ELEC 423

Distribution of Power System

Short Circuit Calculation

Adel Gastli

Adel Gastli
 CONTENTS

1 •Types of Power Distribution Cables

2 •Cable Selection Criteria

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Adel Gastli
3 •Short Circuit Current Calculation

4 •Cable Risers and Trays

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
 Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and
quantities are normalized across different voltage levels to a common base. By
removing the impact of varying voltages, the necessary calculations are
simplified.
 To use the per unit method, we normalize all the system impedances (and
admittances) within the network under consideration to a common base. These
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normalized impedances are known as per unit impedances. Any per unit
impedance will have the same value on both the primary and secondary of a
transformer and is independent of voltage level.
 A network of per unit impedances can then be solved using standard network
analysis.
 From this, fault level can be readily determined.

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
 In applying the per unit Symbol Definition 1-phase 3-phase
method, the first step is to
select an arbitrary voltage Sbase power base
(Vbase) and power (Pbase)
base. Vbase voltage base
 Having selected a base
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power and voltage, the Ibase current base Sbase Sbase
base per unit values of Vbase 3Vbase
2
current and impedance, Zbase base impedance V 2 Vbase
base
can be calculated. Sbase Sbase
Zpu per unit impedance Z actual Z actual
Z base Z base
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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
 Some times per-unit values are available for a given base kV, but the problem being
solved is using a different base. In this instance it is possible to convert the unit.
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 Fault calculation problems typically deal with power sources, generators,
transformers and system impedances.
 Per-unit values for these elements can be quickly derived as follows.

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
Element Per-Unit Value
Generators Sbasenew
Z punew( gen )   Z puold ( gen )
Sbaseold

Transformers Sbasenew
Z punew(transformer )   Z puold (transformer )
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Sbaseold

Impedances V 2 act
Z act S act Sbase
Z pu   2  if Vact  Vbase
Z base V base S act
Sbase

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
GENERAL EXAMPLE
 Per unit analysis can be used to calculate system
three-phase fault levels and the current
distributions.
 To gain a better understanding, it is worth
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running through the typical steps required to
solve a fault calculation problem.
 Given the system single line diagram, construct
and simplify the per unit impedance diagram.

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
 The fault level at the point under consideration is given by:
Sbase
S fault 
Z pu ( source  fault )

 Where Zpu, is the total impedance between the source and the fault.
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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
 Fault flow through parallel branches is
given by the ratio of impedances. As
illustrated this can enable fault flows to
be found through each branch.
 Having calculated the fault flow in each
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branch, it is then relatively simple to find
the current distribution using:
S fault S fault
I(kA)  
3  U LN  kV  3  U LL  kV 
U LL
U LN 
3

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
EXAMPLE
 Consider a system of source impedance 4.48 Ω connected to a 20 MVA
transformer (11/0.4 kV) at 6% impedance. (three phases)
 We want to find the fault level at the transformer secondary.
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SOLUTION
 Selecting Sbase as 20 MVA and Vbase as 11 kV and using the above equations.

I base 
Sbase

20 106
 1.049 kA Z base 
2
Vbase 

111032

 6.05 
3Vbase 3 1110 3
Sbase 20 10 3

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
Z actual 4.48 Sbase 20 6
Z pu ( source )    0.74 pu Z pu (transformer )  Z    0.06 pu
Z base 6.05 Stransformer 20 100

Sbase Sbase 20
Z pu ( fault )  S fault    25 MVA
S fault Z pu ( source  fault ) 0.74  0.06
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The Line-Neutral voltage on the secondary of the transformer is
0.4/√3 = 0.230 kV, giving:

S fault S fault S fault 25

I(kA)   I (kA)    35.2 kA
3  U LN  kV  3  U LL  kV  3  U LN  kV  3  0.230
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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault=700MVA
EXAMPLE 33 kV
3C x 240mm2 Cable
 Consider the power distribution system shown in 7km

this figure. 5 MVA

33/11 kV
 Calculate the short circuit current at point 'A' on Ynynd
Z=7.158%
the 11kV network.
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11 kV

 Consider the cable actual impedances as: 3C x 300mm2 Cable

0.5km
z33kV ( 240 mm 2 )  0.098  j 0.109 /km

z11kV (300 mm 2 )  0.0812  j 0.0932 /km 200mm2 ACSR

1km

z11kV ( 200 mm 2 )  0.167  j 0.333 /km

‘A’
LLL

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault=700MVA
SOLUTION 33 kV
3C x 240mm2 Cable
All impedances will be calculated at a 100MVA base. 7km
Source Impedance
The resistance component of the source impedance is neglected. 5 MVA
33/11 kV
Sbase 100 Ynynd
Z source| pu   X pu  j  j 0.143 Z=7.158%
S fault 700
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11 kV

33kV Cable Impedance 3C x 300mm2 Cable

0.5km
Positive Sequence impedance for 33kV 240mm2 XLPE cable
z33kV  0.098  j 0.109 /km
200mm2 ACSR
Cable Length = 7km  Z 33kV  7  0.098  j 0.109  0.686  j 0.763  1km

Sbase 100 ‘A’

Z 33kV | pu  2  Z 33kV  2  (0.686  j 0.763)   0.063  j0.07  pu
V 33 LLL

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault=700MVA
33 kV
33kV Transformer Impedance
3C x 240mm2 Cable
Sbase 100 7.158 7km
ZTpu  Z  j   j1.43
Stransformer 5 100
5 MVA
33/11 kV
(Transformer resistance is neglected) Ynynd
Z=7.158%
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11 kV
There are two transformer feeders in parallel.
3C x 300mm2 Cable
The resultant total impedance is thus; 0.5km

0.063  j 0.07  j1.43

Z1 pu   0.0315  j 0.75 pu 200mm2 ACSR
2 1km
‘A’
LLL

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault=700MVA
11kV Cable + 11kV Overhead Line Impedance 33 kV

Z11kV (300 mm 2 )  0.5  0.0812  j 0.0932  0.0406  j 0.0466 

3C x 240mm2 Cable
7km
Sbase
Z pu|11kV (300 mm2 )  2
 Z11kV (300 mm2 ) 5 MVA
V 33/11 kV
100   0.0406  j 0.0466 
Ynynd
  0.0336  j 0.0385  pu
Z=7.158%

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2 11 kV
11
1km of 11kV 200mm² ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced) 3C x 300mm2 Cable
0.5km

Z11kV ( 200 mm 2 )  1 0.167  j 0.333  0.167  j 0.333 

Sbase
Z pu|11kV (200 mm2 )  2  Z11kV (300 mm2 ) 200mm2 ACSR
V 1km

100   0.167  j 0.333 ‘A’

 2
  0.138  j 0.275  pu
11 LLL

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
Total 11kV Network Impedance

Z pu|11kV  0.0336  j 0.0385  0.138  j 0.275  0.1716  j 0.3135 pu

Total Impedance at fault point ‘A’

Z pu| fault  Z source| pu  Z1| pu  Z11kV | pu
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Z pu| fault  j 0.143  0.0315  j 0.7   0.1716  j 0.3135  0.2031  j1.2065 pu

Z pu| fault  0.20312  1.20652  1.223 pu

Sbase 100 S
S(three phase fault )    81.8 MVA  I (three phase fault )  (three phase fault )  81.8  3.293 kA
Z pu| fault 1.223 3  basekV 3 11

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault==86MVA
EXAMPLE 33 kV
3C x 240mm2 Cable
 Consider the same power distribution system 7km

shown in this figure. 5 MVA

33/11 kV
 The two transformers are assumed to have a Ynynd
Z=7.158%
Ynynd connection, with the star point solidly ‘B’
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11 kV
earthed. 3C x 300mm2 Cable
0.5km
 Calculate the short circuit current at point ‘B' on LLL

the 11kV network.

200mm2 ACSR
1km

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
SOLUTION S_fault==86MVA
33 kV
3C x 240mm2 Cable
Sbase 100 7km
Z source| pu   X pu  j  j1.163
S fault 86
5 MVA
33/11 kV
Ynynd
33kV Cable Impedance Z=7.158%
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‘B’ 11 kV
Positive Sequence impedance for 33kV 240mm2 XLPE cable
3C x 300mm2 Cable
z33kV  0.098  j 0.109 /km LLL
0.5km

Cable Length = 7km  Z 33kV  7  0.098  j 0.109  0.686  j 0.763 

200mm2 ACSR
S 100
Z 33kV | pu  base
2
 Z 33 kV  2
 (0.686  j 0.763)   0.063  j0.07  pu 1km
V 33

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault==86MVA
33 kV
33kV Transformer Impedance
3C x 240mm2 Cable
Sbase 100 7.158 7km
ZTpu  Z  j   j1.43
Stransformer 5 100
5 MVA
33/11 kV
(Transformer resistance is neglected) Ynynd
Z=7.158%
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‘B’ 11 kV
3C x 300mm2 Cable
0.5km
Z1 pu  0.063  j 0.07  j1.43  0.063  j1.5 pu LLL

200mm2 ACSR
1km

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 PER-UNIT FAULT CALCULATIONS
S_fault==86MVA
33 kV
Total Impedance at fault point ‘B’
3C x 240mm2 Cable
Z pu| fault  Z source| pu  Z1| pu 7km

Z pu| fault  j1.163  0.063  j1.5   0.063  j 2.663 pu 5 MVA

33/11 kV
Ynynd
Z=7.158%
Z pu| fault  0.0632  2.6632  2.66 pu
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‘B’ 11 kV
3C x 300mm2 Cable
Sbase 100 0.5km
S(three phase fault )    37.5 MVA LLL
Z pu| fault 2.66

200mm2 ACSR
S(three phase fault ) 37.5 1km
 I (three phase fault )    2.01 kA
3  basekV 3 11

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 CONTENTS

1 •Types of Power Distribution Cables

2 •Cable Selection Criteria

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3 •Short Circuit Current Calculation

4 •Cable Risers and Trays

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 It is a specially allocated space for electrical
wiring to 'rise' up a building in an orderly,
organized and safe way mostly in a vertical
fashion.
 Sometimes they share the space together with
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telecom and IT cables and occasionally even
together with city water, water supplying
sprinkler & fire protection systems, city gas,
exhaust ducts etc. where the local building
codes allow.
 This picture shows how it looks like:

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 This layout shows at the center
the different 'risers'.
 You have the electrical riser
(ELEC), cable/television riser
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(MATV), telecom riser (TEL), dry
riser (DR), city water (WATER) etc.

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 This shows some devices being
installed in the riser itself.
 Also depending on the local
building codes the penetration
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between floors must be sealed
with fire sealant that prevents fire
from spreading between floors.

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Some doesn't have a solid floor
and lets you see through to other
levels.
 It's convenient for tracing where
wires go and also easier for you
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to plan if you're adding new wires
so at a glance you can tell which
cable tray or path is most
convenient for you to use without
hitting some obstacle several
floors up.
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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 They and the wires within
have to be specially
designed to prevent fires
from climbing the wires
and spreading to other
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floors.

ELEC432: Electric Power Distribution Systems 26

 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 In the electrical wiring of buildings, a cable tray
system is used to support insulated electric
cables used for power distribution and
communication.
 Cable trays are used as an alternative to open
wiring or electrical conduit systems, and are
commonly used for cable management in
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commercial and industrial construction.
 They are especially useful in situations where
changes to a wiring system are anticipated,
since new cables can be installed by laying them
in the tray, instead of pulling them through a
pipe.

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building
type, dimension, the length of supply cables, and the loads.
 The distribution system can be divided in to:
 The vertical supply system (rising mains).
 The horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level).
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 In most cases a high voltage supply and transformer substation is
required.
 Normally HV switchgear and substation transformers are installed
at ground floor (or basement ).

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 However, often there are appliances with large power demand
installed on the top floors (converters and motors for lifts, air-
conditioning equipment and electric kitchens).
 As it is desirable to bring the high voltage supply as close as
possible to the load centers, transformers are installed at the top
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floor, or if required, additional ones are installed on one of the
intermediate floors.
 In such cases transformers with non-inflammable insulation and
cooling are used.

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and shape of the
building and suitable size of shafts for installing cables and bus ducts must
be provided in coordination with the building architect.
 The vertical supply system are implemented in several ways, some of which
are :
 Single Rising Main
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 Grouped Supply
 Individual Floor Supply
 Ring Main Supply
 Double Feed Supply
 In practice all supply circuits presented above are used depending on the
building type, size, load data, etc.

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Single Rising Main
Applications :-
• Where high supply security is not important.
Advantages :-
• The different loads of individual floors are
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balanced out.
• Only a small main LV board is required.
• Simple in construction and operation.
Disadvantages :-
• Low supply security (a fault in the rising mains
affects all floors).
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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Grouping Supply
Applications :-
• High rise building with high load concentration.
Advantages :-
• Easier mounting.
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• Smaller size for rising mains.
Disadvantages :-
• A fault in any rising mains effect several floors
(relatively low security).
• Loads are balanced only within each group.
• Larger power distribution board.
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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Individual Floor Supply
 Applications :-
• In high rise buildings were stories are let separately
(metering is at central point at ground floor).
 Advantages :-
• Smaller size of cables can be used (easy installation).
• In the case of a fault in arising main, only one story is
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affected.
 Disadvantages:-
• Different loading of the individual floors can not be
balanced out.
• The rising main must be rated for the peak load of each
floor.
• Uneconomical – large number of cables and the size of
the rising main shaft is quite large.
• Large low voltage distribution board with numerous
circuits.
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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Ring Main Supply
 Applications :-
• In large buildings when relatively higher security is
required.
 Advantages :-
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• Higher power supply security (in the event of a fault,
it is possible to switch off the faulty part and leave
the majority of the building operational )
• A small low voltage distribution board is required.
• The differing loading of individual floor are balanced
out (smaller sizes for rising mains )

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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
 Double Feed Supply
Applications:-
• In large buildings with relatively large loads
at the top floors (lifts, kitchen, air-
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conditioning).
Advantages :-
• Higher power supply security.
• The differing loading of individual floors are
balanced out.
• Smaller L.V. distribution board required.
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Adel Gastli

Adel Gastli
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlGcjRwz2b8 2:37
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 ELECTRICAL CABLE RISERS & TRAYS
Adel Gastli

Adel Gastli
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fqk0G1yDjeY&list=PL_Ak3c9fO0ONC793Gn9YR391b-7UxYe2U 12:34
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