØvi e‡j| A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i RviY wµqv m¤úbœ nq| A_v©r A¨v‡bv‡W A¨vbvqb¸‡jv
B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Avavb gy³ nq|

K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi:
†h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii FYvZœK cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges hvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb e¨vUvwi †_‡K `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i,
Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi ev FYvZœK ZworØvi e‡j| K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i weRviY wµqv m¤úbœ nq| A_v©r K¨v‡_v‡W
K¨vUvqb¸‡jv B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Avavb gy³ nq|
GKwU GwmW Ges Zwor‡ivax cvÎ wb‡q Dnvi g‡a¨ Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªeY ‡bqv nq| A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I K¨v‡_vW
ZworØvi wn‡m‡e h_vµ‡g myweavgZ avZe `Û I MÖvdvBU `Û‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| avZe `Û I MÖvdvBU `Û‡K
A_v©r ZworØviØq‡K ms‡hvM Zvi I e¨vUvwii gva¨‡g hy³ K‡i Zworwe‡køl¨ †Kvl MVb Kiv nq| Z‡e Zworwe‡køl¨
†Kv‡l A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e GKB avZe `Û A_ev wfbœ avZe `Û e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î avZe
`Û ïaygvÎ B‡jKUªb cwien‡bi KvR K‡i, †Kv‡bv fv‡eB †Kvbiƒc ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| G
†Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ e¨vUvwii abvZœK cÖvšÍ †h ZworØv‡i hy³ Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW Ges e¨vUvwii FYvZœK cÖvšÍ †h
ZworØv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW e‡j|

M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl ˆZix:


M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi MV‡bi c×wZ Zworwe‡køl¨ †Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y©
wfbœ| GKwU avZe `Û‡K H avZzi je‡Yi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ avZzi `Û‡K H ¯^ ¯^ avZzi
je‡Yi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯’vcb K‡i A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi MVb Kiv nq| Z‡e A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I
K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wbav©wiZ nq avZzi mwµqZvi Dci wfwË K‡i| ZworØvi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ avZe `Û `y‡Uvi g‡a¨

imvqb I kw³ 163


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AwaK mwµq avZe `ÛwU A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi Ges A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mwµq avZe `ÛwU K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi‡K e¨vUvwii mvnv‡h¨ mshy³ bv K‡i ïay cwievwn
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g hy³ Kiv nq| Z‡e wb‡`©kK evj¦ hy³ K‡i Zwor cÖevn‡K wbwðZ Kiv nq| `y‡Uv Zwor we‡køl¨
`ªeY‡K jeY †mZy Øviv ms‡hvM Kiv nq| jeY †mZzi ga¨¯’ Zwor we‡køl¨ Dfq ZworØv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ avZe je‡Yi
`ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv|

jeY †mZz:
Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvq‡bi MwZ‡eM mgvb Giƒc †Kv‡bv Dchy³ Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v_© †hgb KCl, KNO3,
NH NO , Na SO Ges 0.1M NbvgvÎvi `ªe‡Y mvgvb¨ cwigvY A¨vMvi-A¨vMvi wgwkÖZ K‡i DËß Kivi ci
4 3 2 4
`ªeYwU‡K  AvK…wZi Kv‡uPi b‡ji g‡a¨ †X‡j
kxZj Ki‡j `ªeYwU †Rwji gZ aviY K‡i| wRsK (Zn) jeY †mZz Kcvi (Cu)
b‡ji gy‡L Zzjvi c¨vW w`‡q eÜ K‡i bjwU‡K A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW
`ywU Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªe‡Y wbgw¾Z K‡i Zwor
we‡kø‡l¨i g‡a¨ c‡ivÿ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
GwUB jeY †mZz| jeY †mZz‡Z eZ©gvb Zwor
we‡kø‡l¨i K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb Aa©‡Kv‡li ZnSO
4
CuSO
4
`ªe‡Y cwie¨vß n‡q Dfq `ªe‡Yi Zwor Gi `ªeY Gi `ªeY
wbi‡cÿZv eRvq iv‡L| wPÎ 2: jeY †mZz

M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØvi:


†Kv‡bv GKwU avZz‡K hw` H avZzi je‡Yi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv hvq, Z‡e Zv‡K avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØvi e‡j|
D`vniY¯^iƒc †jvnvi GKwU `Û‡K hw` †divm mvj‡dU, FeSO4(aq) Gi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv nq Z‡e †mwU
Fe(s)/FeSO (aq) ev Fe(s)/Fe2+(aq) ZworØvi| GKBfv‡e Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq), Ni(s)/Ni2+(aq), Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq),
4
Ag(s)/Ag+(aq) BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨KwU avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØvi|

ZworØvi wewµqv:
avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØv‡ii wewµqv DfgyLx| Gi wewµqv‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c †jLv hvq|
M(s) M+n(aq) + ne-

GLv‡b M n‡jv †gЇji ev avZzi cigvYyi cÖZxK|


†hgb, i) Ag (s) Ag+ (aq)+ e-

ii) Zn (s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

iii) Al (s) Al3+ (aq)+ 3e-

A_v©r G‡ÿ‡Î ZworØvi wewµqvq avZz (M), n msL¨K B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i Dnvi avZe Avqb, M+n G cwiYZ nq
Ges `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z nq| A_ev `ªe‡Yi M+n Avqb n msL¨K B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i M avZz‡Z cwiYZ nq|

164 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

myZivs ZworØv‡ii g~j wewµqv RviY-weRviY wµqv| †Kv‡bv GKwU ZworØv‡ii avZz B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i RvwiZ n‡q
`ªe‡Y AvqwbZ nq Ges `ªexf‚Z nq| wecixZ fv‡e Aci ZworØv‡i `ªe‡Yi avZe Avqb B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i
weRvwiZ n‡q avZz‡Z cwiYZ nq| †h ZworØv‡i Rvib wµqv N‡U Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi Ges †h ZworØv‡i weRviY
wµqv N‡U Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi e‡j|
A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wewµqv: M  M+n + ne-
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wewµqv: M+n + ne-  M
G‡ÿ‡Î M+n I M+n Gi †ÿ‡Î n Gi gvb GK n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wfbœI n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ `vbK…Z †gvU B‡jKUª‡bi
msL¨v I MÖnYK…Z †gvU B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v me mgq Awfbœ nq|

8.10: M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl:


G RvZxq Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li †ÿ‡ÎI ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j m„ó ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z cwiYZ Kiv
nq| Z‡e ZworØv‡ii wewµqv msNV‡bi Rb¨ evB‡ii Drm †_‡K kw³ mieiv‡ni cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| A_v©r †Kv‡li
ZworØv‡ii wewµqv ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e N‡U| W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl GKwU M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl|

W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl wbg©vY:


3
`yBwU 250ml AvqZ‡bi Kv‡uPi weKvi bvI| GKwU‡Z 1.0M NbgvÎvi ZnSO4 `ªe‡b wRs‡Ki GKwU avZe `‡Ûi 4
3
Ask Wzwe‡q ivL| Aci weKviwU‡Z GKBfv‡e 1.0M †gvjvi NbgvÎvi CuSO4 `ªe‡Y Kcv‡ii GKwU avZe `‡Ûi 4
Ask Wywe‡q ivL| weKvi `ywUi `ªeY‡K GKwU
jeY †mZzi gva¨‡g mshy³ Ki| (wPÎ:.....)| jeY †mZz
wRsK (Zn) Kcvi (Cu)
GLb avZe `Û `ywU‡K GKwU †fvëvwgUvi I A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW
myB‡Pi gva¨‡g cwievnx Zvi w`‡q hy³ K‡i
`vI| W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl wbgv©Y n‡q †Mj|

ch©‡eÿY: GLb myB‡Pi gva¨‡g eZ©bx m¤ú~Y© ZnSO


4
CuSO
4
K‡i wb‡¤œi welq¸‡jvi DËi wj‡L †djyb| Gi `ªeY Gi `ªeY
1| cwievnx Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ wPÎ 3: W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl
n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡Q Kx bv? nuv A_ev bv wj‡L
†djyb|
2| wRsK `‡Ûi IRb µgk ..................._v‡K Ges Kcvi `‡Ûi IRb µgk.................._v‡K|
3| ZnSO4 `ªe‡Y Zn2+ Avq‡bi MvpZ¡ ......................._v‡K|
4| CuSO4 `ªe‡Y Cu2+ Avq‡bi MvpZ¡ ......................._v‡K|
5| `ywU weKv‡ii `ªeYB Zworhy³/Zwor wbi‡c‡ÿ _v‡K| [mwVK DËiwU‡Z √ wPý w`b]

wewµqv: cwievnx Zv‡ii gva¨‡g eZ©bx c~Y© Ki‡j ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e wb‡¤œi RviY-weRviY wewµqv¸‡jv msNwUZ nq|
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

imvqb I kw³ 165


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wRsK `Û †_‡K Zn cigvYy 2wU K‡i B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i RvwiZ n‡q Zn2+ Avqb wn‡m‡e `ªe‡Y P‡j Av‡m| G
Kvi‡b wRsK `Û µgk ÿq n‡Z _v‡K Ges `ªe‡Y Zn2+ Avq‡bi MvpZ¡ evo‡Z _v‡K|
RviY wewµqv ev A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Zn `‡Ûi Zn cigvYyi `vbK…Z B‡jKUªb 2wU cwievnx Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Cu `‡Û Av‡m| G Ae¯’vq CuSO `ªe‡Yi
4
Cu2+ Avqb Cu `‡Û G‡m IB B‡jKUªb `ywU MÖnY K‡i weRvwiZ n‡q Cu `‡Û Rgv nq| myZivs Cu `‡Ûi IRb
evo‡Z _vK‡e Ges CuSO `ªe‡Y Cu2+ Avq‡bi MvpZ¡ µgk Kg‡Z _vK‡e|
4

weRviY wewµqv ev K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s)

mvims‡ÿc:
Zn `‡Ûi Zn cigvYyi Rvi‡Yi d‡j B‡jKUª‡bi `vb N‡U| G Kvi‡b Zn `‡Ûi Dci B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ N‡U| GwU
FYvZœK Avavb cÖvß nq| myZivs Zn `ÛwU n‡e A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi|
wecixZfv‡e Cu `Û †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnb K‡i `ªe‡Yi Cu2+ Avqb¸‡jv weRvwiZ nq| d‡j Cu `‡Û B‡jKUª‡bi
NvUwZ nq| d‡j GwU abvZœK Avavb cÖvß nq| myZivs Cu `Û K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|
cwievnx Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q B‡jKUª‡bi cÖevn Zn `Û †_‡K Cu `‡Ûi w`‡K NU‡e| A_v©r A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi †_‡K
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii w`‡K NU‡e| ZvB cÖPwjZ ixwZ Abyhvqx cwievnx Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Zwo‡Zi cÖevn n‡e K¨v‡_vW
†_‡K A¨v‡bv‡Wi w`‡K|

8.11: WªvB‡m‡ji MVb I B‡jKUªb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj:


UP©jvBU R¡vjv‡Z, †iwWI evRv‡Z, †QvÆ †mvbvgwb‡`i †Ljbv Pvjv‡Z, wUwfi wi‡gvU Pvjv‡Z †h e¨vUvwi e¨envi Kwi
†mwUB WªvB‡mj| Gi g‡a¨I ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| GLv‡bI A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW
ZworØvi e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv Zij Zwor we‡køl¨ e¨envi Kiv nq bv| †jK‡jÝ †mj mev©waK cwiwPZ
GKwU WªvB‡mj| Kvh©Z GwUI GK ai‡bi M¨vjfvwbK †mj|

wbg©vY †KŠkj:
Kve©b `Û wRsK †KŠUv
wRsK ev `¯Ív avZz Øviv wbwg©Z GK gyL eÜ dvucv †PvO wbb|
MnO I Kve©b P‚Y© cøvw÷‡Ki wUDe
GwU A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| wcZ‡ji Uzwc 2

hy³ GKwU Kve©b `Û wbb| G `ÛwU AvjKvZiv hy³ KvM‡Ri


Dci Lvovfv‡e emv‡bv _v‡K| d‡j Kveb© `Û †_‡K `¯Ívi NH Cl I KvM‡Ri _‡j
4
dvucv †PvO c„_K n‡q _v‡K| Kve©b `ÛwU K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e ZnCl Gi †c÷
KvR Ki‡e| Ab¨ GKwU cv‡Îi g‡a¨ g¨v½vwbR WvB-A·vBW 2

(MnO ) I Kve©b P‚‡Y©i wgkÖY‡K fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q wbb| G


2 wPÎ 4: WªvB‡mj
wgkÖY‡K Kve©b `Û I `¯Ívi †Pv‡Oi gv‡S KvM‡Ri _wj‡Z
ivLyb| `¯Ívi †PvO I KvM‡Ri _wji gv‡S AvVv‡jv ÷v‡P©i ¸uov, NH4Cl I mvgvb¨ ZnCl2Gi GKwU †c÷ ivLyb| G
†c÷ †K MnO2 †fRv ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †Kv‡li Dc‡ii gy‡L wcP A_ev Mvjv w`‡q eÜ K‡i w`b Ges `¯Ívi
†PvOwU‡K GKwU KvM‡Ri †gvo‡K †X‡K w`b| ˆZix n‡q †Mj WªvB‡mj|

166 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

WªvB‡m‡ji ivmvqwbK wewµqv:


WªvB‡m‡jI ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U _v‡K|
A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: 2NH4+(aq) + 2e-  2NH3(g) + H2(g)
Drcbœ H2 M¨vm MnO2 †K RvwiZ K‡i Mn2O3 I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
2MnO (s) + H (g)  Mn O (s) + H O(l)
2 2 2 3 2
A_v©r †Kv‡li mvgwMÖK wewµqv:
Zn(s) + 2MnO (s) + 2NH +(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + 2NH (g) + Mn O (s) + H O(l)
2 4 3 2 3 2
G †Kv‡li ZworPvjK ej (EMF) cÖvq 1.5 Volt

¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vUvwii cÖfve:


Zwor kw³ e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vUvwi e¨envi K‡i _vwK| †jW †÷v‡iR
e¨vUvwi, WªvB‡mj, gviKvwi ‡mj, wjw_qvg †mj BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖK„wZi †m‡ji e¨envi AvRKvj LyeB e¨vcK| me
e¨vUvwii g‡a¨B †Kv‡bv bv †Kvb avZz I avZe Avqb _v‡K| †hgb -†jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi‡Z wmmv (Pb) I wmmvi
A·vBW (PbO2), gviKvwi †Kv‡l `¯Ív (Zn) I gviwKDivm A·vBW (Hg2O), WªvB‡m‡j `¯Ív I g¨v½vwbR
WvBA·vBW (MnO2), wjw_qvg e¨vUvwi‡Z wjw_qvg †Kvevë A·vBW (LiCoO2) e¨envi Kiv nq| G avZz¸‡jv meB
fvix avZz wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G me avZz gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ gvivZœK ÿwZKviK Ges Rxe‡`‡n K¨vÝvi m„wóKvix wbqvgK
wn‡m‡e eûj cwiwPZ|
e¨vUvwi e¨env‡ii ci †d‡j w`‡j Gi e‡R©¨i MšÍe¨¯’j nq Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek| cÖ_‡g gvwU I cvwb‡Z wg‡k hvq,
c‡i Dw™¢` I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ k„•L‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i| †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi n‡Z
wimvBwK¬wbs cÖwµqvq †jW avZz msMÖn Kiv nq| G wimvBwK¬wbs cÖwµqvq `n‡bi mgq †jW ‡Uªm avZz wn‡m‡e evqy‡Z
wg‡k evqyi gvivZœK `~lY NUvq| G †jW ev®ú wn‡m‡e, ‡j‡Wi A‰Re †hŠM I ˆRe †hŠM wn‡m‡e Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡`‡n
Awa‡kvl‡Yi d‡j Lv`¨k„•L‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i gvby‡li kix‡i wM‡q †cŠQvq| †j‡Wi A‰Re †hŠM¸‡jv †ewki fvMB
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| cÖvwY‡`‡ni wUmy¨ KZ…©K mn‡RB †jW avZz †kvwlZ nq| myZivs e¨vUvwii eR©¨ †Kv‡bv fv‡eB gy³
cwi‡e‡k †djv DwPZ bq| e¨vUvwi eR©¨‡K msMÖn K‡i ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q Gi wimvBwK¬wbs Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡j
cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZi m¤¢vebv A‡bKvs‡k K‡g hvq|

8.13: we`y¨r e¨envi K‡i wewµqv msMVb


Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl ej‡ZB Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi GLv‡b ivmvqwbK wewµqv NU‡Q Ges wewµqvi d‡j Drcbœ
ivmvqwbK kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| W¨vwb‡qj †mj I WªvB †mj Gi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv GgbwUB †`‡LwQ| G
me †m‡ji ZworØv‡i ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwVZ nq|
Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î welqwU wVK D‡ëv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡li g‡a¨ ZworØv‡ii wewµqv msMV‡bi Rb¨
evB‡ii Drm †_‡K we`y¨rkw³ mieivn Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î we`y¨rkw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z Kiv nq| Zwor
we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ avZz‡K we‡kvab Kiv nq| AvKwiK †_‡K avZz wb®‹vk‡bi ci G cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kiv nq| d‡j
avZz weï× nq| A¨vjywgwbqvg, wRsK, Kcvi, wmjfvi, wb‡Kj cÖf…wZ avZzi we‡kva‡b Zwor we‡kølY c×wZ AbymiY
Kiv nq| GQvovI avZzi cÖ‡jcb †`qv, bZzb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Drcv`‡bI G c×wZ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|

imvqb I kw³ 167


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1| GKwU Kv‡uPi weKv‡ii g‡a¨ wPwbi `ªeY wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ `ywU Kve©b `Û
†i‡L ms‡hvM Øviv hy³ K‡i ˆe`y¨wZK fv‡j¦i mv‡_ hy³ Kiæb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 2| Ab¨ GKwU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ HCl hy³ NaCl `ªeY wb‡q GKBfv‡e Kve©b
`Û †i‡L ms‡hvM Zvi Øviv hy³ K‡i ˆe`y¨wZK fv‡j¦i mv‡_ hy³ K‡i
ch©‡eÿY Kiæb| djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl: ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j m„ó ivmvqwbK kw³‡K mivmwi Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv
nq|
 ZworØvi: Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡l `ywU avZe `Û‡K GKB ev wfbœ Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Y AvswkKfv‡e wbgw¾Z
K‡i ivLv nq| G `Û¸‡jv‡K ZworØvi e‡j|
 A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi: †h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii abvZœK cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges hvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb
Zworwe‡køl¨ ev `ªeY †Q‡o P‡j hvq, Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi e‡j|
 K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi: †h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii FYvZœK cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges hvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb e¨vUvwi
†_‡K `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi e‡j|
 WªvB‡mj: A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi e¨envi K‡i ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiK Kiv nq wKš‘
†Kv‡bv Zij Zwor we‡køl¨ e¨envi Kiv nq bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| †h ZworØvi w`‡q B‡jKUªb `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) A¨v‡bvW L) K¨v‡_vW
M) cwievnx ZworØvi N) abvZœK ZworØvi
2| jeY †mZz wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq †KvbwUi 0.1 M NbgvÎvi `ªeY?
K) NaCl L) HCl M) NaOH N) KCl
3| †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
K) A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i Rvib N‡U|
L) K¨v‡_vo ZworØv‡i RviY N‡U|
M) jeY †mZz `ªe‡Yi Zwor wbi‡cÿZv bó K‡i|
N) W¨vwb‡qj †mj GKwU WªvB‡mj
4| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb-
i) K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i weRviY N‡U|
ii) WªvB‡m‡ji †ÿ‡Î `¯Ív K¨v‡_vW Zwor wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
iii) Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

cvV-8.4
168 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

Zwor we‡kølY I Gi cÖ‡qvM

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-


 Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i wewkøó nIqvi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡kølY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ c`v‡_©i Zwor we‡køl‡Y Drcvw`Z c`v_© Ges Gi evwYwR¨K e¨envi m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li cÖ‡qvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Zwor we‡kølY, eªvBb, B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs, dz‡qj †mj, e· vBU

Zwor we‡kølY I Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i wewkøó nIqvi †KŠkj:


Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î evB‡ii Drm †_‡K ‰e`y¨wZK ms‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i †Kv‡li g‡a¨i ivmvqwbK
wewµqv m¤úbœ Kiv nq| Gi MVb c×wZ A‡bKUvB M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li Abyiƒc| Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kvl GK cÖ‡Kvó ev
`yB cÖ‡Kvó wewkó n‡Z cv‡i| wP‡Î GK cÖ‡Kvó wewkó GKwU Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li MVb KvVv‡gv †`Lv‡bv nj:
‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ evB‡ii Drm †_‡K we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjbv Ki‡j
GKwU A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi ev abvZœK ZworØvi Ges AciwU
K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi ev FYvZœK ZworØvi m„wó nq| G Kvi‡Y
Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z abvZœK I FYvZœK A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW
Avqb¸‡jv PvR© Abymv‡i ZworØv‡ii w`‡K AvK…ó nq| d‡j
Avavb cÖkwgZ nq| ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gB A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i Zwor
we‡kø‡l¨i FYvZœK Avavb hy³ Avqb Ges K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i ZworØvi
abvZœK Avavb hy³ Avq‡bi PvR© cÖkgb N‡U|
Gfv‡e Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii FYvZœK NaCl Gi `ªeY
Avqb RviY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i bZzb c`v‡_©
cwiYZ nq| wecixZfv‡e K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii abvZœK Avqb wPÎ 1: Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kvl
weRviY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i bZzb c`v‡_©i
m„wó K‡i|
Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i FYvZœK Avq‡bi RviY cÖwµqvq Drcbœ B‡jKUªb cwievnx Zv‡ii gva¨‡g
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i wM‡q weRviY cÖwµqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ wgwU‡q _v‡K|
A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: Xn-  X + ne-
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: Mn+ + ne-  M
D`vniY: MwjZ NaCl Gi g‡a¨ Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li wewµqvt
A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: 2Cl-  Cl2(g) + 2e-
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: 2Na+ + 2e-  2Na(s)

imvqb I kw³ 169


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li cÖ‡qvM


Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡l Zwor we‡kølY Kiv nq| AvaywbKKv‡j Zwor we‡køl‡Yi e¨envi LyeB e¨vcK| avZzi AvKwiK
†_‡K avZz wb®‹vkb, Drcbœ avZz‡K Zwor we‡kvab Kiv- wkí‡ÿ‡Î wekvj GKwU RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q| cixÿvMv‡i
wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i ev bgybvi we‡kva‡b Zwor we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ GK K_vq e¨vcK| c`v‡_©i cwi‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î
G c×wZ GKgvÎ c×wZ wn‡m‡e mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q|
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB GK avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq| G‡Z avZzi e¨envwiK ¸Y I D¾jZv DfqB e„w×
cvq| †jvnv ev iƒcvi Dci †mvbvi cÖ‡jc †`qvi c×wZ eûj cÖPwjZ I cyiv‡bv| Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv
avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qvi cÖwµqv‡K B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs ejv nq|
AvaywbKKv‡j ÿi cvwb‡K g„`y cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î Zwor we‡kølY GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c×wZ| G c×wZi
g~jbxwZ‡K e¨envi K‡i cvwb‡Z AcÖ‡qvRbxq Avqb gy³ K‡i weï× cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡bi bZzb
ms‡hvRb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj ‡mj| G †m‡ji †ÿ‡Î Zwor we‡kølY K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi mgš^‡q cvwb
Drcv`b Kiv nq Ges we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq| GQvov Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cvwb‡Z welv³ Av‡m©wb‡Ki
cwigvY wba©viY, Wvqv‡ewUm ‡ivMxi kix‡ii i‡³i g‡a¨ Møy‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbav©iY, cøvwó‡Ki Dci avZzi cvZjv
Aveib †`qv, wewfbœ ai‡bi e‡R¨©i cwi‡kvab meB my›`i fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv nq|

cvwbi Zwor we‡kølY:


Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cvwbi AYy‡K †f‡½ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡b cwiYZ Kiv nq|
cvwbi AvYweK ms‡KZ H2O| G ms‡KZ †_‡K Rvbv hvq cvwbi cÖwZwU AYy‡Z `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I GKwU
Aw·‡Rb cigvYy eZ©gvb| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GK AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hvi g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi `ywU cigvYy eZ©gvb I Aa© AYy
Aw·‡Rb hvi g‡a¨ Aw·‡R‡bi GKwU cigvYy eZ©gvb| Giv wgwjZ n‡qB cvwbi AYyi m„wó K‡i _v‡K| cvwbi AYyi
m„wói †ÿ‡Î ivmvqwbK mgxKiYwU n‡jv:
1
H (g) + O (g) H O (l)+ Zvc
2 2 2 2
wecixZ cÖwµqvq cvwbi AYy‡K fv½‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb cvIqv hv‡e| wKš‘ G cÖwµqvwU ¯^Z:ùzZ© bv nIqvq,
cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Zwor we‡jlø Y
2H O(l)   2H (g) + O (g)
2 2 2
cvwbi Zwor we‡køl‡Y †h Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl‡K e¨envi Kiv nq †m †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi I K¨v‡_vW
ZworØvi Dfq ZworØvi wn‡m‡e wbw®Œq avZz cøvwUbv‡gi (Pt) cvZ‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| †h cvwb‡K Zwor we‡kølY
NUv‡Z n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ Lye mvgvb¨ mvjwdDwiK
GwmW, H2SO4 †hvM K‡i cvwb‡K A¤øxq K‡i
Aw·‡Rb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
†bqv nq| wPÎ 2 Abyhvqx hš¿cvwZ mw¾Z K‡i
A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i ZworcÖevn
Pvjbv Kiv nq| d‡j K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm; H2I A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i
Aw·‡Rb M¨vm; O2 Drcbœ nq| A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW

cvwb‡Z mvjwdDwiK GwmW wgwkÖZ Kivi d‡j


cvwbi we‡qvRb N‡U Ges nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb
wPÎ 2: cvwbi Zwor we‡kølY

170 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

(OH-) I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) Drcbœ K‡i| mvjwdDwiK GwmW `ªe‡Y Zwor cwievwnZvi KvR K‡i|
H O(l)  H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
2

A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i nvBWªw·j Avqb (OH-) B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i A_v©r RvwiZ n‡q Aw·‡Rb M¨vm (O2) Drcbœ K‡i|
A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: 4OH-  2H2O(l) + O2(g)+ 4e-
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i A_v©r weRvwiZ n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm (H2) Drcbœ
K‡i|
K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡ii wewµqv: 4H+ + 4e-  2H2(g)

mgMÖ wewµqv:
4H O(l)  4H+(aq) + 4OH-(aq)
2

A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i: 4OH-  2H2O(l) + O2(g)+ 4e-


K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i: 4H+ + 4e-  2H2(g)
4H O(l)  2H O(l) + O (g) + 2H (g)
2 2 2 2
ev, 2H O(l)  2H (g) + O (g)
2 2 2

cÖK…Z A‡_© cvwb‡K we‡qvwRZ Kivi Rb¨ Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl †_‡K Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv nq| d‡j cvwbi
we‡qvRb N‡U nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ nq| we‡qvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡ii Drcbœ B‡jKUªb Zv‡ii
gva¨‡g K¨v‡_v‡W †cŠQvq|

†mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡kølY:


Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li Av‡iv eo GKwU e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡kølY| †mvwWqvg
†K¬vivB‡Wi m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªeY‡K eªvBb `ªeY e‡j| eªvBb `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY K‡i †K¬vwib M¨vm (Cl2) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
M¨vm (H2) Ges †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH) cvIqv hvq| †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW‡K weï×fv‡e cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î
cvi` K¨v‡_vW †mj e¨envi Kiv nq| cvi` K¨v‡_vW †mj m¤ú‡K© ‡Zvgiv e¨vUvwi
D”P †kÖwY‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

cvwb‡Z Lv`¨ jeY `ªexf‚Z K‡i eªvBb `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| G `ªeY‡K GKwU
Kv‡uPi weKv‡i wb‡q A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi e¨envi K‡i Zwor cÖevn A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW
Pvjbv Kiv nq| MÖvdvBU `Û‡K A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi Ges †jvnv `Û‡K
K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎbyhvqx A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi‡K eªvBb `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Wzwe‡q Zwor †mvwWqvg
cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv nq| d‡j A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i †K¬vwib M¨vm (Cl2) I †K¬vivBW `ªeY

K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm (H2)Drcbœ nq| wPÎ 3: †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Zwor we‡kølY

imvqb I kw³ 171


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i: 2Cl-(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e-


K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i: 2H+(aq) + 2e-  H2(g)
GKwU welq bv D‡jøL Ki‡jB bq; eªvBb `ªe‡Y Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j `ªe‡bi axi MwZ m¤úbœ K¨vUvqb (Na+) I axi
MwZ m¤úbœ A¨vbvqb (OH-) hy³
& n‡q `ªe‡bi g‡a¨ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH) Drcbœ nq|
`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ : Na+ + OH-  NaOH
Drcbœ †mvwWqvg nvBWª·vBW (NaOH) †K DcRvZ wnmv‡e msMÖn Kiv nq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ cvi` K¨v‡_vW †mj e¨envi
Kiv nq|

Zwor we‡køl‡Y Drcvw`Z c`v‡_©i evwYwR¨K e¨envi


Zwor we‡køl‡Yi d‡j Drcvw`Z c`v‡_©i evwYwR¨K e¨env‡ii g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL†hvM¨ nj- AvKwiK †_‡K avZz
wb®‹vkb, wewfbœ avZz we‡kl K‡i A¨vjywgwbqvg, wRsK, Kcvi, †mvwWqvg, †jW, wmjfvi cÖf…wZ avZz wb®‹vk‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| e·vBU (Al2O3) AvKwiK †_‡K Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvq A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz
wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| M„n¯’vwji cÖ‡qvRbxq evmbcÎ ˆZix‡Z A¨vjywgwbqvg avZzi e¨envi cÖPzi| ˆe`y¨wZK K¨vej wn‡m‡e
GwUi e¨envi LyeB e¨vcK| D‡ovRvnvR, †gvUi Mvox, †mZy, wmuwo, cÖf…wZ wbg©v‡Y A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz‡K e¨envi Kiv
nq| d‡UvMÖvdx‡Z e¨eüZ d¬vk evj¦ Ges m~ÿ Zvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z, D¾¡j I PKP‡K evwY©k cÖ¯ÍwZ‡Z, weRviK wn‡m‡e,
A‡¯¿vcPvi Kv‡h© e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ ˆZix‡Z Gi e¨envi h‡_ó| Ab¨vb¨ avZzi e¨enviI Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| AvaywbK
we‡k¦ wbgv©Y Kv‡R †jvnvi e¨envi LyeB e¨vcK| `vjvb †KvVv, iv¯ÍvNvU, †mZy, †ijc_, RvnvR, KjKviLvbv,
d¬vBIfvi, †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖf…wZ ˆZix‡Z †jvnv Qvov Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| †jvnvi wewfbœ msKi avZz I gwiPv‡ivax †jvnvi
e¨envi e¨vcK|
dz‡qj †mj we‡kl K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj ‡mj Zwor we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Drcbœ Kiv nq| Drcbœ
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K G †m‡ji R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov GwmW hy³ cvwb‡K Zwor we‡kølY K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
M¨vm Drcbœ Kiv nq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cwi‡ek evÜe R¡vjvwb| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb `n‡bi d‡j cwi‡ek evÜe cvwb I Zvc
Drcbœ nq|
eªvBb `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡køl‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ †K¬vwib M¨vm GKwU DrK…ó gv‡bi RxevbybvkK| G cÖwµqvq DcRvZ
†mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW wewfbœ wk‡í e¨envi I ÿvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi h‡_ó| GQvov Zvgv w`‡q ˆZix ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi,
Zvgvi AvemvecÎ, Zvgvi msKi avZz wbgv©‡Y h‡_ó e¨eüZ nq|
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv GKwU avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq| d‡j avZz
†hgb gm„Y nq †Zgwb gwiPv‡ivax nq| †jvnvi Dci wRsK I A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Kiv nq| d‡j †jvnv
gwiPv‡ivax nq| †jvnvi Dci wb‡K‡ji cÖ‡jc †`qv nq| d‡j, †jvnv D¾¡j PKP‡K †`Lvq Ges gwiPv †ivaK nq|
Gfv‡e iƒcvi Mnbvi Dci †mvbvi B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs K‡i Mnbvi D¾¡jZv e„w× I AvKl©Yxq Kiv nq|

GKwU Kv‡uPi weKv‡ii g‡a¨ Gi `ªeY wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ 2-3 †dvuUv jNy `ªeY †hvM
Kiæb| `ªe‡Y GKwU †jvnvi cvZ I cyiv‡bv ﮋ e¨vUvix ev UP© jvB‡Ui e¨vUvixi
wfZ‡ii Kve©b `Û‡K AvswkK fv‡e Wzwe‡q w`b| cwievnx Zvi Øviv ms‡hvM c~Y©
wkÿv_©xi KvR
Kiæb| Zv‡ii gv‡S †h‡Kvb ¯’v‡b GKwU †QvU wb‡`©kK fv‡j¦i ms‡hvM w`b| fvj¦
R¡‡j Kxbv cixÿv Kiæb| `ªeY †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv cvZ‡K Zz‡j Dc‡i DVvb Ges
`ªe‡Y Wyevb| djvdj ch©‡eÿY Kiæb|

172 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 Zwor we‡kølY: Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Kivi d‡j †h ivmvqwbK we‡qvRb N‡U
Zv‡K Zwor we‡kølY e‡j|
 B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs: Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qvi cÖwµqv‡K
B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs ejv nq| G cÖwµqvq iæcvi Dci †mvbvi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq| †jvnvi Dci wRsK ev wb‡Kj
avZzi cÖ‡jc w`‡q †jvnv‡K gwiPv‡ivax Kiv nq|
 cvwbi Zwor we‡kølY: Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl †_‡K Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv K‡i cvwb‡K we‡qvwRZ Kiv nq|
cvwbi we‡qvRb N‡U nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ nq|
 eªvBb `ªeY: NaCl Gi m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªeY‡K eªvBb `ªeY e‡j| eªvBb `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY K‡i Kw÷K
†mvWv Drcv`b Kiv nq|
 dz‡qj †mj: dz‡qj †mj Ggb GKwU †Kvl †hLv‡b Zwor ivmvqwbK wWfvBm _v‡K hv dz‡q‡ji RviY wewµqvi
kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|


1| cvwbi Zwor we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mwVK Dw³wU n‡jv-
K) H2O Gi wefvRb ¯^Z:ù~Z© cÖwµqv
L) mvjwdDwiK GwmW `ªe‡Yi Zwor cwievwnZv †iva K‡i|
M) mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cvwbi we‡qvRb N‡U|
N) cvwbi we‡qvRb N‡U Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ nq|
2| †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
K) K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i FYvZ¡K Avavbhy³ Avq‡bi Avavb cÖkgb N‡U|
L) Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i Rvib N‡U
M) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †m‡ji R¡vjvbx nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb
N) †mvbvi Dci iæcvi B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Kiv nq|
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb-
i) Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡li K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i RviY N‡U|
ii) cvwbi Zwor we‡køl‡Y H SO Zwor cwievwnZvi KvR K‡i|
2 4
iii) eªvBb `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡køl‡Y `ªe‡Y NaOH Dcbœ nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

imvqb I kw³ 173


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.5 wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv I we`y¨r Drcv`b


D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-


 wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY K‡i cvigvYweK we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b cixÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv, AvB‡mv‡Uvc, Avjdv iwk¥, weUv iwk¥, Mvgv iwk¥

wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv I we`y¨r Drcv`b


cÖK…wZ‡Z †h me ivmvqwbK wewµqv msMwVZ nq A_ev Avgiv j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †hme ivmvqwbK wewµqv
NwU‡q _vwK Zv‡K cÖwZwU †gЇji cigvYyi msL¨v AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i cigvYy|
wKš‘ Ggb wKQz wewµqv Av‡Q †hLv‡b bZzb †gЇji m„wó nq| cigvYyi GKwU wbDwK¬qvm‡K Ab¨ Avi GKwU cigvYyi
wbDwK¬qvm ev †gŠwjK KYv Øviv AvNvZ Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© wfbœ cÖK…wZi wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó nq| †hgb-
14 4 17 1
N + He O + H
7 2 8 1
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wnwjqvg Aw·‡Rb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb

G‡ÿ‡Î bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ wnwjqvg cigvYy Øviv AvNvZ Kivi d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc I
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi m„wó nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wewµq‡Ki me©‡gvU †cÖvUb msL¨v I wbDUªb msL¨v Ges Drcv‡`i g‡a¨ G
msL¨v gv‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡Uwb|
†Kv‡bv D”PMwZ m¤úbœ KYv ev ÿz`ª wbDwK¬qvm Øviv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cigvYyi fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j H
wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb wbDwK¬qvm hy³ cigvYyi m„wó nq, G cÖwµqvB wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv| wbDwK¬qvi
wewµqv msNwVZ n‡j A‡bK †ewk Zvc kw³i D™¢e N‡U| G Zvc‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq|
cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß me †P‡q fvix †gŠj BD‡iwbqvg| Gi cÖZxK U, cvigvYweK msL¨v 92, cvigvbweK fi 235 I 238
235 238
A_v©r 92 U I 92 U| Giv ci¯úi AvB‡mv‡Uvc| BD‡iwbqv‡gi cieZx© fvix †gŠj¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvi
gva¨‡g m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avevi wKQz fvix †gŠj we‡kl K‡i hv‡`i cvigvYweK msL¨v 82 Gi †ewk Zv‡`i wbDwK¬qvm
myw¯’Z _v‡K bv| G Kvi‡b wbDwK¬qvm myw¯’wZi Rb¨ †f‡½ †QvU †QvU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq| ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e wewfbœ
ai‡bi iwk¥ wewKiY K‡i Aci †gЇj ev †gЇji AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c cwiYZ nq| †gЇji G ag©‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
238 234
†hgb BD‡iwbqvg, 92 U cigvYy †_‡K -KYv wewKi‡Yi d‡j †_vwiqvg, 90 Th cigvYyi m„wó nq|
238 234 4
U Th + He
92 90 2
Avjdv iwk¥ (-KYv), weUv iwk¥ (-KYv) I Mvgv iwk¥ (-KYv) n‡jv †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥| G me iwk¥i wewKi‡Yi
d‡jB wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv m¤úbœ nq|
kw³ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î `ywU wfbœ cÖK…wZi wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv msNwUZnq| Giv n‡jv-

174 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

K) wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqv (Nuclear Fission)


L) wbDwK¬qvi wdDkb wewµqv (Nuclear Fusion)
wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqvq †Kv‡bv †gЇji fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K D”PMwZ m¤úbœ wbDUªb Øviv AvNvZ Kivi d‡j `ywU wfbœ
fi I cvigvYweK msL¨v wewkó wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó nq|
235 1 141 92 1
U+ n Ba + Kr +3 n + cÖPzi Zvc
92 0 56 26 0
G cÖwµqv‡ZI cÖPzi Zv‡ci m„wó nq| G Zvc‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq|

wbDwK¬qvi wdDkb wewµqvq ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wbDwK¬qvm hy³ n‡q eo wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i|
3 2 4 1
H+ H He + n + cÖPzi Zvc
1 1 2 0
wbDwK¬qvi wdDkb wewµqvi gva¨‡gB m~h© I Ab¨vb¨ bÿθ‡jv kw³i m„wó K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡k wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi cøv›U ¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv `ªæZMwZ‡Z GwM‡q Pj‡Q| cvebv †Rjvi iæccy‡i G cÖK‡íi
KvR nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q| G cÖKí m¤úbœ n‡j wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

c`v_© `ªexf‚Z K‡i I ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b cixÿv:


†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q Zvc Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K, Avevi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb cvwb‡Z `ªexfzZ n‡q
Zv‡ci †kvlY NUvq|
D`vniY: Pzb (CaO) cvwb‡Z †hvM Ki‡j, Dnv cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡W cwiYZ nq I
Zvc Drcbœ K‡i|
CaO (s) + H O (l)  Ca(OH) (aq) + Zvc
2 2
Drcv` Ca(OH)2 Gi g‡a¨ w¯’Z ivmvqwbK kw³i cwigvY CaO I H2O ga¨Kvi †gvU w¯’Z ivmvqwbK kw³i Zzjbvq
Kg| G kw³B Zvckw³ wn‡m‡e wbM©Z nq|
Lvevi †mvWv‡K †jeyi i‡mi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ A_ev wf‡bMv‡ii `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ †hvM Ki‡j CO2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq Ges `ªeY
kxZj n‡q hvq| Lvevi †mvWv n‡jv NaHCO3Avi †jeyi im n‡jv mvBwUªK GwmW Ges wf‡bMvi n‡jv B_v‡bvwqK
GwmW (CH3-COOH) | Lvevi †mvWv wf‡bMv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i CO2, jeb I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
CH -COOH (aq) + NaHCO (s)  CH -COONa (aq) + H O (l) + CO (g)
3 3 3 2 2
G cÖwµqvq Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U| d‡j `ªeY kxZj n‡q hvq|

cixÿv:
wZbwU cwjw_‡bi e¨v‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z AvbygvwbK 25 mL K‡i cvwb wbb| Gevi e¨vM wZbwU‡K A, B I C Øviv
wPwýK Kiæb| e¨v‡Mi gyL eÜ K‡i †e‡a †`qvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Zv Av‡MB †K‡U ivLyb|
A- e¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖvq 10 g cwigvY Pzb †hvM K‡i e¨v‡Mi gyL m~Zv Øviv †e‡a w`b|
B- e¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖvq 10 g cwigvY Lvevi †mvWv (NaHCO ) †hvM K‡i m¤ú~Y© GKUv †jeyi im (hv c~‡eB msMÖn
3
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e) Zv‡Z †hvM Kiæb|
C-e¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖvq 10 g cwigvY Lvevi †mvWv (NaHCO ) †hvM K‡i 10 mL wf‡bMvi `ªeY †hvM Kiæb|
3

imvqb I kw³ 175


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cixÿvi ch©‡eÿY wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæbt


e¨vM M„nxZ cvwb (mL) mshy³ `ªeY (g) m¤¢ve¨ wewµqv Zv‡ci cwieZ©b

A 25 10g CaO

10g NaHCO +
B 25 3
†jeyi im
10g NaHCO + 10
C 25 3
mL wf‡bMvi

wkÿv_©xi KvR ivmvqwbK wewµqv I wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m~PK QK ˆZix Kiæb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv: D”PMwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYv ev ÿz`ª wbDwK¬qvm Øviv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cigvYyi fvix
wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j mswkøó wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb cvigvYweK wbDwK¬qvm wewkó
cigvYyi m„wó nIqv‡K wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv e‡j|
 AvB‡mv‡Uvc: †hme †gЇji cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v GKB wKš‘ fi msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K cigvYyi
AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| cvigvYweK msL¨v ej‡Z ‡gЇji cigvYyi †cÖvUb msL¨v †evSvq|
4
 Avjdv iwk¥: w؇hvRx abvZ¡K Avavb wewkó wnwjqvg Avqb‡K Avjdv KYv e‡j| Gi cÖZxK 2 He
 weUv iwk¥: weUv iwk¥ FYvZ¡K Avavbhy³ AwZ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª c`v_© KYvi mgwó| G‡K  Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi
fi GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi f‡ii mgvb Ges Avavb GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi Avav‡bi mgvb|
 Mvgv iwk¥: ÿz`ª Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ hvi g‡a¨ D”P MwZ m¤úbœ †dvUb _v‡K| Mvgv iwk¥
†Kv‡bv c`v_© bq| Mvgv iwk¥‡K  Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

176 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|


1| wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î mwVK Dw³ n‡jv-
K) cigvYyi msL¨v AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
L) B‡jKUªb wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
M) j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
N) bZzb †gЇji m„wó nq|
2| †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
K) AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c fi msL¨v Awfbœ nq|
L) Avjdv, weUv, Mvgv †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥|
M) wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvq Zv‡ci †kvlY N‡U|
N) wbDwK¬qvi wdDkb wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq|
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb-
i) evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi cøv‡›Ui gva¨‡g|
ii) AvB‡mv‡Uvc GKB †gЇji g‡a¨ nq|
iii) wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv GKwU ¯^Z:ùzZ© wewµqv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1t wPθ‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|

wPÎ-1: †Rbv‡iUi n‡Z we`y¨r Drcv`b| wPÎ-2: evqy n‡Z we`y¨r Drcv`b|
K) kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î Kx? 1
L) ivmvqwbK wewµqv I wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvi g‡a¨ PviwU cv_©K¨ wjLyb| 2
M) DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs wP‡Î e¨eüZ R¡vjvbx cwi‡ek evÜe bq- Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs I 2 bs †ÿ‡Î Drcvw`Z we`y¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

imvqb I kw³ 177


I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 2t wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|

+ve ve
K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi
A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi
jNy H2SO4GwmW wgwkÖZ cvwb

K) jeY †mZz Kx? 1


L) ivmvqwbK kw³ e¨env‡ii †bwZevPK cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i msNwVZ wewµqvi e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡li mv‡_ W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1 : 1| M 2| M 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2 : 1| N 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3 : 1| L 2| N 3| K 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4 : 1| M 2| L 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5 : 1| N 2| L 3| M

178 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

You might also like