Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3A
1a i −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
1a ii [−1, 2]
1b i −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
1b ii (−1, 2]
1c i 𝑥 > −1
1c ii (−1, ∞)

2a i

2a ii [−1, 2)

2b i

2b ii (−∞, 2]

2c i

2c ii (−∞, 2)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3a i

3a ii 𝑥 ≥ −1

3b i

3b ii −1 < 𝑥 < 2

3c i

3c ii 𝑅 (all real numbers). Note that there is no way of writing this in terms of
inequalities.

4a i 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(3) = 𝑔(𝑓(3)) = 𝑔(3 + 1) = 𝑔(4) = 24 = 16

4a ii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(23 ) = 𝑓(8) = 8 + 1 = 9

4a iii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(3) = 𝑔(𝑔(3)) = 𝑔(23 ) = 𝑔(8) = 28 = 256

4a iv 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(3) = 𝑓(𝑓(3)) = 𝑓(3 + 1) = 𝑓(4) = 4 + 1 = 5

4b i 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥+1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4b ii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑥
4b iii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 ) = 22 = (22 )𝑥 = 4𝑥

4b iv 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 + 1 + 1 = 𝑥 + 2

5a The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(−∞, 1)

5b The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(0, 2)

5c The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(0, 1)

5d The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(4, ∞)

6a The inequation is true when the curve is above, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 1

6b The inequation is true when the curve is below, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 1

6c The inequation is true when the curve is strictly above the 𝑥-axis. This is when
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6d The inequation is true when the curve is above, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

6e The inequation is true when the curve is strictly below the 𝑥-axis. This is when
0 < 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 < −2

6f The inequation is true when the curve is below, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 or 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3

1
7a The curve is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that the denominator of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3
3
is non-zero. This is when 2𝑥 + 3 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ − 2.
3
Hence the domain is all 𝑥 where 𝑥 ≠ − 2.

7b The curve is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that the values under the square root
sign 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥 is greater than or equal to zero. This is when 2 − 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Hence the domain is 2 ≥ 𝑥 or 𝑥 ≤ 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7c The function is defined for all values of 𝑥.

Hence the domain is all 𝑥. We can see this on the graph below.

7d The function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 1) is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 + 1 > 0.
Hence the domain is all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 > −1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7e Note, in order for this function to be defined, the values inside the square root
function must be greater than or equal to zero. The denominator of the function
must also be non-zero. Hence we must have 𝑥 + 3 > 0.
Thus the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 > −3.

7f The function is defined for all values such that the expression inside the
logarithm is greater than zero. Hence this is when:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 > 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2 > 0
This is true for all values of 𝑥. Hence the domain is all values of 𝑥.

8a i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
for this section of the interval.
−1 < 𝑥 < 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

8a ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
brackets for this section of the interval.
(−1, 1) ∪ [2, 3]

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8b i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
for this section of the interval.
𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

8b ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
brackets for this section of the interval.
(−∞, 1) ∪ [2, ∞)

8c i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
for this section of the interval.
𝑥 < 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3

8c ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
brackets for this section of the interval.
(−∞, 1) ∪ [2, 3)

9a i

9a ii [−1, −1] ∪ [2, ∞)

9b i

9b ii (−∞, −1] ∪ (2, 3]

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9c i

9c ii (−1, 1] ∪ (2, ∞)

10a i Note that square brackets denote closed intervals and are denoted by a black
circle when drawn on a number line.

10a ii −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

10b i

10b ii −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

10c i

10c ii −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 = 3

11a [−1, 0] ∪ [1, ∞)

11b [−5, −2] ∪ [1, ∞ )

11c (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11d [−2, 2]

11e (−∞, −2) ∪ (0, 2)

11f [−1, 0) ∪ (2, 3]

12a The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when 𝑥 = −1.
𝑥−2
The zeroes occur when 𝑥+1 = 0, that is when 𝑥 = 2.

Drawing a table of values gives

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 4 ∗ −2 1 0 1
−
2 4
sign + ∗ − − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when 𝑥 < −1 and when 𝑥 ≥ 2.

12b The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0, or when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥−1
The zeroes occur when 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 = 0, that is when 𝑥 = 1.

Drawing a table of values gives

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ 1 0 1 ∗ 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 and when 𝑥 > 3.

12c The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2
𝑥 − 2 = 0, ie when 𝑥 = 2. The zeroes occur when = = 0, that is
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
when 𝑥 = −1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Drawing a table of values gives

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 0 1 −4 ∗ 16
− −
4 2
sign − ∗ − − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when 𝑥 < −1 and when −1 < 𝑥 < 2.

13a The square root function is only defined for 𝑥 ≥ 0, this is our first restriction. We
also cannot divide by zero, thus 𝑥 2 − 1 ≠ 0, 𝑥 2 ≠ 1 and thus 𝑥 ≠ ±1. Hence the
domain is [0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞).

13b The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside of the square root is non-negative.
That is when 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 > 0 which is when (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1) > 0.
As 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 is a concave up parabola, it is greater than zero when 𝑥 < −1
and when 𝑥 > 6. In interval notation this is (−∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞).

13c The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside the square root is non-negative. That is when 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 > 0
which is when (1 + 𝑥)(3 − 𝑥) > 0.
As 𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is a concave down parabola, it is greater than zero when
−1 < 𝑥 < 3. In interval notation this is (−1, 3).

13d The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside the square root is non-negative. That is when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 > 0
which is when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2 > 0 and thus when (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 > 0. This is true
for all values of 𝑥 and hence in interval notation the domain is (−∞, ∞).

−𝑥
14a When 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = = −1.
𝑥

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
𝑥
When 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 1.

Drawing this gives:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14b By observation of the graph, 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 when 𝑥 ≥ 0.

15a The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero.
Hence this is when 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0. Solving this gives:
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
=1
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
Thus, the only point at which the function is undefined is when 𝑥 = 0. Thus the
domain is all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0. That is 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).

15b Using the quotient rule:

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
ℎ ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
(𝑒 − 𝑒 )(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 2𝑥 − 1 − 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
4
=− 𝑥
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Since (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 > 0 for all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0, it follows that

4
− (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 < 0 and hence we have that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all values of 𝑥 in the
domain.

16a i The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero,
hence, it is defined for all 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 which in turn is all 𝑥 ≠ 1.

16a ii The intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
|𝑥|
0=
𝑥−1
0 = |𝑥|
𝑥=0
Hence there is a 𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
The intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
|0|
𝑦=
0−1
𝑦=0
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

16a iii There are three regions we need to test based on the above information: when
𝑥 < 0, when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and when 𝑥 > 1. This is because there is an intercept at
𝑥 = 0 and a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.
1
For 𝑥 < 0, choose 𝑥 = −1. 𝑦 = − 2 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this
region.
1
For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, choose 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1 < 0 and hence the function is negative in
this region.
For 𝑥 > 1, choose 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2. Hence the function is positive in this region.
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0. Hence the function is positive in this region.
Combining these results, the function is positive in the region [0, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

16a iv

16b i The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero.
Hence, it is defined for:
𝑥2 − 1 ≠ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≠ 0
𝑥 ≠ ±1

16b ii The intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
|𝑥|
0=
𝑥2−1
0 = |𝑥|
𝑥=0
Hence there is a 𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
The intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
|0|
𝑦=
02 − 1
𝑦=0
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

16b iii There are four regions we need to test based on the above information: when
𝑥 < −1, when −1 < 𝑥 < 0, when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and when 𝑥 > 1.
This is because there is an intercept at 𝑥 = 0 and a discontinuity at 𝑥 = ±1.
1
For −1 < 𝑥 < 0, choose 𝑥 = − 2.
2
𝑦 = − 3 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this region.
1
For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, choose 𝑥 = 2.
2
𝑦 = − 3 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this region.

For 𝑥 > 1, choose 𝑥 = 2.

2
𝑦 = 3 and hence the function is positive in this region.

For 𝑥 ≤ −1, choose 𝑥 = −2.

2
𝑦 = 3, and hence the function is positive in this region.

Thus, in interval notation the domain in which the function is positive we have
(−∞, −1) ∪ [0, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).

16b iv

𝜋 𝜋
17a (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = sin (𝑔(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 𝑥 + )
3 3
𝜋 2 𝜋
((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥)) = sin (𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + )
3 3
2
(𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑒 1−𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋 2 𝜋
(𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥) = 𝑓((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)) = sin ((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + )
3 3
2 𝜋
Hence ((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + 3 ).

17b ((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)

= (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥))
= 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)))
= 𝑓((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥))
= (𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥)

18a It has one endpoint 5, which it contains. Thus it must be closed.

18b It does not contain any endpoints.

18c It contains all its endpoints (there are none).

19a

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

19b

19c

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3B
1a Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
2
1−𝑥

0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1−0

1b Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

3
1−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
4
1+𝑥

1−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =1
1+0

1c Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
2+𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
3
𝑥−1
2+0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → = −2
0−1

1d Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

5
−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
4
𝑥−2
0−1 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =
0−2 2

1e Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
1
1+
𝑥2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1+0

1f Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives

𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 = 𝑥
4 4
1+ 2 1+
𝑥 𝑥2
0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1+0

2a The function is defined for all 𝑥 where 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 (so as to avoid dividing by

zero). Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for 𝑥 = 2.

2b The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
0
𝑦= =0
0−2
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, 0).
The 𝑥-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑦 = 0. Hence the 𝑥-intercept is when:
𝑥
=0
𝑥−2
𝑥=0
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is at (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2c Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 gives:

𝑥
𝑥 1
𝑦= =
𝑥 1 1
𝑥−𝑥 1−𝑥

1 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1−0 1
1 1
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1−0 1
and thus 𝑦 = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

2d Vertical asymptotes occur when the function on the denominator is zero. This is
when 𝑥 − 2 = 0 and hence is 𝑥 = 2. 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 2+ and 𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → 2− .
This confirms that 𝑥 = 2 is a vertical asymptote.

3a The function is undefined when the denominator of the function is zero. This is
when 𝑥 + 3 = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = −3.

3b The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
0−1 1
𝑦= =−
0+3 3
1
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, − 3).

The 𝑥-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑦 = 0. Hence the 𝑥-intercept is when:
𝑥−1
=0
𝑥+3
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is at (1, 0).
The sign of the function can only change at intercepts or discontinuities, that is
when 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 1.
−5
When 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = −1 = 5
1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 as above

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 5

Thus the function is positive in the interval (−∞, −3) ∪ [1, ∞) and negative in the
interval (−3, 1).

3c Vertical asymptotes occur when the function in the denominator is zero. This is
when 𝑥 + 3 = 0 and hence is 𝑥 = −3.
𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → −3+ and 𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → −3− . This confirms that 𝑥 = −3 is a
vertical asymptote.
Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 gives:
𝑥 1 1
−𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥 =
𝑥 3 3
𝑥+𝑥 1+𝑥
1−0 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1+0 1
1−0 1
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1+0 1
and thus 𝑦 = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

3d

3e This curve is one-to-one as it passes the horizontal line test.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4 The function is defined for all 𝑥 where (𝑥 − 2)2 ≠ 0 (so as to avoid dividing by
zero). Taking the square root of both sides of the equation, gives 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0.
Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for 𝑥 = 2. This means there
is a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 < 0, and hence 𝑦 → −∞
As 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 < 0, and hence 𝑦 → −∞
As 𝑥 → ∞, we find that 𝑦 → 0− . Similarly, as 𝑥 → −∞, we find that 𝑦 → 0− . So
there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
1 1
𝑦=− = − = −1
(𝑥 − 1)2 (0 − 1)2
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0, which is when:
1
0=−
(𝑥 − 1)2
But there are no solutions to this equation and hence there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
The sketch graph is:

5a Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
1
1+
𝑥2
0
As 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → = 0 so 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
1−0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5b As 𝑥 2 + 1 > 0 for all values of 𝑥. The denominator of the function is never zero
and hence the function is defined for all values of 𝑥.

5c
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
= ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑
= (2(𝑥 2 + 1)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
= −2(𝑥 2 + 1)−2 × (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
When 𝑥 = 0 (at the 𝑦-intercept),
𝑑𝑦 4(0)
=− 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 (0 + 1)
And hence the tangent is horizontal at the 𝑦-intercept.

5d

5e As can be seen from the graph, the range of the function is 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 2 (note it is
strictly greater than zero as the curve never touches the 𝑥-axis).

5f As can be seen from the graph, the function is many-to-one as it fails the
horizontal line test.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6a The function is defined for all 𝑥 where (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) ≠ 0 (so as to avoid

dividing by zero). Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for
𝑥 = −1, 3.

6b The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
3 3 3
𝑦= = = = −1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) (0 + 1)(0 − 3) −3
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).

6c Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 2 gives:

3
𝑦= 𝑥2
1 3
(1 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 )

0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → =0
(1 + 0)(1 − 0)
0
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → =0
(1 + 0)(1 − 0)
and thus 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

6d

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 3 * −1 3 −1 * 3
−
5 4 5
sign + * − − − * +

6e The vertical asymptotes occur at the two values of 𝑥 where the function is
undefined. Hence the vertical asymptotes are at 𝑥 = −1 and at 𝑥 = 3.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 > 0 so 𝑦 → ∞, and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 < 0 so 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 < 0 so 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 > 0 so 𝑦 → ∞.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6f

3
As can be seen from the graph, the range is 𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦 ≤ − 4.

7a
4 4
𝑦= 2
=
4−𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
This function is defined for all (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) ≠ 0 and hence it is defined for all
𝑥 ≠ ±2. Furthermore, this means there will be vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = ±2.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.
4 4
𝑦= = =1
(2 − 0)(2 + 0) 4
Thus the curve passes through (0, 1).
The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0.
4
0= which has no solution.
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
Thus there are no 𝑥-intercepts.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4
Now lim
𝑥→±∞ 4 − 𝑥 2

4
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→±∞ 4
−1
𝑥2
0
=
0−1
=0
Hence the 𝑥-axis acts as an asymptote as values of 𝑥 tend towards positive and
negative infinity.
The sketch graph is:

7b From the graph, the range is 𝑦 < 0, 𝑦 ≥ 1.

8a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
−3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = = − ( ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥)2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
Hence by definition the function is odd.

8b 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:

3𝑥
=0
𝑥2 + 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
3(0)
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when 𝑦 = 02 +1 = 0.

Hence there is only one intercept which is at the origin.

8c lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →∞

3𝑥
= lim
𝑥 →∞ 𝑥 2+1
3
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →∞ 1
1+
𝑥2
0
=
1+0
=0
Hence the line 𝑦 = 0 (the 𝑥-axis) acts as a horizontal asymptote.

8d

9a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 − (−𝑥)2 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 + (−𝑥)2 4 + 𝑥 2
Hence by definition the function is even.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9b 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:

4 − 𝑥2
=0
4 + 𝑥2
4 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = ±2
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
4 − 02
𝑦= =1
4 + 02
Hence there are three intercepts at (−2, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 1).

9c Finding the horizontal asymptotes:

Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
4
2−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
4
+1
𝑥2
0−1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → 0+1 = −1 so 𝑦 = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.

9d

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

10a
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞

𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
= lim 2
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3

5 6
1+𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 4 3
1−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1+0+0
=
1−0+0
=1
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined. This is when
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 are vertical asymptotes.

10b Note that

(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
= lim 2
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4

2 1
1−𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 5 4
1+𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1−0+0
=
1+0+0
=1
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined. This is when
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = −1, and 𝑥 = −4 are vertical asymptotes.
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑦 = 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

10c Note that

𝑥−5
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞

𝑥−5
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
1 5
𝑥 − 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 3 10
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
0−0
=
1+0+0
=0
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.
Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined. This is when
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −5 are vertical asymptotes.
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −5, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 0.

10d Note that

(1 − 2𝑥)(1 + 2𝑥)
𝑦=
(1 − 3𝑥)(1 + 3𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞

1 − 4𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 1 − 9𝑥 2

1
𝑥 2−4
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 1
−9
𝑥2
0−4
=
0−9
4
=
9
4
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 9.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined, this is when

1 1
(1 − 3𝑥)(1 + 3𝑥) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = − 3 are vertical asymptotes.
1 1 4
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = − 3 and 𝑦 = 9

11a
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= −( 2 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥) − 4 𝑥 −4
Hence by definition this function is odd and must have rotational (point)
symmetry around the origin.

11b The function is defined for all values for which its denominator is non-zero,
hence it is defined for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 2 − 4 ≠ 0 which is when
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≠ 0 and hence 𝑥 ≠ ±2. That is, the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 2
and 𝑥 ≠ −2.
Thus the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ ±2. The asymptotes will be at these points
where the function is discontinuous, hence they will be at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −2.

11c
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 * 1 0 1 * 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign − * + − * +

11d
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞

𝑥
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 2 − 4

1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 4
1−
𝑥2
0
=
1−0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

=0
So 𝑦 = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.

11e
1(𝑥 2 − 4) − 2𝑥(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 − 4)2
𝑥 2 − 4 − 2𝑥 2
=
(𝑥 2 − 4)2
−4 − 𝑥 2
= 2
(𝑥 − 4)2
𝑥2 + 4
=− 2
(𝑥 − 4)2
Now 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and (𝑥 2 − 4)2 > 0 for all 𝑥, hence at all points for which the
𝑥 2 +4
curve is defined, − (𝑥 2 −4)2 < 0 so 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and thus the curve is decreasing.

1
11f As 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and hence as − (𝑥 2 −4)2 is strictly negative, it follows that
𝑥 2 +4
− (𝑥 2 −4)2 < 0 for all values of 𝑥. It also follows that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all defined
values of 𝑥.
Hence the curve always has a negative gradient (and is thus always decreasing).
Furthermore, this means that it will have no stationary points and hence no
tangent that is horizontal.

11g The range of the function is all real 𝑦 or 𝑅.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12a
𝑥 2 − 4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
=
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
= 𝑥 + 2 provided 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 2.

12b i
(𝑥 + 1)(3 − 𝑥)
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)
= 3 − 𝑥 provided 𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ −1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12b ii
𝑥3 − 1
𝑦=
𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑥−1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 provided 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 1.

12b iii
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+2
= provided 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥+1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
13a Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥

1 1
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) + = − (𝑥 + ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑥 𝑥
Hence the function is odd. A property of odd functions is that they have
rotational (point) symmetry around the origin.

13b The function is defined for all real values of 𝑥 except for 𝑥 = 0 so as to avoid
dividing by 0. This means the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0. The vertical asymptote occurs
along the vertical line where 𝑥 is undefined and is thus 𝑥 = 0.

13c
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 −2 ∗ 2
sign − ∗ +

13d 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1
𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑥 −2
𝑥2 1
= 2− 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2 − 1
=
𝑥2

13e The tangent is horizontal when 𝑦 ′ = 0. This is when:

𝑥2 − 1
=0
𝑥2
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 and when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2.
So the points where the tangent is horizontal are (1, 2) and (−1, −2).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

13f
1 1
lim (𝑦 − 𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + − 𝑥) = lim ( ) = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

1 1
lim (𝑦 − 𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + − 𝑥) = lim ( ) = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥

1
Thus lim (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 0.
|𝑥|→∞

13g

13h By observation of the graph, and noting that our local minima and maxima are
(1, 2) and (−1, −2) respectively, we can conclude that the range is 𝑦 ≥ 2 and
𝑦 ≤ −2 .

14a
lim 𝑦
𝑥→−∞

1 − 𝑒𝑥
= lim
𝑥→−∞ 1 + 𝑒 𝑥

1 − lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→−∞
=
1 + lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→−∞

1−0
=
1+0
=1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14b
1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= ×
1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 0
= −𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒0
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
=
𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
Hence:
lim 𝑦
𝑥→−∞

𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1

0−1
=
0+1
= −1

14c 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0

1 − 𝑒𝑥
0=
1 + 𝑒𝑥
0 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0
1 − 𝑒0 1 − 1
𝑦= = =0
1 + 𝑒0 1 + 1
Thus the intercept is at (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14d

1−𝑒 𝑥
14e Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 1+𝑒 𝑥

1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
= ×
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒0
= 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒0
𝑒𝑥 − 1
=
𝑒𝑥 + 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥
=−
1 + 𝑒𝑥
= −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence the function is odd.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14f

15a
𝑥2 𝑥2 − 1 + 1
=
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 1
=
𝑥−1
1
=𝑥+1+
𝑥−1
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 + 1 from above
𝑥−1
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 + 1 from below
𝑥−1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
The curve also has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

15b
𝑥2 − 4
𝑥+1
𝑥2 − 1 − 3
=
𝑥+1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) − 3
=
𝑥+1
3
=𝑥−1−
𝑥+1
3
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 − 1 from below
𝑥+1
3
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 − 1 from above
𝑥+1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.
The curve also has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 + 1 = 0 or 𝑥 = −1.

16a
𝑥3 − 1 1
𝑦= = 𝑥2 −
𝑥 𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 2 from below
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 2 from above
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑥 2 → 0+ and 𝑦 → − from above
𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
As 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑥 2 → 0+ and 𝑦 → − from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = − 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥.

16b
1
𝑦= + √𝑥 (note that 𝑥 > 0)
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → √𝑥 from above
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = √𝑥.
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , √𝑥 → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

16c
1
𝑦 = |𝑥| +
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → |𝑥| from above
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → |𝑥| from below
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = |𝑥|.
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , |𝑥| → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → 0− , |𝑥| → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = |𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3C
1a Using the difference of two squares:
9 9
𝑦= =
𝑥2 − 9 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

1b The curve is undefined when (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0. This is when 𝑥 = ±3.

𝑥 is defined for all other values and hence the domain is:
(−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) or 𝑅\{−3, 3}.

1c
9 9
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥) − 9 𝑥 − 9
Hence the function is even and thus has reflective symmetry about the 𝑦-axis.

1d The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:

9 9
𝑦= = = −1
02 − 9 −9
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, −1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
9
0=
𝑥2 −9
This has no solutions. Hence there are no intercepts with the 𝑥-axis.

1e
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 0 2 3 4
𝑦 9 * 9 −1 9 * 9
− −
7 5 5 7
sign + ∗ − − − ∗ +

Hence 𝑦 ≤ 0 for −3 < 𝑥 < 3.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1f The equations of the vertical asymptotes occur when 𝑦 is undefined. Thus the
equations are 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3.
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.

1g Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

9
𝑦= 𝑥2
9
1−
𝑥2
0+ 0+
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ .

So the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

1h

1i 𝑦 = 9(𝑥 2 − 9)−1
𝑦 ′ = −9 × (𝑥 2 − 9)−2 × 2𝑥
18𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 − 9)2
At (0, 0), 𝑦 ′ = 0
This means that the graph is horizontal at that point.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2a
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= =
4 − 𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)

2b The curve is undefined when (2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 0. This is when 𝑥 = ±2.

𝑥 is defined for all other values and hence the domain is:
(−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) or 𝑅\{−2, 2}.

2c 𝑓(−𝑥)
(−𝑥)
=
4 − (−𝑥)2
−𝑥
=
4 − 𝑥2
= −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence by definition the function is odd. All odd functions have point symmetry at
the origin.

2d Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when;
𝑥
0=
4 − 𝑥2
𝑥=0
𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
0
𝑦=
4 − 02
𝑦=0
𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2e
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 * 1 0 1 * 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign + * − 0 + * −

Thus we see that 𝑦 ≥ 0 when 𝑥 < −2 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.

2f The equations of the vertical asymptotes occur when 𝑦 is undefined. Thus the
equations are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → −2+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −2− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → ∞.

2g Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
𝑦= 𝑥
4
−1
𝑥2
0+ 0−
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0−1 = 0− and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0−1 = 0+ .

So the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

2h

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2i
𝑥
𝑦=
4 − 𝑥2
Hence

′
1(4 − 𝑥 2 ) − (−2𝑥)(𝑥)
𝑦 =
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
4 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
=
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2 + 4
=
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
So since 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and furthermore (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 ≥ 0 so the fraction must
be greater than zero for all values for which it is defined.

3a
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = +
𝑥−1 𝑥−4
𝑥−4 𝑥−1
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 5
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)

3b The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 1, 4
Hence the function is defined for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 1, 4.

3c Consider
2(−𝑥) − 5
𝑓(−𝑥) =
((−𝑥) − 1)((−𝑥) − 4)
−2𝑥 − 5
=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

It is clear that this is not equal to 𝑓(𝑥) or −𝑓(𝑥), and hence, by definition is
neither even nor odd. Thus it is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0.

3d Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
2𝑥 − 5
0=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 5 = 0
5
𝑥=
2
1
𝑥-intercept at (2 2 , 0).

Finding the 𝑦-intercept:

The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
2(0) − 5
𝑦=
(0 − 1)(0 − 4)
5
𝑦=−
4
5
𝑦-intercept at (0, − 4).

3e
𝑥 0 1 2 1 3 4 5
2
2
𝑦 5 * 1 0 1 * 5
− −
4 2 2 4
sign − * + 0 − ∗ +

3f Vertical asymptotes will occur at the values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined.
This is at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 4+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 4− , 𝑦 → −∞.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3g Consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal asymptotes.

Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
2 5
𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑦=
5 4
1−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
0−0 −0−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0+0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0+0 = 0− .

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

3h

4a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

4b As the function is defined for all values of 𝑥 the domain is (−∞, ∞)

4c Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 = 0, ±2
𝑥-intercepts at (−2, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑦 = (0)(0 − 2)(0 + 2)
𝑦=0
𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

4d 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 − 4(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 = −(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Hence by definition the function is odd. All odd functions have point symmetry at
the origin.

4e The function is defined for all values of 𝑥 and tends towards infinity as 𝑥 → ±∞.
Hence, we cannot find any asymptotes.

4f, g
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) −15 ∗ 3 ∗ −3 ∗ 15
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4
Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0
3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
3𝑥 2 = 4
4
𝑥2 =
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2
𝑥=±
√3
2
Thus the 𝑥-coordinates of the stationary points are at 𝑥 = ±
√3

5a The function can be rewritten as

3(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 3, −1
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ −1 and 𝑥 ≠ 3 or all 𝑥 values except 𝑥 = −1, 3.
Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
3(𝑥 − 1)
0=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
𝑥-intercept at (1, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
3(0 − 1)
𝑦=
(0 − 3)(0 + 1)
−3
𝑦=
−3
𝑦=1
𝑦-intercept at (0, 1).
So we have intercepts at (1, 0) and (0, 1).

5b The domain is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5c Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

when the denominator is equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 3, −1
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
3 3
𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑦=
2 3
1−𝑥− 2
𝑥
0−0 0−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0−0 = 0− .

Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 3, and 𝑦 = 0.

5d

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)
6a It is defined for all values of 𝑥 so the domain is −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞.
Intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This when:
𝑦 = −03 + 6(0)2 − 8(0) = 0 + 0 − 0 = 0.
Hence there is an intercept at (0, 0).
Intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
0 = −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
0 = −𝑥(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)
0 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 = 0, 2, 4
Hence there are intercepts at (0, 0), (2, 0), (4, 0).

6b Table of signs:
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 15 0 −3 0 3 0 −15
sign + 0 − 0 + 0 −

This information gives us the graph:

6c 𝑦 ′ = −3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8
𝑦 ′ = 0 for horizontal/stationary points. This is when:
−3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8 = 0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 8 = 0

−(−12) ± √(−12)2 − 4 × 3 × 8
𝑥=
2×3
12 ± √48
=
6
12 ± 4√3
=
6
2√3
=2±
3
2
=2±
√3

7a
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦= 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3
(𝑥 + 1)2
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 1
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −3 or all 𝑥 values.
Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
(𝑥 + 1)2
0=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
𝑥-intercept at (−1, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

(0 + 1)2
𝑦=
(0 − 1)(0 + 3)
1
𝑦=
−3
1
𝑦=−
3
1
𝑦-intercept at (0, − 3).
1
So we have intercepts at (−1, 0) and (0, − ).
3

7b The domain is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0 (algebraically 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(−𝑥) and

𝑓(𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)) so the function is neither even nor odd).

7c Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

when the denominator is equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 1
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
2 1
1+𝑥+ 2
𝑦= 𝑥
2 3
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
1+0+0 1−0+0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1+0−0 = 1+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0−0 = 1+ .

Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 1.

So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7d

7e From the graph, the range is 𝑦 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 > 1.

8a
𝑥2 − 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
=
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 4 or all 𝑥 values.
Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
0=
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = ±2
𝑥-intercepts at (2, 0) and (−2, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

(0 − 2)(0 + 2)
𝑦=
0(0 − 4)
This is undefined so there are no 𝑦-intercepts.

8b Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

when the denominator is equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 4+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 4− , 𝑦 → −∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
4
1−
𝑦= 𝑥2
4
1−𝑥
1−0 1−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 1+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0 = 1− .

Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 1.

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, and 𝑦 = 1.

8c

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8d From the graph, we can see that it has a range of all real 𝑦.

8e The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote when 𝑦 = 1.

𝑥2 − 4
=1
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
−4 = −4𝑥
𝑥=1
So the graph crossed the horizontal asymptote at (1, 1).

9a
1 1
𝑦= −
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑥 − (𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
1
=−
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, this is all 𝑥 such that
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) ≠ 0 and is hence all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ −1. There are no zeroes.
Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is
when the denominator is equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −1
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → ∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
1
−
2
𝑦= 𝑥
1
1+𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

−0 −0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1+0 = 0− and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0− .

Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑦 = 0.

9b
1 1
𝑦= +
𝑥+3 𝑥−3
𝑥−3+𝑥+3
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
2𝑥
0=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
2(0)
𝑦= =0
(0 + 3)(0 − 3)
𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

when the denominator is equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 3
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
2
𝑦= 𝑥
9
1−
𝑥2
0 −0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0− .

Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 3, and 𝑦 = 0.

10a There are vertical asymptotes when the function is undefined. This is when
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → −∞.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal

asymptotes.
Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
1
𝑦= 𝑥2
2
(1 − 𝑥 )

0+ 0+
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ .

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

10b There are vertical asymptotes when the function is undefined.

This is when 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 and hence is when (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 and hence 𝑥 =
±2.
2
2 𝑥2 0
lim = lim 4 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→∞ 1− 2
𝑥

2
2 𝑥2 0
lim = lim 4 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→−∞ 1− 2
𝑥

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11a
Preparation:
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑦= =
1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that (1 − 𝑥)(1 +
𝑥) ≠ 0. Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ ±1.
Symmetry:
1+(−𝑥)2 1+𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 1−(−𝑥)2 = 1−𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) so the function is even.

Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
1 + 02
𝑦= =1
1 − 02
Hence the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, 1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
1 + 𝑥2
0=
1 − 𝑥2
0 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 2 = −1
Which has no integer solutions. Thus, there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
Sign:
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) 5 ∗ 1 ∗ 5
− −
3 3
sign − ∗ + ∗ −
Vertical asymptotes:
At 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 are vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal Asymptotes:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
1+𝑥 2 +1 0+1
𝑥2
lim = lim1 = 0−1 = −1
𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 2 −1
𝑥

1
1+𝑥 2 +1 0+1
𝑥2
lim = lim 1 = 0−1 = −1
𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥 2 𝑥→−∞ 2 −1
𝑥

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = −1.

11b
Preparation:
𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) ≠ 0.
Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 3.
Symmetry:
There are no symmetries.
Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
0+1
𝑦=
0(0 − 3)
But this is undefined so there are no 𝑦-intercepts.
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥+1
0=
𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 = −1
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts is (−1, 0)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Sign:
𝑥 −2 1 0 2 3 4
−
2
𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 5
− −
10 7 2 4
sign − + ∗ − ∗ +
Vertical asymptotes:
At 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 are vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal Asymptotes:
1 1
𝑥+1 + 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim 𝑥(𝑥−3)
= lim 3 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ (1−𝑥)

1 1
𝑥+1 + 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 3 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(𝑥−3) 𝑥→−∞ (1−𝑥)

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

11c
Preparation:
𝑥−1
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 −
2) ≠ 0. Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ −1 and 𝑥 ≠ 2.
Symmetry:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

There are no symmetries.

Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
0−1 1 1
𝑦= =− =
(0 + 1)(0 − 2) (1)(−2) 2
1
Hence the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 2)

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.

𝑥−1
0=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts is (1, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 1 2 3
1
2
𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ 1 0 −0.4 ∗ 1
−
4 2 2
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
Vertical asymptotes:
At 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2 are vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal Asymptotes:
1 1
𝑥−1 − 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 1 2 = (1−0)(1−0) = 0
𝑥→∞ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥→∞ (1−𝑥)(1−𝑥)

1 1
𝑥−1 − 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 1 2 = (1−0)(1−0) = 0
𝑥→−∞ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥→−∞ (1−𝑥)(1−𝑥)

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11d
Preparation:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦= 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2
Domain:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 1 > 0 for all 𝑥 so the function is defined for the entire
domain.
Symmetry:
There are no symmetries.
Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
02 − 2(0)
𝑦= 2 =0
0 − 2(0) + 2
Hence the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 0)
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
0=
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 2
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts are (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ −1 ∗ 3
5 5
sign + ∗ − ∗ +
Vertical asymptotes:
There are no vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal asymptotes:
2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1−
𝑥 1−0
lim = lim 2 2 = 1−0−0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2 𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥− 2
𝑥

2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1−
𝑥 1+0
lim = lim 2 2 = 1+0−0 = 1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2 𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥− 2
𝑥

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.

11e
Preparation:
𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) 𝑥−2
𝑦 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥−1 when 𝑥 ≠ −2.

Domain:
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2. So the function is defined
for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −2.
Symmetry:
There are no symmetries.
Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
0−2
𝑦= =2
0−1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Hence the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 2)

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥−2
0=
𝑥−1
𝑥−2=0
𝑥=2
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is (2, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 1.5 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 5 ∗ 3 2 ∗ −1 0 1
4 2 2
sign + ∗ + + ∗ − ∗ −
Vertical asymptotes:
The function is undefined at 𝑥 = 1 so there is a vertical asymptote at this point.
Horizontal Asymptotes:
2
𝑥−2 1− 1−0
𝑥
lim = lim 2 = 1−0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥

2
𝑥−2 1− 1+0
𝑥
lim = lim 2 = 1+0 = 1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥

Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11f
Preparation:
𝑥 2 −2 2
𝑦= = 𝑥 − 𝑥.
𝑥

Domain:
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when 𝑥 = 0. So
the function is defined for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Symmetry:
(−𝑥)2 −2 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥 2 −2
𝑓(−𝑥) = = =− = −𝑓(𝑥) so the function is odd.
(−𝑥) −𝑥 𝑥

Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. The function is undefined at this point.
Hence there are no 𝑦-intercepts
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥2 − 2
0=
𝑥
𝑥2 − 2 = 0
𝑥2 = 2

𝑥 = ±√2

Thus the 𝑥-intercepts are at (√2, 0) and (−√2, 0)

Sign:
𝑥 −2 −√2 −1 0 1 √2 2
𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 ∗ −1 0 1
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
Vertical asymptotes:
The function is undefined at 𝑥 = 0 so there is a vertical asymptote at this point
Other Asymptotes:
2
lim 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥
𝑥→∞
2
lim 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥
𝑥→−∞

Hence there is an asymptote at 𝑦 = 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12a Exponentials are defined for all values of 𝑥 so this function has a domain of all
real 𝑥.

Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
1 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
This has no solutions and hence there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
1 2
(0)
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 = 𝑒0 = 1
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, 1).

1 1 2
(−𝑥)2
12b 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), hence the function is even.

This function is defined for all real 𝑥 (and is continuous), hence this means that it
will have no vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal asymptotes are given by finding the limit as 𝑥 → ±∞.
1 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 →±∞

So there is an asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12c For all values of 𝑥, −𝑥 2 ≤ 0.

Hence the maximum value of −𝑥 2 is 0 when 𝑥 = 0.
This means that the highest point on the curve is (0, 1).
Alternatively:
1 1 2
𝑦′ = − × 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥
2
𝑦′ = 0 for stationary points, so:
1 1 2
− × 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
2
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1, hence there is a stationary point at (0, 1)

1 2 1 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12d = 𝑑𝑥 (− 2 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, hence there is a horizontal tangent there.

12e

As can be seen from the graph, the range is 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 1.

1 1
12f As 𝑒 > 2 it follows that 𝑒 −1 < 2−1 and in turn 𝑒 −2 < 2−2 .
1 2 1 2
As 𝑥 2 > 0 for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 0, 𝑒 −2𝑥 < 2−2𝑥 for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 0 at which
1 2 1 2
point they are equal. So 𝑦 = 2−2𝑥 is higher than 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 except at 𝑥 = 0 where
they are equal.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑑 𝑑
13a i Note that for all 𝑥 > 0, 𝑒 𝑥 > 1 and hence 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) > 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥), this means that the
function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 grows at a faster rate than the function 𝑦 = 𝑥. Now, note that
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑒 0 = 1 > 0 and thus the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is above the function 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Hence it follows that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is greater than 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 and then increases at
a faster rate than 𝑦 = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 > 0. This means that 𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥 for 𝑥 ≥ 0 so the
function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is greater.

𝑥2 𝑥2
13a ii ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 which means if we substitute 𝑥 = into the inequality 𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥
2 2
𝑥2
𝑥2
(which is true for all 𝑥 ≥ 0), we obtain that 𝑒 2 > for all 𝑥. Taking the
2
1 1
reciprocal of this then gives that 𝑥2
< 𝑥2
(for 𝑥 ≠ 0) and thus we have that
(𝑒 2 ) 2
1 2
2
𝑒 −2𝑥 < 𝑥 2 as required.

1 2 1 2
2
13a iii Noting that 0 ≤ 𝑒 −2𝑥 we have that 0 ≤ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 2 and thus
1 2 2
lim 0 ≤ lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1 2
0 ≤ lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥→∞
1 2
And so we conclude that lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→∞

1 2
13b i The function 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is defined for all 𝑥 and hence has a domain of all
real 𝑥.
𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
1 2
0 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑥=0 (as the exponential function is non-zero for all 𝑥)
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
1 2
𝑦 = −(0)𝑒 −20 = 0
Hence the only intercept is at (0, 0).
1 2 1 2
As 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑥 2 → ∞ and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 → 0 as 𝑒 −2𝑥 tends towards zero at a
rate faster than that at which 𝑥 increases.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1 2
Hence we can draw the derivative graph 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 as follows.

The graph shows 𝑓(𝑥) is greatest at 𝑥 = −1 and least at 𝑥 = 1.

13b ii
𝑑 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (−𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2 𝑑 1 2
= (−𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + (−𝑥) (𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Thus to have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, we require (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 1 and
thus 𝑥 2 = ±1. Thus, the function of the gradient of 𝑦 has its extreme values when
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1. By observation of the graph above, 𝑓(𝑥) is greatest at 𝑥 = −1
and least at 𝑥 = 1. This implies that the graph is steepest (in the positive
direction) at 𝑥 = −1 and steepest (in the negative direction) when 𝑥 = 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3D
1a 𝑥−2<3
𝑥<5

1b 3𝑥 ≥ −6
𝑥 ≥ −2

1c 4𝑥 − 3 ≤ −7
4𝑥 ≤ −4
𝑥 ≤ −1

1d 6𝑥 − 5 < 3𝑥 − 17
6𝑥 − 3𝑥 < 5 − 17
3𝑥 < −12
𝑥 < −4

1 1
1e 𝑥 − 2𝑥 < 3
5

2𝑥 − 5𝑥 < 30
−3𝑥 < 30
3𝑥 > −30

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥 > −10

1 1
1f (2 − 𝑥) − (2 + 𝑥) ≥ 2
6 3

(2 − 𝑥) − 2(2 + 𝑥) ≥ 12
−2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 12
−3𝑥 ≥ 14
14
𝑥≤−
3
2
𝑥 ≤ −4
3

2a 3 − 2𝑥 > 7
3 − 7 > 2𝑥
−4 > 2𝑥
−2 > 𝑥
𝑥 < −2
Solution is (−∞, −2)

2b 3 − 3𝑥 ≤ 19 + 𝑥
3 − 19 ≤ 3𝑥 + 𝑥
−16 ≤ 4𝑥
−4 ≤ 𝑥
𝑥 ≥ −4
Solution is [−4, ∞)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2c 12 − 7𝑥 > −2𝑥 − 18
12 + 18 > 7𝑥 − 2𝑥
30 > 5𝑥
6>𝑥
𝑥<6
Solution is (−∞, 6)

1
3 The line 5𝑥 − 4 is below the line 7 − 2 𝑥 when:

1
5𝑥 − 4 < 7 − 𝑥
2
11
𝑥 < 11
2
𝑥<2

4a −1 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 3
1 1
− ≤𝑥≤1
2 2
1 1
So, the solution in interval notation is [− 2 , 1 2]

4b −4 < −2𝑥 < 8

−8 < 2𝑥 < 4
−4 < 𝑥 < 2
In interval notation, solution is (−4, 2)

4c −7 ≤ 5 − 3𝑥 < 4
−12 ≤ −3𝑥 < −1
1 < 3𝑥 ≤ 12
1
<𝑥≤4
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
In interval notation, solution is (3 , 4]

4d −2 < 𝑥 − 3 ≤ 4
−2 < 𝑥 ≤ 7
In interval notation, solution is (−2, 7]

4e −7 < 5𝑥 + 3 ≤ 3
−10 < 5𝑥 ≤ 0
−2 < 5𝑥 ≤ 0
In interval notation, solution is [−2, 0)

1
4f −4 < 1 − 3 𝑥 ≤ 3

1
−5 < − 𝑥 ≤ 2
3
1
−2 ≤ 𝑥<5
3
−6 ≤ 𝑥 < 15
In interval notation, solution is [−6, 15)

5a

Points of intersection are (−1, 2) and (2, −1) by observation.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5b −1 < 1 − 𝑥 ≤ 2
−2 < −𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
The solution to the inequation is where the diagonal line (𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥) lies
between the horizontal lines (𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 2).

6a Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) < 0, hence the parabola is

The solutions are when the graph is below the 𝑥-axis. This is when −2 < 𝑥 < 4.

6b Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) > 0, hence the parabola is

The solutions are when the graph is above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 >
3.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6c Factorising the equation gives (2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 5) > 0, hence the parabola is

The solutions are when the graph is on or above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
5.

6d Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) > 0, hence the parabola is

The solutions are when the graph is above or on the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 ≤ −3
or 𝑥 ≥ −1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6e Factorising the equation gives (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5) > 0, hence the parabola is

1
The solutions are when the graph is above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑥 >
5.

6f Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 5) > 0, hence the parabola is

The solutions are when the graph is on or below the 𝑥-axis. This is when −4 ≤
5
𝑥 ≤ − 2.

7a |𝑥 − 4| = 1
𝑥 − 4 = 1 or 𝑥 − 4 = −1
𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 3 or 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7b |2𝑥 − 3| = 7
2𝑥 − 3 = 7 or 2𝑥 − 3 = −7
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = −2 or 5

7c |𝑥 + 3| > 4
𝑥 + 3 > 4 or 𝑥 + 3 < −4
𝑥 > 1 or 𝑥 < −7

7d |−𝑥 − 10| ≤ 6
−𝑥 − 10 ≤ 6 and −𝑥 − 10 ≥ −6
−16 ≤ 𝑥 and −4 ≥ 𝑥
−16 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −4

7e |3 − 2𝑥| ≤ 1
3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 1 and 3 − 2𝑥 ≥ −1
2 ≤ 2𝑥 and 4 ≥ 2𝑥
1 ≤ 𝑥 and 2 ≥ 𝑥
1≤𝑥≤2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7f |3𝑥 + 4| > 2
3𝑥 + 4 < −2 or 3𝑥 + 4 > 2
3𝑥 < −6 or 3𝑥 > −2
2
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > − 3

2
−
3

1
8a ≤2
𝑥

1
× 𝑥 2 ≤ 2𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 ≤ 2𝑥 2
0 ≤ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
0 ≤ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the right intersection.
1
Noting that 𝑥 ≠ 0, we have that 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

3
8b >1
2−𝑥

3
(2 − 𝑥)2 > (2 − 𝑥)2
2−𝑥
3(2 − 𝑥) > 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2
6 − 3𝑥 > 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2
0 > 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
0 > (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions less than zero will be those in the
region −1 < 𝑥 < 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4
8c <1
3−2𝑥

4
(3 − 2𝑥)2 < (3 − 2𝑥)2
3 − 2𝑥
4(3 − 2𝑥) < 9 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
12 − 8𝑥 < 9 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
0 < −3 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
0 < (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the right intersection.
1 3
Hence 𝑥 < − 2 or 𝑥 > 2.

5
8d ≥ −2
4𝑥−3

5
(4𝑥 − 3)2 ≥ −2(4𝑥 − 3)2
4𝑥 − 3
5(4𝑥 − 3) ≥ −2(16𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 9)
20𝑥 − 15 ≥ −32𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 18
32𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 3 ≥ 0
(8𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the right intersection.
3
Also note that the original curve is undefined at 𝑥 = 4 and hence this point
1 3
cannot be included in our final answer. Hence 𝑥 ≤ 8 or 𝑥 > 4.

9a For 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 1
For 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 + 1 = −(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 + 1 = 3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9b For 𝑥 ≥ −2, 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 4| − 𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑥 + 4 − 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 + 9

For 𝑥 < −2, 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 4| − 𝑥 + 5 = −(2𝑥 + 4) − 𝑥 + 5 = −3𝑥 + 1

9c For 𝑥 ≥ −1, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑥 − 1 = 3(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1 = 4𝑥 − 4

For 𝑥 < −1, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑥 − 1 = −3(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1 = −2𝑥 + 2

10a 3𝑥 ≥ 27
𝑥 ≥ log 3 27
ln 27
𝑥≥
ln 3
𝑥≥3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

10b 1 < 5𝑥 ≤ 125

log 5 1 < 𝑥 ≤ log 5 125
ln 1 ln 125
<𝑥≤
ln 5 ln 5
0<𝑥≤3

1
10c ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 16
16

1
log 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ log 2 16
16
1
ln 16 ln 16
≤𝑥≤
ln 2 ln 2
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

10d 2−𝑥 > 16

−𝑥 > log 2 16
ln 16
−𝑥 >
ln 2
−𝑥 > 4
𝑥 < −4

10e log 2 𝑥 < 3

0 < 𝑥 < 23
0<𝑥<8

10f −2 ≤ log 5 𝑥 ≤ 4
5−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 54
1
≤ 𝑥 ≤ 625
25

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 is below the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 < 𝑥.

Rearranging gives:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 < 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 < 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) < 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than zero will be that between
the two points of intersection. Hence 0 < 𝑥 < 3.

11b The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 is below the line 𝑦 = 3 − 3𝑥 when

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 > 3 − 3𝑥. Rearranging gives:
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the second intersection.
Hence 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 2.

1
11c The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is below the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 when
1
< −𝑥. Rearranging gives:
𝑥

1
× 𝑥 2 < −𝑥 × 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 < −𝑥 3
𝑥3 + 𝑥 < 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) < 0
Note that 𝑥 2 + 1 is always positive, so the sign of the function will only depend
1
on the sign of 𝑥. The function will be less than zero whenever 𝑥 < 0. Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥
is below 𝑦 = −𝑥 when 𝑥 < 0.

2 1
11d The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 is above the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2 when
2 1
> 2 𝑥 − 2. Rearranging gives:
𝑥−1

2 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 > ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑥−1 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
2(𝑥 − 1) > ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2
2
1
2(𝑥 − 1) − ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2 > 0
2
1
(𝑥 − 1) (2 − ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)) > 0
2

1 5
(𝑥 − 1) (2 − ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)) > 0
2 2

5 1
(𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) > 0
2 2
1
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(5 − 𝑥) > 0
2
The graph of this is

By observation of the graph, the inequality is satisfied when 𝑥 < 0 and when 1 <
2 1
𝑥 < 5. Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 is above the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2 when 𝑥 < 0 and when 1 < 𝑥 <
5.

11e The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is below the parabola 𝑦 = 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 when

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 . Rearranging gives:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8 < 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 < 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) < 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than zero will be that between
the two points of intersection. Hence −4 < 𝑥 < 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12ai For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 = |2𝑥| + 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 3𝑥

For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 = |2𝑥| + 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 𝑥 = −𝑥

12aii Solving |2𝑥| + 𝑥 > 1

1
For the region 𝑥 ≥ 0, we solve the inequality 3𝑥 > 1 which gives 𝑥 > 3

For the region 𝑥 < 0, we solve the inequality −𝑥 > 1 which gives 𝑥 < −1
1
So 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 3

12bi For 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 = 3(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 8

For 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 = −3(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 − 2 = −2𝑥 + 4

Solving 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 2
For the region 𝑥 ≥ 2, we solve the inequality 4𝑥 − 8 ≤ 2 which gives 4𝑥 ≤ 10
1
and so 𝑥 ≤ 2 2

For the region 𝑥 < 2, we solve the inequality −2𝑥 + 4 ≤ 2 which gives −2𝑥 ≤
−2 and so 𝑥 ≥ 1
1
So 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 2

1 1 1
12bii For 𝑥 ≥ −1, 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 1
1 1 3
For 𝑥 < −1, 𝑦 = 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 = −(𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑥 = − 2 𝑥 − 1

1
Solving |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 < 3
1 1
For the region 𝑥 ≥ −1, we solve the inequality 2 𝑥 + 1 < 3 which gives 2 𝑥 < 2
and so 𝑥 ≤ 4
3 3
For the region 𝑥 < −1, we solve the inequality − 2 𝑥 − 1 < 3 which gives − 2 𝑥 <
8
4 and so 𝑥 > − 3
8
So − 3 < 𝑥 < 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝑥+1
13a >1
𝑥−3

2𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 − 3)2 > (𝑥 − 3)2
𝑥−3
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) > 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 > 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 > 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) > 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the second intersection.
Hence 𝑥 < −4 or 𝑥 > 3.

𝑥−1
13b ≤2
𝑥+1

𝑥−1
≤2
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 1)2 ≤ 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥+1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≤ 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2
0 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
0 ≤ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the second intersection.
Hence 𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 > −1. Note that the original equation is not defined at the
point 𝑥 = −1, hence it is not included in our solution.

3𝑥
13c ≥4
2𝑥−1

3𝑥
(2𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2
2𝑥 − 1
3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

0 ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2 − 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)

0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(4(2𝑥 − 1) − 3𝑥)
0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(8𝑥 − 4 − 3𝑥)
0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 4)
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than or equal to zero will be that
1 4
between or on the two points of intersection. Hence 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 5. Note that the
1
original equation is not defined at the point 𝑥 = 2, hence it is not included in our
solution.

14a cos 𝑥 > 1 − sin2 𝑥

cos 𝑥 > cos 2 𝑥
0 > cos 2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
0 > cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 1)
This is satisfied when cos 𝑥 < 0 and cos 𝑥 − 1 > 0 (cos 𝑥 > 1) or when cos 𝑥 > 0
and cos 𝑥 − 1 < 0 (cos 𝑥 < 1).
cos 𝑥 < 0 and cos 𝑥 > 1 has no solutions.
𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝑥 > 0 and cos 𝑥 < 1 when 0 < cos 𝑥 < 1. This is when 0 < 𝑥 < 2 and <
2
𝑥 < 2𝜋.

14b tan 𝑥 ≤ sec 2 𝑥 − 1

tan 𝑥 ≤ tan2 𝑥
0 ≤ tan2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
0 ≤ tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1)
This is when tan 𝑥 ≥ 0 and tan 𝑥 ≥ 1 or when tan 𝑥 ≤ 0 and tan 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 0
making tan 𝑥 ≤ 1.
𝜋 𝜋
The first solution is when tan 𝑥 ≥ 1, this is when 4 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 .
𝜋
The second solution is when tan 𝑥 ≤ 0, this is when − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 0.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

15a 1 < |𝑥 + 2| ≤ 3
For 𝑥 ≥ −2, this inequality becomes 1 < 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 3 which reduces to −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
For 𝑥 < −2, this inequality becomes 1 < −𝑥 − 2 ≤ 3 which reduces to 3 < −𝑥 ≤
5 and is this −5 ≤ 𝑥 < −3. This the solutions are −5 ≤ 𝑥 < −3 or −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.

15b 1 ≤ |2𝑥 − 3| < 4

3
For 𝑥 ≥ 2, this inequality becomes 1 ≤ 2𝑥 − 3 < 4 which reduces to 4 ≤ 2𝑥 < 7
1
and is thus 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 2.
3
For 𝑥 < 2, this inequality becomes 1 ≤ −2𝑥 + 3 < 4 which reduces to −2 ≤
1 1 1
2𝑥 < 1 and is this − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 1. This the solutions are − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 2.

16a This statement is false with a counterexample given by ii with 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −2

yielding LHS = |2 − 2| = 0 and RHS = |2| + |−2| = 4 so LHS ≠ RHS. A second
counterexample is given by 𝐢𝐢𝐢 with 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 yielding LHS =
|−2 + 2| = 0 and RHS = |−2| + |2| = 4 so LHS ≠ RHS.

16b If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = |𝑥 + 𝑦| and RHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = |𝑥 + 𝑦| and RHS = −𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.
Hence the inequality is true.
This is known as the triangle inequality.

16c This statement is false with a counterexample given by ii with 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −2

yielding LHS = |−2 − 2| = 4 and RHS = |−2| − |2| = 0 so LHS ≥ RHS. A second
counterexample is given by 𝐢𝐢𝐢 with 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 yielding LHS =
|− − 2 − 2| = 0 and RHS = |−2| − |2| = 4 so LHS ≥ RHS.

16d If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 + (−𝑦) so LHS = RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = (−𝑥) + 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
Hence this is true.

16e If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 so LHS =

RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 − (−𝑦) so LHS > RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = (−𝑥) + 𝑦 so LHS > RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = −𝑥 − (−𝑦) so LHS =
RHS.
Hence this inequality is true.

16f This is false, consider the case where 𝑥 = −2. LHS = 2|−2| = 22 = 4 and
1 1
RHS = 2−2 = 22 = 4. Thus LHS = RHS and so the equality is not true.

17a √5 − 𝑥 is strictly positive but 𝑥 + 1 can be negative, so squaring both sides could
make the inequality reverse direction.

17b Solving for a point of intersections of the graphs gives

√5 − 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)
5 − 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)2
5 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −4 or 𝑥 = 1. By observation of the graph of the two curves, 𝑥 = −4 is not a
solution, and the inequality is satisfied to the left of the point where 𝑥 = 1. Thus,
the solution to the inequation is 𝑥 < 1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

18a
√5 5
When 𝑥 < − , 𝑥 2 > 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5.
√2

√5 √5 5
When − <𝑥< , 𝑥 2 < 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥 2 .
√2 √2

√5 5
When 𝑥 > , 𝑥 2 > 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5.
√2

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when |5 − 2𝑥 2 | = 0. This is when 5 − 2𝑥 2 = 0 and hence

5 5
when 5 = 2𝑥 2 , this is when 𝑥 2 = 2 and thus the 𝑥-intercepts are when 𝑥 = ±√2.

18b By observation of the graph, the inequation is true when 2𝑥 2 − 5 ≥ 3 and when
5 − 2𝑥 2 ≥ 3.
Solving 2𝑥 2 − 5 ≥ 3:
2𝑥 2 ≥ 8
𝑥2 ≥ 4
𝑥 ≥ 2 or 𝑥 ≤ −2
Solving 5 − 2𝑥 2 ≥ 3:
2 ≥ 2𝑥 2
1 ≥ 𝑥2
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Hence the inequation is true when 𝑥 ≤ −2, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

18c Suppose that |𝑔(𝑥)| ≥ 𝑘. Since |𝑔(𝑥)| is equal to either 𝑔(𝑥) or −𝑔(𝑥), this
means that either 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, or −𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘.
If −𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, we multiply both sides by −1 and reverse the inequality to get
𝑔(𝑥) ≤ −𝑘.
Thus, if |𝑔(𝑥)| ≥ 𝑘, then either 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, or 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ −𝑘.

19 By completing the square, we have

𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 ) + ( ) + 𝑦 2 − ( )
2 2 2
𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + ) +
2 4
𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
Since 𝑎2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑎, we know that (𝑥 + 2) + ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 and 𝑦.
4

𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
If (𝑥 + 2) + 4 = 0, it follows that 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and therefore 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 > 0
for all non-zero 𝑥 and 𝑦.

20a (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦

20b (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
≥ 𝑥𝑦
2
1 2
≥ 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Using this, we obtain

1 1 𝑦2 𝑥2
+ = +
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2
𝑦2 + 𝑥2
= 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥2𝑦2
2
(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥2𝑦2
4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦
≥
𝑥2𝑦2
2𝑥𝑦
= 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
2
=
𝑥𝑦
1
= 2( )
𝑥𝑦
2
≥ 2( 2 )
𝑥 + 𝑦2
4
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2

21a (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2

= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐 2
= 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐
= 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
We know that the square of any real number must be positive hence
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0
(𝑏 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
(𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
Thus
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐) ≥ 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

21b (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)((𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 )

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) × 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
= 2(𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐
+ 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 )
= 2(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)
Now if 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are positive, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 > 0 and for all positive 𝑎, 𝑏 and
𝑐 we know that (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 > 0. Thus, it follows that
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)((𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ) > 0 and hence
2(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐) > 0 so it follows that 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 > 3𝑎𝑏𝑐.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3E
1a 1 point of intersection, hence 1 solution
1b 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1c 3 points of intersection, hence 3 solutions
1d 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1e 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1f 3 points of intersection, hence 3 solutions

1
2a 𝑥=2
3𝜋 𝜋
2b 𝑥=− or 4
4

2c 𝑥 ≑ −2.1, 0.3 or 1.9

2d 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 ≑ 3.5
2e 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9
2f 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9 or 1.9

3a 𝑥 ≤ −3
3b 0≤𝑥≤2
3c 𝑥=1

4a 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 1
4b 0≤𝑥≤1
4c −1 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 1

5a We read off the values by noting that when 𝑦 = 3

3 = 𝑥2

𝑥 = ±√3
and when 𝑦 = 2
2 = 𝑥2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥 = ±√2

Now as we want the positive values, we read off the values from the right of the
axis. This gives √2 ≑ 1.4, √3 ≑ 1.7.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5b

By observation the intercepts are at (−1, 1) and (2, 4).

Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 2.

Solving the equation algebraically gives

𝑥2 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1 or 2
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4. This confirms that the intercepts are
at (−1, 1) and (2, 4).

5c Reading off the graph, 𝑥 2 > 𝑥 + 2 when 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 > 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5d

By observation the intercepts are at (−2, 4) and (1, 1). Hence the solutions are
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1.
Solving the equation algebraically gives:
𝑥2 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1
Reading off the graph, 𝑥 2 ≤ 2 − 𝑥 when −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

5e

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

From the graph, 𝑥 ≑ 1.62 or 𝑥 ≑ −0.62.

Solving the equation algebraically gives:
𝑥2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0

1 ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑥=
2
1 ± √5
=
2
≑ 1.62 or − 0.62

5f i 𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 = −𝑥
Draw the line for 𝑦 = −𝑥 on the graph.

From the graph, 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
5f ii 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0

1
𝑥2 = 𝑥 +
2
1
Draw the line for 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 on the graph.

From the graph, 𝑥 ≑ 1.37 or 𝑥 ≑ −0.37.

5f iii 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 1
1 1
𝑥2 = 2 𝑥 + 2
1 1
Draw the line for 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 2 on the graph.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
From the graph, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = − 2.

1
6a i 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = 3 − 4 𝑥

6a ii Point of intersection is (4, 2).

1
6a iii 𝑥 − 2 = 3 − 4 𝑥

6b i 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6b ii Points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).

6b iii 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

2
6c i 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1

6c ii Points of intersection are (−1, −2) and (2, 1).

2
6c iii =𝑥−1
𝑥

6d i 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6d ii Points of intersection are (−1, −1), (0, 0) and (1, 1).

6d iii 𝑥 3 = 𝑥

7a 𝑥≥4

7b 0<𝑥<1

7c 𝑥 < −1 or 0 < 𝑥 < 2

7d −1 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 1

8a i

8a ii By observation of the above diagram, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| always lies above

1 1
the graph of 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1, hence |𝑥 + 1| > 2 𝑥 − 1 for all real 𝑥.

8b Draw the graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = −1.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

We see that the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (shown in red) is always above that of 𝑦 = −1

(shown in blue). Hence it follows that 2𝑥 > −1 for all 𝑥. Thus, it must be the case
that 2𝑥 ≤ −1 has no solutions.

8c

The equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 (shown in blue) is always above the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 −

1 (shown in red). Note that these lines never intersect because they have the
same gradient and are hence parallel. Thus, it follows that 2𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3 for all
values of 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9a

When 𝑥 < −1, we find the point of intersection by solving −𝑥 − 1 = 3 which

gives 𝑥 = −4.
When 𝑥 > −1, we find the point of intersection by solving 𝑥 + 1 = 3 which gives
𝑥 = 2.
Points of intersection are at (−4, 3) and (2, 3).

9b

When 𝑥 < 2, we find points of intersection by solving the equation −𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥

which gives 2𝑥 = 2 and thus 𝑥 = 1. Substituting this into 𝑦 = 𝑥 gives 𝑦 = 1.
Observation of the graph reveals that there are no other points of intersection.
Point of intersection is at (1, 1).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9c

When 𝑥 < 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = −2𝑥
and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Substituting 𝑦 = −2𝑥 into 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 gives
2𝑥 − 3(−2𝑥) + 8 = 0
2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
8𝑥 + 8 = 0
8𝑥 = −8
𝑥 = −1
Substituting this into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 gives 𝑦 = −2.

When 𝑥 > 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = 2𝑥

and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Substituting 𝑦 = 2𝑥 into 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 gives
2𝑥 − 3(2𝑥) + 8 = 0
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
−4𝑥 + 8 = 0
4𝑥 = 8
𝑥=2
Substituting this into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 gives 𝑦 = 4.
Points of intersection are at (−1, 2) and (2, 4).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9d

When 𝑥 < 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = −𝑥 −

1 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2. Substituting 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 gives
−𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 2
−3 = 3𝑥
𝑥 = −1
Substituting this into 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 gives 𝑦 = 0.
By observation of the graph, there are no other solutions.
Point of intersection is at (−1, 0).

10 We can either use the answers from the previous question or solve these
algebraically as follows.

10a |𝑥 + 1| ≤ 3
−3 ≤ 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 3
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

10b |𝑥 − 2| > 𝑥
𝑥 − 2 > 𝑥 or 𝑥 − 2 < −𝑥
−2 > 0 (no solution) or 2𝑥 < 2
𝑥<1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝑥+8
10c |2𝑥| ≥
3
2𝑥+8 2𝑥+8
2𝑥 ≥ or 2𝑥 ≤ −
3 3

Rearranging the first inequality gives:

6𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥 + 8
4𝑥 ≥ 8
𝑥≥2
Rearranging the second inequality gives:
6𝑥 ≤ −2𝑥 − 8
8𝑥 ≤ −8
𝑥 ≤ −1
Solution is 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

10d |𝑥| > 2𝑥 + 3

𝑥 > 2𝑥 + 3 or 𝑥 < −2𝑥 − 3
Rearranging the first inequality gives:
0>𝑥+3
𝑥 < −3
Rearranging the second inequality gives:
3𝑥 < −3
𝑥 < −1
Solution is 𝑥 < −1.

11a Divide by 𝑒 𝑥 to get 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 1−𝑥

11b Multiply by cos 𝑥 to get sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

1
11c Subtract 1 then divide by 𝑥 to get 𝑥 2 − 4 = − 𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

12a The table below traps the solution between 𝑥 = −1.690 and 𝑥 = −1.6905, so it is
𝑥 = −1.690, correct to three decimal places.

12b Part c:

𝑥 −2 −2.1 −2.11 −2.114 −2.115 −2.116

𝑥2 − 4 0 0.41 0.4521 0.468996 0.473225 0.477456
1 0.5 0.47619047 0.47393364 0.47303689 0.47281323 0.47258979
−
𝑥

𝑥 ≑ −2.115

Part e:
𝑥 −1.9 −1.89 −1.88 −1.875 −1.872 −1.871
3𝑥 0.12401 0.12538 0.12677 0.12747 0.12788 0.12803
𝑥+2 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.125 0.128 0.129

𝑥 ≑ −1.872

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

13a 2 solutions

13b 3 solutions

13c 3 solutions

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

13d 3 solutions

13e no solutions

13f no solutions

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14a

The break-even point is when 900 = 20𝑛 which is when 𝑛 = 45. Hence the
break-even point is 𝑛 = 45. Total sales are $2250 at that point.

14b

The break-even point is when 900 + 30𝑛 = 50𝑛, this reduces to 900 = 20𝑛
which is hence when 𝑛 = 45. Hence the break-even point is 𝑛 = 45. Total sales
are $2250 at that point.

15a

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

By observation, points of intersection are (−2, 2), (−1, 1), (1, 2) and (2, 2).

15b The graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| has 0 or positive values only for 𝑦.

So the points of intersection of 𝑦 = |𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 are (−2, 2) and (2, 2).
Hence the solutions for 𝑥 2 − 2 = |𝑥| are 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2.

15c Consider where the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 is above the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥|.

Solution is 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 2.

15d Consider where the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 is below or intersecting the graph of

𝑦 = −|𝑥|.
Solution is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

16a, b

16c By observation of the above graph, there are two solutions when the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 is
1 1
shifted up by more than 2 units, that is, when 𝑐 > 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

17a

Observe, that the perpendicular distance from the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑏 is the

hypotenuse of a right angled triangle with the opposite and adjacent sides both
of length 𝑏. Hence it follows that the length of the hypotenuse is √𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 =
√2𝑏 2 = 𝑏√2.

17b

There will be two solutions when the perpendicular distance of the line from the
origin is less than the radius of the circle. That is when 𝑏√2 < 3. Thus the line
3 3√2
intersects the circle twice when 𝑏 < and is thus 𝑏 < . Note there will also be
√2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

solutions when the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑏 lies below the origin, this will be when 𝑏 >
3√2 3√2 3√2
− . Thus, the solutions are − <𝑏< .
2 2 2

18a

By observation of the graph there are two solutions.

18b As the solutions are not integers (whole numbers) it is hard to accurately
determine the solution from the graph.

18c Firstly, consider the branch 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 4. Solving 7𝑥 − 4 = 4𝑥 + 3 gives

3𝑥 = 7
7
𝑥=
3
Now consider the branch 𝑦 = −7𝑥 + 4. Solving −7𝑥 + 4 = 4𝑥 + 3 gives
−11𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥=
11
7 1
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 11.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

19a 𝑥 ≑ 1.1

19b 𝑥 ≑ 1.2

19c 𝑥 ≑ −0.5 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

19d 𝑥 ≑ 0.5 or 𝑥 ≑ 1.9

20a When 𝑥 < −2 the equation is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 4 + (−𝑥 + 1) − 5 = −3𝑥 − 8.

When −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 the equation is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 + (−𝑥 + 1) − 5 = 𝑥.
When 𝑥 ≥ 1 the equation is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑥 − 1 − 5 = 3𝑥 − 2.
Hence we can plot the graph as:

20b

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

By observation, the equation intersects the line 𝑦 = −1 when it is described by

the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8.
Solving with 𝑦 = 𝑥, gives the intersection as (−1, −1) and solving with 𝑦 =
7
−3𝑥 − 8 gives −1 = −3𝑥 − 8 and thus 3𝑥 = −7 giving 𝑥 = − 3 giving the point of
7
intersection as (− 3 , −1).

By observation, the equation intersects the line 𝑦 = 2 when it is described by the

equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8.
4
Solving with 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 gives 2 = 3𝑥 − 2, 3𝑥 = 4 and hence 𝑥 = .
3
10
Solving with 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8 gives 2 = −3𝑥 − 8, 3𝑥 = 10 and hence 𝑥 = .
3

By observation of the graph, the solution to the inequality

1 1 1
−1 ≤ |2𝑥 + 4| + |𝑥 − 1| − 5 ≤ 2. Is thus −3 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2 3 or −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 3

21a When 𝑚 > 1:

If 𝑏 ≥ 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 < −1. In this case we have that 𝑦 =
−𝑥 − 1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = −𝑥 − 1.
Solving gives
𝑥(𝑚 + 1) = −𝑏 − 1
𝑏+1
𝑥=−
𝑚+1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 < −1 and thus we have a solution.
If 𝑏 < 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 ≥ 1. In this case we have that 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 1. Solving
gives
𝑥(𝑚 − 1) = 1 − 𝑏
1−𝑏
𝑥=
𝑚−1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 ≥ 1 and thus we have a solution.
When 𝑚 < −1:
If 𝑏 < 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 < −1. In this case we have that 𝑦 =
−𝑥 − 1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = −𝑥 − 1.
Solving gives
𝑥(𝑚 + 1) = −𝑏 − 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑏+1
𝑥=−
𝑚+1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 < −1 and thus we have a solution.
If 𝑏 ≥ 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 ≥ 1. In this case we have that 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 1. Solving
gives
𝑥(𝑚 − 1) = 1 − 𝑏
1−𝑏
𝑥=
𝑚−1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 ≥ 1 and thus we have a solution.

21b

Note that there will be no solutions provided that the line passes below the point
(−1, 0). Considering the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, we must have 0 > 𝑚(−1) + 𝑏
which is when 𝑏 < 𝑚.

21c Applying the same principle as before, there will always be one solution when
𝑚 < −𝑝 or when 𝑚 > 𝑝. Thus, the first condition that we require for no solutions
is that −𝑝 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑝.
With this condition satisfied, we then require that the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 must pass
𝑞
below the point (𝑝 , 0), which is the turning point of 𝑦 = |𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞|.
𝑞
Thus 𝑚 (𝑝) + 𝑏 < 0
𝑚𝑞
𝑏<−
𝑝

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

22a i

22a ii

22a iii

22b There are either no solutions (like in part ai), 1 solution (when the curves touch)
or 2 solutions (like in part aiii). There can be no more solutions as both curves
have a constant concavity and thus cannot intersect one another again.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3F
1a Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < 1. which is true. Hence, we shade
the region containing the origin.

1b Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 > −1. which is true. Hence, we
shade the region containing the origin.

1c Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 ≤ 3. which is true. Hence, we shade
the region containing the origin.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1d Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.

2a Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.

2b Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 ≥ 2. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2c Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.

2d Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 > 3. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.

3a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain −6 > 0 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 4 ≥ 0 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).

4a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 < 4 which is true. Hence, we shade the region
containing (0, 0).

4b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 ≥ 1 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4c Testing at (2, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 4 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).

4d Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 5 > 9 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

5a Factoring 𝑦 < 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 gives 𝑦 < (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5b Factoring 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 gives 𝑦 ≥ (𝑥 + 1)2

5c Factoring 𝑦 > 4 − 𝑥 2 gives 𝑦 > (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)

5d Drawing 𝑦 < (5 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) gives

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 > 1 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

6b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 1 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).

6c Testing at (0, 1) we obtain 1 > 0 which is true. Hence, we shade the region
containing (0, 1).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6d Testing at (2, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 1 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (2, 0).

7a The point of intersection occurs when

𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = 2(−1) − 1 = −2 − 1 = −3 which is at (−1, −3).

7b Consider the point (1, −1). This satisfies both the inequality 𝑥 > −1 and
𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 so we shade the region bounded by the two curves that contains the
point (−1, 1).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7c Consider the point (1, −1). This satisfies both the inequality 𝑥 > −1 and
𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 so we shade the region bounded by the each of the curves that
contains the point (−1, 1).

8ai Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (1, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region such that the it lies on the same side as at least one of the two lines.
We include the point (0, 0) as it satisfies the inequality 𝑦 ≥ −𝑥.

8aii Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (1, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region bounded that contains that point. We do not include the point (0, 0) as
it does not satisfy the inequality 𝑦 < 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8bi Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (−3, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region such that the it lies on the same side as at least one of the two lines.
We include the point (−2, 0) as it satisfies the inequality 𝑦 ≤ −𝑥 − 2.

8bii Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (−3, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region bounded that contains that point. We do not include the point (−2, 0)
1
as it does not satisfy the inequality 𝑦 > 2 𝑥 + 1.

9a 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9b 𝑥 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0

9c 𝑥 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 ≤ 0

9d 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≤ 0

9e 𝑥 ≥ 0 or 𝑦 ≥ 0

9f 𝑥 ≥ 0 or 𝑦 ≤ 0

10a Note that the point (1, 0) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
𝑦 < 𝑥 and 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 𝑥

10b Note that the point (3, −3) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
1
𝑦 ≤ − 2 𝑥 − 1 or 𝑦 ≥ 2 − 2𝑥

10c Note that the point (0, 0) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
𝑦 < 𝑥 + 2 or 𝑦 > 4𝑥 − 1

11a Substituting (−2, −1) into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives −1 = −2 + 1 which is true. Hence this
point lies on the line.
Substituting (1, 2) into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives 2 = 1 + 1 which is true. Hence this point
lies on the line.
1 1
Substituting (−2, −1) into 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 gives −1 = − 2 (−2) − 2 which is true.
Hence this point lies on the line.
1 1
Substituting (0, −2) into 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 gives −2 = − 2 (0) − 2 which is true.
Hence this point lies on the line.
Substituting (0, −2) into 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 gives −2 = 4(0) − 2 which is true. Hence
this point lies on the line.
Substituting (1, 2) into 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 gives 2 = 4(1) − 2 which is true. Hence this
point lies on the line.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
(−2, −1), 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
1
(0, −2), 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
(1, 2).

11 The following graphs are obtained by following the method shown at the start of
Section 3F.
11b i

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11b ii

11biii

12a

12b The whole plane is covered by the union of the two regions.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

13a

13b By observation of the above graph, the regions to not overlap and hence there is
no intersection.

14a The curves intersect when 𝑥 2 + (4 − 𝑥)2 = 16 which is when

𝑥 2 + 16 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 16
2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 gives the points of intersection as (0, 4) and
(4, 0).

14b Now that we have the points where the curves intersect, follow the method at the
start of Section 3F to obtain the following graphs.
14b i

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14b ii

15a |𝑥| < 2 means that 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑥 > −2, that is −2 < 𝑥 < 2

15b |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ 2 gives −2 ≤ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 which is 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −2 or

alternatively 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

16 Finding points of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 and 𝑥 = −1 gives 1 + 𝑦 2 = 5,

𝑦 2 = 4 and hence 𝑦 = ±2. Thus the intersections are at (1, 2) and (1, −2).
Finding points of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 and 𝑦 = 1 gives 1 + 𝑥 2 = 5, 𝑥 2 = 4
and hence 𝑥 = ±2. Thus the intersections are at (−1, −2) and (−1, 2).
Finding intersections of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 with the axis.

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 2 = 5 and hence 𝑦 = ±√5

When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 5 and hence 𝑥 = ±√5

So the points of intersection of the circle with the axis are (0, ±√5) and (±√5, 0).
From this we can draw the graph using the method on page 95.

17 Finding the 𝑦-intercept of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2.

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 0 + 2 = 2 and thus the intercept is at (0, 2).
Using this information, we can now sketch the graph using the method on page
95 of the textbook.

18 Refer to the graph in 18c

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

18b The curve is undefined for 𝑥 < 0 (as you cannot take the square root of a
negative number) and hence the inequality is undefined in this region.

18c

19a The curve is undefined when 𝑥 = 0 (as you cannot divide by zero) and hence
𝑥 = 0 is a boundary.

1
19b Begin by drawing the graph of 𝑥 = 0 and the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥. Note that there are 4
separate regions which need to be considered. Select a point in each of the
regions. For example, (−2, −2), (−1, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 2) are points in each of the
1
four regions. Substituting each of the points into the inequality 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥, we find
that (−1, 0) and (2, 2) are the only two regions satisfying the inequality so we
shade the regions containing these points.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

20 Begin by sketching the curve 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 (note that you will need to draw a
broken line as we are dealing with a strict inequality). Since the function is only
defined for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, only points in this domain are able to satisfy the
inequality. Now, we have two regions consider, that above the semicircle and
that below the semicircle. Select a point in one of the two regions, for ease we
select (0, 0). This satisfies the inequality and hence we shade all points in the
region −2 < 𝑥 < 2 below the semicircle. Note that we do not include any points
such that 𝑥 = ±2 due to the fact that we have a strict inequality.

21 Note that the inverse of 𝑥 = |𝑦 + 1| is 𝑦 + 1 = ±𝑥 and is thus 𝑦 = −1 ± 𝑥. Hence

the region is bounded by the two lines 𝑦 = −1 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −1 + 𝑥. The point
(3, 1) satisfies the inequality 𝑥 > |𝑦 + 1|. Hence, we shade the region enclosed by
the two lines that contains (3, 1).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

22a There are 6 distinct regions which are labelled in the graph below.

22b i Substituting each of the points given in 22a into the inequality, we find that the
points (±0.5, ±0.5) all satisfy the inequality, hence we shade each of the regions
containing these points.

22b ii Substituting each of the points given in 22a into the inequality, we find that the
points (−0.5, 0.5), (0.5, −0.5), (1.5, 1.5) and (−1.5, −1.5) all satisfy the inequality,
hence we shade each of the regions containing these points.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

23a Note that the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality as 0 > 0 is false. Now, in
the first quadrant, |𝑦| = 𝑦 and |𝑥| = 𝑥 so we shade the region such that 𝑦 > 𝑥. In
the second quadrant, |𝑦| = −𝑦 and |𝑥| = 𝑥 so shade the region such that −𝑦 > 𝑥.
In the third quadrant, |𝑦| = −𝑦 and |𝑥| = −𝑥 so shade the region such that −𝑦 >
−𝑥, that is where 𝑦 < 𝑥. In the fourth quadrant, |𝑦| = 𝑦 and |𝑥| = −𝑥 so shade
the region such that 𝑦 > −𝑥.

23b Begin by drawing the graphs 𝑥𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥𝑦 = −1. Note that the graph is broken
into 8 distinct regions. Select 1 point in each region, for example
(±0.5, ±0.5), (±2, ±2). Substituting these values into the inequality, we find that
the only points that satisfy the inequality are (±2, ±2) so shade the region that
contains these points.

23c Note that the inequality is undefined at 𝑥 = 0 and at 𝑦 = 0 so include these as

boundaries for the graph.
In the first and third quadrant, 𝑥 < 𝑦 at all points above the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
In the fourth quadrant, 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 so the inequality 𝑥 < 𝑦 is always true.
In the second quadrant, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 so the inequality 𝑥 < 𝑦 is never true.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1 1
In the first and third quadrants, 𝑥 > 𝑦 at all points below the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1 1 1 1
In the second quadrant, 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 so the inequality 𝑥 > 𝑦 is false at all
points.
1 1 1 1
In the fourth quadrant, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 so the inequality 𝑥 > 𝑦 is true at all
points.
As such, we can sketch the region satisfied by the inequality as follows:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3G
Solutions to Exercise 2F
1a 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2

1b 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

1c 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
1d 𝑦 = 𝑥−3

1e 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4

1f 𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 + 1)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋
1g 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 2 )

This is also 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

1h 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

2 For this question, note that a 180° rotation is equivalent to flipping in the 𝑥- and
𝑦-axes.
2a 𝑦 = −𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2b 𝑦 = 2−𝑥

2c 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2

1
2d 𝑦 = −𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2e 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4

2f 𝑦 = − log 2 (−𝑥)

2g 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2h 𝑦 = √−𝑥

3 In part e, the circle is symmetric in the 𝑦-axis. In part g, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is an odd

function, and so is unchanged by a rotation of 180°.

4 Recall that the equation for a circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , where the circle
has centre (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟.
4a Circle with radius 𝑟 = 2 and centre at (−1, 0)

4b Circle with radius 𝑟 = 1 and centre at (1, 2)

4c Firstly, completing the square:

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Circle with radius 𝑟 = 2 and centre at (2, 0).

4d Firstly, completing the square:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 16 + 9
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 25
Circle with radius 𝑟 = 5 and centre at (0, 3).

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5a i This is given by a translation 2 units to the right.

5a ii This is given by a translation 2 units downwards.

5b i This is given by a translation 1 unit to the left

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5b ii This is given by a translation 1 unit up.

6a i 𝑦 = 𝑓 ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3)

6a ii 𝑦 = ℎ ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 3

6b i 𝑦 = 𝑃 ∘ 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑘(𝑥)) = 𝑃(𝑥 + 2)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6b ii 𝑦 = 𝑘 ∘ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑃(𝑥)) = 𝑃(𝑥) + 2

7a Left 1 unit: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2

Then up 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2

1
7b Right 2 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−2
1
Then up 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 3

𝜋 𝜋
7c Right 3 units: 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − 3 )
𝜋
Then down 2 units: 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − 3 ) − 2

7d Left 2 units: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2

Then down 1 unit: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2 − 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8a From 𝑦 = −𝑥

8a i Shift up 2 (or right 2).

8a ii Shift down 2 (or left 2).

8a iii Reflect in 𝑥-axis or (𝑦-axis) and shift up 4 (or left 4).

8b From 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 :

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8bi Shift 1 unit left.

8b ii Shift 1 unit left and reflect in the 𝑥-axis.

8b iii Shift 1 unit left and shift down 1 unit.

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8c From 𝑦 = √𝑥:

8c i Shift 4 units left.

8c ii Reflect in the 𝑥-axis.

8c iii Shift 4 units left and reflect in the 𝑥-axis.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2
8d From 𝑦 = 𝑥:

8d i Shift down 1 unit.

8d ii Shift down 1 unit and left 2 units.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8d iii Reflect in the 𝑥-axis or in the 𝑦-axis.

9a
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2.
Hence the coordinates are (−1, 2) and (1, −2).

9b i The equation of a cubic shifted up one unit is given by adding a constant to the
right-hand side of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1.

9b ii
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1.
Hence the coordinates are (−1, 3) and (1, −1).
Thus the 𝑥-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.

9c i The equation of this third cubic is given by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 into the

equation, as this shifts all coordinates 1 unit left.
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3 − 3(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 3𝑥 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2

9c ii
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

3𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −2
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 2 and when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2.
Hence the coordinates are (0, −2) and (−2, 2).
Thus the 𝑦-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.

10a Finding the intercepts.

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0
𝑦(𝑦 − 8) = 0
Hence the 𝑦-intercepts are (0, 0) and (0, 8).
When 𝑦 = 0,

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 0
Hence the 𝑥-intercepts are (0, 0) and (−4, 0).
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 20
2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = (2√5)

The centre is (−2, 4) and the radius is 𝑟 = 2√5.

10b Finding the intercepts.

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −1
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

−4 ± √42 − 4 × 1 × 1 −4 ± √12 −4 ± 2√3

𝑦= = = = −2 ± √3
2 2 2
Hence the 𝑦-intercepts are (0, −2 + √3) and (0, −2 − √3).
When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
Hence the 𝑥-intercept is (1, 0).
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 22 ) = 22
The centre is (1, −2) and the radius is 𝑟 = 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted left 2 units and down 1 unit.

Equation is 𝑦 + 1 = (𝑥 + 2)2

11b The hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 1 shifted right 2 units and down 1 unit.

1
Equation is 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥−2

11c The exponential 𝑦 = 2𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis and shifted 1 unit up.
Equation is 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥

11d The curve 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis and shifted 1 unit up.
Equation is 𝑦 = 1 − cos 𝑥

12a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 reflected in the 𝑥-axis, then shifted 3 units right and 1 unit
up.
Equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 1

12b The curve 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 reflected in the 𝑦-axis, then shifted right 2 units and down
1 unit.
Equation is 𝑦 = − log 2 (𝑥 − 2) − 1

12c The half parabola 𝑦 = √𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis, then shifted left 4 units and
2 units up.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Equation is 𝑦 = −√𝑥 + 4 + 2

13a i Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Applying ℐ gives 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), then ℋ gives 𝑥 = 𝑓(−𝑦), then ℐ gives
−𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then ℋ gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥). This is equivalent to a 180° rotation
around (0, 0). The functions unchanged by the transformation all have the
property 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and are thus odd functions.

13a ii Consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Applying ℐ gives 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and then ℋ gives 𝑥 = (−𝑦)2 which is just 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 .
Alternatively, first applying ℋ gives −𝑦 = 𝑥 2 which is 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 and then ℐ gives
𝑥 = −𝑦 2.
From this we see that applying the two reflections in different orders results in
two different functions. Thus ℐ and ℋ do not commute.

13b i Shifting left by 𝑎 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎), reflecting in the 𝑦-axis gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−(𝑥 −
𝑎)) = 𝑓(−𝑥 + 𝑎). Shifting right then gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥).

13b ii A reflection in the line 𝑥 = 𝑎

13b iii Reflecting 𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑡) around 𝑥 = 𝑎 gives 𝑔(2𝑎 − (𝑎 + 𝑡)) = 𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑡). Thus we
require that 𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑡) and hence we require that 𝑔(𝑥) is symmetric in
𝑥 = 𝑎.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3H
1a 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2

1b 𝑦 = 2 × 2𝑥 = 2𝑥+1

1c 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2
1d 𝑦=𝑥

1e 𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 4

1f 𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1g 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥

1h 𝑦 = −2√𝑥

1
2a i Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑥-axis.
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2a ii Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.

2b i Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-axis.

1
2b ii Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑦-axis.
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2c i Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-axis (note 𝑦 = 2ℎ(𝑥)).

2c ii Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.

1 1
2di Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑥-axis (note 𝑦 = 2 𝑔(𝑥)).
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
2d ii Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑦-axis.
2

3 Original sketch of graph 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.

3a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2 and vertically by a factor of 4.

1
3c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2.

1
4a If the graph is enlarged by a factor of then 𝑥 is replaced with 3𝑥 and
3
𝑦 is replaced with 3𝑦.
Hence the new equation is:
(3𝑥 − 3)2 + (3𝑦)2 = 4
9(𝑥 − 1)2 + 9𝑦 2 = 4
4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 =
9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
4b If the graph is enlarged by a factor of √3 then 𝑥 is replaced with 𝑥 and
√3
1
𝑦 is replaced with 𝑦.
√3

Hence the new equation is:

1 1
𝑦=
√3 1
𝑥
√3
3
𝑦=
𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5a

5b

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6a i

6a ii

6b i

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6b ii

7a

7b

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = ±1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 gives that the tangent is
horizontal at (1, −2) and (−1, 2).

𝑦
8b i Replacing 𝑦 with 2 :
𝑦
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥

8b ii 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

𝑥2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = ±1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 gives that the tangent is
horizontal at (1, −4) and (−1, 4).
So the 𝑥-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.

𝑥
8c i Replacing 𝑥 with 3:

𝑥 3 𝑥 1 3
𝑦 = ( ) − 3( ) = 𝑥 −𝑥
3 3 27

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
8c ii 𝑦 = 27 𝑥 3 − 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2
= −1
𝑑𝑥 9
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

𝑥2
−1=0
9
𝑥2 − 9 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
𝑥 = ±3
1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 27 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 gives that the tangent is
horizontal at (3, −2) and (−3, 2).

𝑦
9a Rearranging the second equation gives 3 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 so the transformation occurs
𝑦
by replacing 𝑦 with which means the graph is scaled vertically by a factor of 3.
3

9b The transformation occurs by replacing 𝑥 with 2𝑥 which means the graph is

1
scaled horizontally by a factor of 2.

4
9c The transformation occurs by replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 which means the graph is scaled
horizontally by a factor of 4.

𝑦 1
9d Rearranging the second equation gives 2 = 𝑥+1 so the transformation occurs by
𝑦
replacing 𝑦 with which means the graph is scaled vertically by a factor of 2.
2

𝑦
10a Replacing 𝑦 with 2 :

𝑦 1
=
2 𝑥
2
𝑦=
𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥
10b Replacing 𝑥 with 2:

1 2
𝑦= 𝑥 =
(2) 𝑥

10c Both dilations give the same graph.

10d Yes, by a factor of √2.

10e Answers will vary (hint: look at functions with symmetries).

1
11a In order to dilate horizontally by a factor of we must have replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 so
2
the new equation is 𝑦 = (2𝑥)2 2
= 4𝑥 .

𝑦
11b In order to dilate vertically by a factor of 4 we must replace 𝑦 with so the new
4
𝑦
equation is 4 = 𝑥 2 and this means the new equation is 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 .

11c We notice that these two different transformations produce the same graph.

11d The parabolas in parts a and b cannot be produced by an enlargement since they
are not similar to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 anymore.

11e Answers will vary.

1
12a 𝑀(0) = 3 × 2−53(0) = 3 × 1 = 3 grams

12b Half of mass is half of 3 grams.

3
𝑀(𝑡) =
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1 3
3 × 2−53𝑡 =
2
1
2−53𝑡 = 2−1
1
− 𝑡 = −1
53
𝑡 = 53
Hence the half-life is 53 years.

1
12c i The mass has been dilated by a factor of 2, so 𝑀 = 6 × 2−53𝑡 .

1
12c ii 𝑀(0) = 6 × 2−53(0) = 6 grams
For the half life:
6
𝑀(𝑡) =
2
1 6
6 × 2−53𝑡 =
2
1
2−53𝑡 = 2−1
1
− 𝑡 = −1
53
𝑡 = 53
Hence the half-life is still 53 years.

13 Any enlargement will replace 𝑥 with 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦 with 𝑎𝑦.

Thus, the equation becomes 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑚𝑥.
Dividing both sides by 𝑎 gives 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 so the line is unchanged by all
enlargements.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14a The unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, dilated horizontally by a factor of 3 and vertically by

a factor of 2.
Hence the new equation is:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
( ) +( ) =1
3 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 4

14b The exponential 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , dilated vertically by a factor of −2.

Hence the new equation is:
𝑦 = −2 × 3𝑥

14c The curve 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, dilated horizontally by a factor of 3 and vertically by a factor
of 2.
Hence the new equation is:
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 tan
3

15a i Note that 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1 = 2 × 2𝑥

𝑦
Hence to obtain this curve, stretch vertically by a factor of 2, 2 = 2𝑥 , or translate
left by 1 unit, 𝑦 = 2(𝑥+1) .

𝑦 1
15a ii Stretch along both axes by a factor of 𝑘, 𝑘 = 𝑥 , or stretch horizontally by a factor
𝑘
2 1
of 𝑘 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
( 2)
𝑘

1
15a iii Reciprocal, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , or reflect in the 𝑦-axis, 𝑦 = 3−𝑥 .

𝑥 2 𝑥2
16 The horizontal stretch causes the curve to become 𝑦 = (𝑎) = 𝑎2 .

𝑦 𝑥2
Hence stretching vertically by a factor of 𝑎2 gives 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

17 Begin with 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥, stretch horizontally by a factor of √3 to give

𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥
𝑦=( ) − = 3√3 − , then stretch vertically by a factor of 3√3 to give
√3 √3 √3
𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥
= 3√3 − and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.
3√3 √3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3I
𝑏 (−2)
1 Note that the vertex occurs at 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − 2(1) = 1.

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.

0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 = 0, 2
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
𝑦 = 02 − 2(0) = 0
Hence the graph is:

1a i

In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1a ii

In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 2:

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

1b i

In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 2:

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1b ii

In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1) + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

1c Yes, they commute (can be applied in any order and still produce the same
result) as the equations and graphs produced by parts a and b are the same.
Furthermore, note that all translational transformations are commutative as we
are simply adding and subtracting linear coordinates.

1
2a i Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:

1 2 1
𝑦 = (2 𝑥) − 2 (2 𝑥)

1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑦
2a ii Replacing 𝑦 with 3 gives:
𝑦 1
= 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥
3

3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
4

𝑦
2b i Replacing 𝑦 with 3 gives:
𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3

𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥

1
2b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:

1 2 1
𝑦 = 3 (2 𝑥) − 6 (2 𝑥)

3
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2c Yes, they are commutative (can be applied in any order and still produce the
same result) as they produce the same equation and graph.

1
3a i Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:

1 2 1
𝑦 = (2 𝑥) − 2 (2 𝑥)

1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4

3a ii Replacing 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 1 gives:

1 2
𝑦−1= 𝑥 −𝑥
4
1
𝑦 = 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3b i Replacing 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 1 gives:

𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

1
3b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:

1 2 1
𝑦 = ( 𝑥) − 2 ( 𝑥) + 1
2 2
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
4

3c Yes, they are commutative (can be applied in any order and still produce the
same result) as they produce the same equation and graph.

4a i Replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1 gives:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4a ii Replacing 𝑥 with −𝑥 gives:

𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 4(−𝑥) + 3
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

4b i Replacing 𝑥 with −𝑥 gives:

𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1 gives:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 2
= 𝑥2 − 1

4c No, they are not commutative as the order in which the operations are applied
affects the resultant equation/graph.

5a No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we reflect and then translate, we first replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 to get
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 .
If we translate then reflect, we first replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 =
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 and then replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 to get 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 which differs
from the original result.

5b No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we dilate and then translate, we first replace 𝑦 with 2𝑦 to get
1 1
2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 2 𝑥 2 or
1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐.

If we translate then dilate, we first replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 or

1 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 and then replace 𝑦 with 2𝑦 to get 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐 which
differs from the original result.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5c Yes
Reflection in the 𝑥-axis can be considered ‘negative’ dilation and generally
operations of the same form are commutative (although this is not always the
case for some operations).

5d Yes
All translational transformations are commutative as we are simply adding and
subtracting linear coordinates.

5e No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we reflect and then translate, we first replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 to get
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑐 + 4𝑐 2 .
If we translate then reflect, we first replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 =
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 to get 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 which differs
from the original result.

5f Yes
Reflection on the 𝑥-axis affects the 𝑦-component of functions, whilst horizontal
translation affects the 𝑥-component. We can safely say that these operations will
not interfere with one another and hence they will commute.

6a Translate right 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 1)2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6b Translate down 1 unit: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

Then reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 − 1

6c Translate down 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4

Then dilate vertically by a factor of −1: 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2

1
6d Translate right 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
1 2
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 𝑥−3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6e Translate up 2 units: 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4

1
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑥 2 + (2𝑦 − 2)2 = 4 or 𝑥 2 + 4(𝑦 − 1)2 = 4

6f Translate left 1 unit: 𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 + 1)

1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = log 2 (2 𝑥 + 1)

6g Translate left 𝜋 units: 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝜋)

Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = − sin(𝑥 + 𝜋)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6h Translate up 2 units: 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

Then dilate horizontally by a factor of −1: 𝑦 = −√𝑥 + 2

1
7a Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it horizontally by a factor of 2 and then
translate it up 1 unit.

7b Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it vertically by a factor of 2 and then translate
it up 1 unit.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7c Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it vertically by a factor of 2 and then translate
𝜋
it left 4 units.

1
7d Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it horizontally by a factor of and then
2
𝜋
translate it left units. (Note for this particular example, order does matter).
4

8a Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate left 1 unit:
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
Down 4 units:
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4
Dilate horizontally by factor of 2:
𝑥 2
𝑦 = ( + 1) − 4
2
1
𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

8b Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate down 4 units:
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4
Dilate horizontally by factor of 2:
𝑥 2
𝑦 =( ) −4
2
𝑥2
𝑦= −4
4
Translate left 1 unit:
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4
4

8c Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate down 1 unit:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
Translate right 1 unit:
𝑦 = 2𝑥−1 − 1
Dilate vertically by factor of −2:
𝑦
= 2𝑥−1 − 1
−2
𝑦 = −2 × 2𝑥−1 + 2
𝑦 = −2𝑥−1+1 + 2
𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥

8d Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate right 2 units:
1
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Dilate vertically by factor of 2:
𝑦 1
=
2 𝑥−2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Translate up 1 unit:
2
𝑦= +1
𝑥−2

9a Shifting 2 units left:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1 + 2)2
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
Reflecting in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = (−𝑥 + 1)2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
Hence the new parabola has the same equation.

9b This can be explained by the graph below. Note that the red curve represents the
graph 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 and the green curve represents 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 .

Note that reflections on the 𝑦-axis switches the two curves whilst a shift left
moves the red curve 2 units left into the position of the green curve. Hence the
shift and the reflection in the order they are performed have the effect of
cancelling one another out to return to the original curve.

10 Note that the transformations you give may vary from this in the solutions.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

10a Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, dilate vertically by a factor of 3, shift up 1 unit and
1
then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2.

𝜋
10b Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, shift 3 units right, move 1 unit up and then dilate
vertically by a factor of 2.

𝜋
10c Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, dilate horizontally by a factor of 2, shift 3 units right
and then shift up by 1 unit.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋
10d Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, shift 3 units right, dilate horizontally by a factor of 2
and then shift up by 1 unit.

11a Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, begin by dilating it by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-
𝜋
axis, and then shift it up by a unit of 1. Shift 6 units left and then dilate it by a
factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.

11b Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, begin by dilating it by a factor of 3 from the 𝑥-
𝜋
axis, and then shift it down by a unit of 1. Shift 4 units left and then dilate it by a
1
factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11c Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, begin by reflecting it about the 𝑥-axis, and
𝜋
then shift it up by a unit of 1. Shift 3 units right and then dilate it by a factor of 2
from the 𝑦-axis.

12a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

First applying 𝐻 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) and then 𝑉 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑏.
Alternatively, first applying 𝑉 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏 and then 𝐻 gives
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑏.
Thus, the operations 𝐻 and 𝑉 commute.

12b Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

1 𝑦 1
First applying 𝐸 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎 𝑥) and then 𝑈 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓 (𝑎 𝑥).
𝑦 𝑦 1
Alternatively, first applying 𝑈 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑥) and then 𝐸 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑎 𝑥).

Thus, the operations 𝐸 and 𝑈 commute.

12c Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

First applying 𝐹 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) and then 𝐿 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥).
Alternatively, first applying 𝐿 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and then 𝐹 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥).
Thus, the operations 𝐿 and 𝐹 commute.

12d If the transformations are dilations or reflections then they commute. A

reflection is a special type of dilation, and any pair of dilations commute. If one of
the transformations is a translation in a different direction to the other
transformation, for example ℋ and 𝒰, then they commute.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3J
1a

Note −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence −𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, this means that the amplitude
of each graph in the question will be given by the coefficient of the sine function.

1
1a i 2

1a ii 2

1a iii 3

1b In order to obtain this transformation, begin with the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and then
𝑦
replace 𝑦 with 𝑘 (which corresponds to a vertical stretch by a factor of 𝑘) to yield
𝑦
= sin 𝑥 which is 𝑦 = 𝑘 sin 𝑥.
𝑘

1c Recall that as 𝑘 is the coefficient of the sine function, it gives the amplitude of the
graph. Hence it follows that as 𝑘 in increases, the amplitude increases. The bigger
the amplitude, the steeper the wave.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2a

2𝜋
2a i 𝑇= 1 = 4𝜋
2

2𝜋
2a ii 𝑇= =𝜋
2

2𝜋
2a iii 𝑇 = 3

1
2b The graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑛.

2𝜋
2c Noting that 𝑇 = , we see that 𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑛. Thus it follows
𝑛
that as 𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3a

𝜋
3a i 𝑇= =𝜋
1

𝜋
3a ii 𝑇= 1 = 2𝜋
2

𝜋
3a iii 𝑇 = 2

1
3b The graph 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑎.

𝜋
3c Noting that 𝑇 = 𝑎, we see that 𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑎. Thus, it follows
that as 𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4a

𝜋
4a i 2

4a ii 𝜋

4a iii 2𝜋 or 0. Note that 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = sin(𝑥).

4b The graph 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shifted 𝑎 units to the left.

4c The graph is always the same, because 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 has period 2𝜋.

5a

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5a i Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 or [0, 2], mean value: 1

5a ii Range: [1, 3], mean value: 2

1 3 1
5a iii Range: [− 2 , 2], mean value: 2

5b The graph 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is shifted 𝑐 units up and the mean value is 𝑐.

5c As 𝑐 increases, the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 moves up and the mean value increases.

6a period = 𝜋, amplitude = 3

6b period = 4𝜋, amplitude = 2

2𝜋
6c period = , no amplitude
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝜋
6d period = , amplitude = 2
3

1
7a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥

Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 sin 3𝑥

𝑥
7b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = sin 2
𝑥
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 sin 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥
Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −2 sin 2

𝜋 𝜋
7c Shift 2 units right: 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 sin (𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
Then shift 2 units up: 𝑦 = 3 sin (𝑥 − 2 ) + 2

1
8a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥
1
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 5: 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
8b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥

Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 cos 2𝑥

Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥
Then shift 2 units down: 𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥 − 2

1
8c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
Then shift units right: 𝑦 = cos (2 (𝑥 − 2 ))
2

1
9a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Then shift units left: 𝑦 = sin (3 (𝑥 + 6 )) or 𝑦 = sin (3𝑥 + 2 )
6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
9b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
Then shift 4 units right: 𝑦 = sin (4 (𝑥 − 4 )) or 𝑦 = sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋)

1 1
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = 4 sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋)
1
Then shift 4 units down: 𝑦 = 4 sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋) − 4

1
9c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = sin 2 𝑥

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
Then shift units left: 𝑦 = sin (2 (𝑥 + 2 )) or 𝑦 = sin (2 + 4 )
2

𝑥 𝜋
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 6: 𝑦 = 6 sin (2 + 4 )
𝑥 𝜋
Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −6 sin (2 + 4 )

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
10a Part a: period = , phase = 0 + 2 =
3 2
2𝜋 𝜋
Part b: period = = 2 , phase = −𝜋 (but this is twice the period, so we can also
4
say phase = 0.
𝜋
Part c: period = 4𝜋, phase = 4

𝜋 2𝜋
10b i period = 𝜋, phase = 2 (0 − 3 ) = − 3

𝜋
10b ii period = 6𝜋, phase = 3

𝜋 3𝜋
10b iii period = 3 , phase = 8

𝜋
11a 2 sin (𝑥 − 3 ) = 1

𝜋 1
sin (𝑥 − ) =
3 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, − 3 ≤ 𝑥 − 3 ≤ . Hence:
3

𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥− = ,
3 6 6
𝜋 7𝜋
So 𝑥 = or
2 6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11b 2 cos 2𝑥 = −1
1
cos 2𝑥 = −
2
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋. Hence:
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋
2𝑥 = , , ,
3 3 3 3
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= , , or
3 3 3 3

12a cos(𝑥 + 0.2) = −0.3 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 so 0.2 ≤ 𝑥 + 0.2 ≤ 𝜋 + 0.2)

𝑥 + 0.2 = cos −1(−0.3)
𝑥 = cos−1 (−0.3) − 0.2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥 ≑ 1.675

12b tan 2𝑥 = 0.5 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 so 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋)

2𝑥 = tan−1(0.5)
2𝑥 = tan−1(0.5) or 𝜋 + tan−1(0.5)
1 1
𝑥 = 2 tan−1(0.5) or 2 (𝜋 + tan−1(0.5))

𝑥 ≑ 0.232 or 1.803

𝑏 −2
13a The vertex of the parabola occurs when 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − = 1.
2

Thus 𝑦 = 12 − 2(1) + 4 = 3. The vertex is at (1, 3).

13b

Since the curve for 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 is always above the curve for 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 > 3 sin 𝑥 for all real values of 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14a,b

1
14c There are three points of intersection, so 2 cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥 has three solutions.

14d 𝑃 is in the second quadrant (recall that quadrant 1 is the top right and the rest
follow anticlockwise).

14e We know that −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence:

−2 ≤ 2 cos 𝑥 ≤ 2
1
If 2 cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥 then

1
−2 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 ≤ 2
2
1
−3 ≤ − 𝑥 ≤ 1
2
1
−1 ≤ 𝑥≤3
2
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6
Hence if 𝑥 = 𝑛 is a solution, −2 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 6.

2𝜋
15a 𝑇= 2 =4
( )
𝜋

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

15b

15c The equation describes any straight line passing through the origin. Hence, the
only fixed point it passes through for varying values of 𝑚 is the origin.

15d One solution is when 𝑚 = 0 as it is tangential to the curve at the point 𝑥 = 3.

Otherwise, it must have positive gradient that is steep enough to be above the
1
point (4, 1) (otherwise it will re-intersect the curve). This is when 𝑚 > 4.

𝜋
16a The maximum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡) is 2 and hence the greatest depth will be
𝑦 = 2 + 8 = 10 metres.

𝜋
16b The minimum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡) is −2 and hence the lowest depth will be
𝑦 = −2 + 8 = 6 metres.

16c This will occur when:

𝜋
2 cos ( 𝑡) = −2
7
𝜋
cos ( 𝑡) = −1
7
𝜋
𝑡=𝜋
7
𝑡=7
This is 7 hours after 7 am which is 2 pm.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋
16d 2 cos (7 𝑡) + 8 = 9
𝜋
2 cos ( 𝑡) = 1
7
𝜋 1
cos ( 𝑡) =
7 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡=
7 3
7
𝑡=
3
7
This is hours or 2 hours 20 minutes after 7 am which is 9: 20 am.
3

17a

17b

17c Amplitude = 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

18a i

18a ii 1 (the tangent is the line 𝑦 = 𝑥)

18a iii By observation, 0 < 𝑘 < 1.

18b i For the arc:

𝑙 = 𝑟(2𝜃)
400 = 2𝑟𝜃
200
𝑟= 𝜃

For the chord:

𝑑 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 × cos 2𝜃

= 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 𝜃

300 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 2𝜃

= 𝑟√2 − 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)

= 𝑟√4 sin2 𝜃
= 2𝑟 sin 𝜃
150
𝑟=
sin 𝜃
Hence:
200 150
=
𝜃 sin 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

And thus
150 3
sin 𝜃 = 𝜃= 𝜃
200 4

18b ii

Drawing the two graphs, their point of intersection appears to be at 𝜃 ≑ 1.3.

18b iii ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2𝜃 ≑ 2.6 radians

200
Substituting for 𝜃 in 𝑟 = gives 𝑟 ≑ 154 metres.
𝜃

18c i For the arc:

𝑙
𝑙 = 𝑟(2𝛼) so 𝑟 = 2𝛼

For the chord:

𝑑 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 × cos 2𝛼 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 𝛼

300 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 2𝛼

= 𝑟√2 − 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝛼)

= 𝑟√4 sin2 𝛼
= 2𝑟 sin 𝛼
150
𝑟=
sin 𝛼
Equating the expressions for 𝑟:
𝑙 150
=
2𝛼 sin 𝛼

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

150 × 2𝛼 300𝛼
sin 𝛼 = =
𝑙 𝑙

18c ii Chord length, 𝑑 = 300 and 𝑙 > 𝑑. Hence 𝑙 > 300.

𝜋
19a At 𝑥 = 3

1
LHS = 𝜋
1 + cos 3
1
=
1
1+2
1
=
3
2
2
=
3
𝜋
2 (3)
RHS =
𝜋
2𝜋
=
3𝜋
2
=
3
𝜋
Thus 𝑥 = 3 satisfies the equation.

𝜋
At 𝑥 = 2

1
LHS = 𝜋
1 + cos 2
1
=
1+0
1
=
1
=1
𝜋
2 (2)
RHS =
𝜋
2𝜋
=
2𝜋
=1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋
Thus 𝑥 = 2 satisfies the equation

19b

𝜋 𝜋 1 2𝑥
19c For 3 < 𝑥 < 2 we have that 1+cos 𝑥 < from the diagram in part b. Hence in this
𝜋
domain we have.
1 2𝑥
<
1 + cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋 < 2𝑥(1 + cos 𝑥)
1
𝜋 < 2𝑥 (1 + (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1))
2
1
𝜋 < 2𝑥 (2 cos 2 𝑥)
2
1
𝜋 < 4𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
2
21 𝜋 𝜋
And thus 4𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 < 𝜋 for 3 < 𝑥 < 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Chapter review

1a i −1 < 𝑥 < 2

1a ii (−1, 2)

1b i −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2

1b ii [−1, 2)

1c i 𝑥≤2

1c ii (−∞, 2]

2a i 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−2) = 𝑓(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑓(−2 + 1) = 𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

2a ii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(−2) = 𝑔(𝑓(−2)) = 𝑔((−2)2 − 1) = 𝑔(4 − 1) = 𝑔(3) = 3 + 1 = 4

2a iii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(−2) = 𝑓(𝑓(−2)) = 𝑓((−2)2 − 1) = 𝑓(4 − 1) = 𝑓(3) = 32 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8

2a iv 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(−2) = 𝑔(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑔(−2 + 1) = 𝑔(−1) = −1 + 1 = 0

2b i 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

2b ii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 − 1) + 1 = 𝑥 2

2b iii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2b iv 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1) + 1 = 𝑥 + 2

3a
1
1 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim 𝑥 = = 0+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥→∞ 2 1+0
1+𝑥

1
1 𝑥 = 0 = 0−
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 + 2 2
1+𝑥 1−0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

Hence the horizontal asymptote occurs when 𝑦 = 0.

3b
3
𝑥−3 1 − 𝑥 1 − 0 1−
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = =
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5 5
2+𝑥 2+0 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

3
𝑥−3 1−
𝑥 1 + 0 1+
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = =
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 + 5 5
2+𝑥 2−0 2
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

1
Hence the horizontal asymptote occurs when 𝑦 = 2.

3c
1
𝑥 𝑥 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2 = lim = = 0+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥 + 0
𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑥 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2 = lim = = 0−
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→−∞ 1 𝑥 + 0
𝑥+ 2
𝑥
Hence the horizontal asymptote occurs when 𝑦 = 0.

4a −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4b Note that 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
𝑦 = 0(0 − 3)(0 + 3) = 0
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 = 0, ±3
Hence there are 𝑥-intercepts at (0, 0), (3, 0) and (6, 0).

4c The function is defined at all points so there are no vertical asymptotes. The
function diverges as 𝑥 tends towards ±∞ and hence there are no horizontal
asymptotes.

4d
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑦 −28 0 10 8 0 −8 −10 0 28

(See the diagram in part e)

4e 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 18
= 3(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6) so 𝑦 ′ = 0 when:
3(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6) = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6 = 0

−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(1)(6)

𝑥=
2×1
6 ± √12
=
2
6 ± 2√3
=
2
= 3 ± √3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5a −6 < −3𝑥 ≤ 12
−12 ≤ 3𝑥 < 6
−4 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
[−4, 2)

5b −2 < 2𝑥 + 1 < 1
−3 < 2𝑥 < 0
3
− <𝑥<0
2
3
(− , 0)
2

5c −7 ≤ 5 + 4𝑥 < 7
−12 ≤ 4𝑥 < 2
1
−3 ≤ 𝑥 <
2
1
[−3, )
2

1
5d −4 ≤ 1 − 2 𝑥 ≤ 3

1
−3 ≤ 𝑥−1≤4
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
−2 ≤ 𝑥≤5
2
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
[−4, 10]

6a Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥:

There are two points of intersection so there are 2 solutions.

6b Sketch showing 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 :

There is one point of intersection so there is 1 solution.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

6c Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)and 𝑦 = 2 − |𝑥|:

There are three points of intersection so there are 3 solutions.

7a i Shift the diagram 1 unit to the right

7a ii Shift the diagram 1 unit up.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

7b i Shift the diagram 1 unit left.

7b ii Shift the diagram 1 unit down.

8a i Dilate the graph horizontally by a factor of 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
8a ii Dilate the graph vertically by a factor of 2.

1
8bi Dilate the graph horizontally by a factor of .
2

8b ii Dilate the graph vertically by a factor of 2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9a 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

9b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

9c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

9d 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 ≥ 1

9e 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = −𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 1

9f 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ 0

10a The curve is defined for all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero. That is all 𝑥
such that (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≠ 0 which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ −2, 2.

10b The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.

4 4
𝑦= = =1
(0 + 2)(2 − 0) 4
𝑦-intercept is at (0, 1).

10c lim 𝑦
𝑥→±∞

4
= lim
𝑥→±∞ (𝑥 + 2)(2 − 𝑥)

4
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 4 − 𝑥 2

4
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→±∞ 4
−1
𝑥2
0
=
0−1
=0
Hence 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

10d
𝑥 −3 −2 0 2 3
𝑦 −5 * 1 * −5
sign − ∗ + ∗ −

10e Vertical asymptotes occur when this curve is undefined. This is at 𝑥 = 2 and
𝑥 = −2.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

10f

By observation, the range is (−∞, 0) ∪ [1, ∞)

3(𝑥+1)
11a 𝑦 = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)

11b domain: 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −3

The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0.
3(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
𝑥-intercept is at (−1, 0).
The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.
3(1) 3
𝑦= = = −1
(0 + 3)(0 − 1) −3
𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).
So the intercepts are (−1, 0) and (0, −1).

11c The domain is not symmetric around 𝑥 = 0.

11d Vertical asymptotes occur when (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0.

So the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 1.
lim 𝑦
𝑥→±∞

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3𝑥 + 3
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
3 3
𝑥 + 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 2 3
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
0+0
=
1+0−0
=0
Hence 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
Asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1, and 𝑦 = 0.

11e

12a |2𝑥| = 7
2𝑥 = ±7
7
𝑥=±
2
1 1
𝑥 = 3 2 or 𝑥 = −3 2.

12b |3𝑥 − 2| = 1
3𝑥 − 2 = ±1
3𝑥 = 2 ± 1
1 2 1
𝑥= (2 ± 1) = ±
3 3 3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3.

12c |3𝑥 + 5| ≤ 4
−4 ≤ 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 4
−9 ≤ 3𝑥 ≤ 1
1
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
3

12d |6𝑥 + 7| > 5

6𝑥 + 7 > 5 or 6𝑥 + 7 < −5
6𝑥 > −2 or 6𝑥 < −12
1
𝑥 > − 3 or 𝑥 < −2

1
13a Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑦 = 1 + 2 𝑥:

1
𝑥 − 1 ≥ 1 + 𝑥 when 𝑥 ≥ 4
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
13b Sketch showing 𝑦 = 1−𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥:

1 1
> 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥 when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 > 1 2
1−𝑥

13c Sketch showing 𝑦 = |2𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3:

|2𝑥| ≤ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 when − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

1 1
13d Sketch showing 𝑦 = |2 𝑥 + 1| and 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 5):

1 1
|2 𝑥 + 1| > 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 5) when 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14a We find the point of intersections by solving the equation

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 1 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3. Substituting this back into the
equations gives the points of intersection as (0, 1) and (3, 4).

14b

15a Shift right 2 units:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
Then shift up 1 unit:
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

15b Shift left 2 units:

1
𝑦=
𝑥+2
Then shift down 3 units:

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
𝑦= −3
𝑥+2

𝜋
15c Shift left 6 units:
𝜋
𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + )
6
Then shift down 1 unit:
𝜋
𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + ) − 1
6

15d Shift right 2 units:

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2
Then shift up 1 unit:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2 + 1

16a Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑦 = ( ) − 2( )
2 2
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4

1
16b Dilate vertically by a factor of 2:

1
2𝑦 =
𝑥−4
1
𝑦=
2𝑥 − 8

1
16c Dilate vertically by a factor of 3:

3𝑦 = cos 𝑥
1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

16d Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

1
𝑦=𝑥
2+2
2
=
𝑥+2

17a Yes, consider 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

Perform a reflection in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)
Then perform a reflection in the 𝑥-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)
Now in the other order.
Perform a reflection in the 𝑥-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Then perform a reflection in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)
Both orders produce the same result so the operations commute.

17b No, consider 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Perform a vertical reflection:
𝑦 = −𝑥
Then translate 2 units up:
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2
Now in the other order.
Translate 2 units up:
𝑦 =𝑥+2
Then perform a vertical reflection:
−𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Hence we see that the operations do not commute.

17c No, consider 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Translate 2 units left:
𝑦 =𝑥+2
1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2
Now in the other order.
1
Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

𝑦 = 2𝑥
Then translate 2 units left:
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
Hence we see that the operations do not commute.

17d Yes, consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

Perform a vertical translation of 𝑎 units:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 𝑏:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )+𝑎
𝑏
Now in the other order.
Dilate horizontally by a factor of 𝑏:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )
𝑏
Then perform a vertical translation of 𝑎 units:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )+𝑎
𝑏
Hence both orders produce the same result so they commute.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

18a Start with 𝑦 = 2𝑥 .

Reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = −2𝑥
Then shift up 4 units: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4 = 4 − 2𝑥

18b Start with 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Shift right 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
1 1
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
1
Then shift 1 unit down: 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1

18c Start with 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.

𝜋 𝜋
Shift 6 units left: 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 6 )
𝜋
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 6 )
𝜋
Then shift 1 unit up: 𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 6 ) + 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝜋
19a amplitude is 4, period is or 𝜋
2

3 2𝜋
19b amplitude is 2, period is 1 or 4𝜋
2

20a Start with 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

Reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = − tan 𝑥
Then shift up 1 unit: 𝑦 = − tan 𝑥 + 1 = 1 − tan 𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

20b

21a Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

Reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = cos(−𝑥)
Then stretch vertically with a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 cos(−𝑥)
Then shift down 2 units: 𝑦 = 3 cos(−𝑥) − 2
Actually, the first transformation, reflect in the 𝑦-axis, is unnecessary because
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is even.

21b Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

1
Stretch horizontally with a factor of 4: 𝑦 = cos 4𝑥

Then dilate vertically by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = 4 cos 4𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
Then shift left 2 units: 𝑦 = 4 cos (4 (𝑥 + 2 ))
𝜋
There is no need to shift left 2
units because the period is 2.

21c Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

1
Stretch horizontally with a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Then shift right units: 𝑦 = cos (2 (𝑥 − 6 )) = cos (2𝑥 − 3 )
6

22a 0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋
22b 4 (0 + 2 ) = 2𝜋 or more simply 0.

𝜋 𝜋
22c 0− 3 = −3

23a 3

23b 3 solutions as there are 3 points of intersection. 1 positive solution as one

solution lies above the 𝑥-axis.

23c The range of the sine curve is −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Outside the the domain, the line is
beyond this range and thus there are no solutions.

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