SPE

Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 21407

Status and Scope for EOR Development in Oman

M.S. AI-Adawy and M. Nandyal, Ministry of Petroleum & Minerals, Oman
SPE Members

Copyright 1991, Society of Petroleum Engineers. Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil Show held in Bahrain, 2-5 March 1991.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836 U.S.A., Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

Steam Soak considered as a precursor to

Steam Flood.
In view of a significant STOIIP (3000+
million m3 ) of medium/heavy oil (less The Hot Water Injection Test performed in the
than 31 a API), EOR development in Oman unusual oil-wet fractured carbonate reservoir
has been and remains a major strategic in Qarn Alam, did not provide the predicted
option in its challenge to increase wettability reversal for field-wide
recovery and to meet long term production application. Processes to accelerate gas-oil
requirements. gravity drainage mechanism in this reservoir
are currently being evaluated.
The initial EOR Development Programme
(1980-89) of which results are highlighted The initial programme has provided the
in this paper was based on a series of nec.ssary operating/technical knowledge to
pilots and tests to gain experience and enable new projects to be better defined.
reduce uncertainties prior to embarking on Thus, an overview of future EOR scope taking
wider EaR application. The processes into consideration the current oil economic
tested included Steam and Polymer Flooding climate is developed and presented.
in the Marmul field, Steam Soak in five
South Oman heavy oil fields and Hot Water
Injection in the Qarn Alam field. A wide
range of reserVOir types, oil For Oman, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EaR)
characteristics and reservoir drive remains a major strategic option in its
mechanisms have been covered in this test challange to increase recovery and to
progri:imme. meet long term production requirements.
Substantial efforts have been directed at
Results on Polymer Flooding and Steam Soak investigating cost-effective ways in
were rather encouraging and presently which production levels from existing
small-scale follow-up projects are being fields can both be sustained and
pursued in the Marmul and Amal (Eastern increased. In view of the large STOIIP
High) fields respectively. (3000+ million m~) of medium/heavy oil
(15-31° API), particularly in the
Due to geological complexities and South Oman fields, 8JR activity has been
reservoir heterogeneities in the Al Khlata ongoing since the early 1980·s. The
sands of the Marmul field pilot area. initial progra~me which was completed in
Steam Flood performance was rather poor and 1989 has led to significant progress in
performance extrapolation to other terms of both experience gained and
reservoirs is difficult. However, scope reduction in technical and cost
exists for those fields with thick, well uncertainties. This has led to an overall
connected homogeneous sands, with improvement in the definition of new
py"oiects.

References and illustrations at end of This paper is intended to give an update

paper.

599
2 STATUS AND SCOPE FOR EOR DEVELOPMENT IN OMAN SPE 21lf07

of the highlights of the initial EOR

Development Programme results and
present an overview of the future EOR The Marmul field which came on stream in
Scope based on the knowledge gained and 1980 has a stock tank oil initially in
taking into account the current oil place ISTOIIP) of 390 million m~ of
economic climate. which 60% is contained in the Al Khlata,
23% in the Gharif and 17% in the Haima
2. RESERVOIR AND FLUID PROPERTIES formations.

The heavy oil reservoirs in South Oman The Steam Flood process was pilot tested
(Fig. 1, Table 1) are mainly found in in the Marmul Al Khlata during 1985-89.
the Gharif, Al Khlata and Haima The surface facilities design and
formations, which occur at depths in construction for this project were
the range of 800 to 1300 m le.g. described in detail in a paper by
Marmul, Fig. 2). The formations were Haines 1 and are not covered in this
deposited under various depositional paper. The reservoir engineering design
environments; aeolian, braided stream, and initial performance of the Steam
glacial, fluvial and alluvial. Flood Pilot was reviewed in a paper by
Porosities, hydrocarbon saturations and Boutkan 2 and only the highlights are
net-to-gross ratios are in the range of given in this paper.
0.15 to 0.35, 0.70 to 0.80 and 0.70 to
0.95 respectively. Connectivity and The Pilot consisted of four inverted five
continuity range from poor to good. The spot patterns with 212 m producer -
oil densities range from 860 to producer spacing located near the crest
970 kg/m~ (15-31° API) whereas. of the field in the central valley (Fig.
viscosities are in the range of 10 to 3). The central valley sands were
5000 mPa.s. under reservoir conditions percieved to represent 60 to 70% of the
Ica 45-55-C and 9000-13000 kPa). total Al Khlata STOIIP; however, now they
are believed to be representative of only
3. THE INITIAL EOR PROGRAMME 38% of the Al Khlata STOIIP. Planning and
design for this project took place during
3.1 Objectives 1980-84, prior to understanding of full
complexity and diversity of the Al Khlata
The initial EOR Development Programme reservoir geology and with very limited
carried out by Petroleum Development primary production data.
Oman (PDO) consisted of Steam and
Polymer Flood Pilots in the Marmul The Al Khlata reservoir is geologically
field, Steam Soak Tests in five South divided into four producing units (Zone I
Oman heavy oil fields and a Hot Water to IV, Fig. 4). Based on limited
Injection Test in the Qarn Alam field petrophysical data in the original
in Central Oman. This programme was planning, all four zones were to be
undertaken against a background of high flooded with injectors completed at the
oil prices in the early 1980's and with top and producers at the bottom (Fig 4).
expectation of a limited contribution However, when more wells were drilled,
from discoveries to maintain longer the areal variations of the Al Khlata
term production requirements. The were recognised and the barrier between
objectives of the programme were to: Zones II and III was confirmed. Zone III
sands proved to be of poorest quality,
develop the technology and whereas, Zone I and II sands were of
understanding of the various inferior quality to Zone IV. It was then
types of EOR processes; decided to complete producers in most of
Zone IV with some at the lower part of
test the processes and gain Zone III.
experience under specific fieldl
reservoir conditions to enable Vertical flow in Zone III was expected to
direct extrapolation to predict be dominated by the baffle system of
the performance of future shales and diamictites. Using an
large-scale projects; estimated vertical permeability in the
range 0.005 to 0.04 fA-m 2 , -flow through a
enable identification and ranking baffle network of barriers was modelled
of the most attractive EOR probabilistically, which, indicated that
projects and quantify the steam zone could rise at 1 to 8 m/yr.
magnitude of EOR Scope; Based on this possibility, further
simulation work upon which the pilot
gain operating experience design was modified, required steam zone
including assessment of actual rise from Zone IV into Zone III.
operating costs to enable
optimisation in future designing I
planning of EOR projects.

600
SPE 21407 M.S. AL-ADAWY & N. MADHAVA 3
As designed, steam was injected into deposition.
the bottom of the Al Khlata lone IV
(Fig. 4).However, due to the now As there were no further objectives to be
perceived low vertical permeability resolved, steam injection was terminated
(0.0001- 0.01 I-lm"") in lone III and in Dec.'89. However, the pilot-follow-up
poorer quality sands in lone IV, the entailed commencement of Cold Water
steam zone rise was very slow and thus Injection for voidage replacement and the
the steam zone was largely confined to steam injectors were converted into water
lone IV sands. Based upon estimated injectors. Thus, the water treatment
flow rates of water from injectors to facilities of the original steam plant
producers, the calculated heat are being utilized although the remaining
breakthrough times and the measured parts like steam boilers of the steam
temperature profiles in observation plant were mothballed.
wells, the steam zone had presumably
not risen more than 3 to 5 m above the Even though the Steam Flood Pilot has not
injection interval~. Horizontally, it led to another identifiable project in
extended about 100 m from injectors the near future, much has been learnt
towards producers. Originally a about how to plan, implement and operate
significantly greater rise had been a thermal project. Valuable field
expected such that the lone III sands experience was gained and many facilities
above could be swept. This low vertical performed to the requirements. However,
permeability together with the since the reservoirs requiring Steam
anisotropic horizontal permeability led Flooding in Oman are deep and have
to poor sweep efficiency resulting in a high reservoir pressures, typical Steam
low estimate of achievable Ultimate Flood conditions require producers to
Recovery - about half that of mature operate for many years at flowing bottom
Steam Flood Projects in the U.S.A. hole temperatures in the order of
Typical ultimate cumulative 2BO-C, with adjustable gross rates to
oil-to-steam ratio obtained by extra- prevent steam coning. As most of the
polation of instantaneous oil-to-steam reservoirs in the world where this
ratio (Table 2), however, indicated process is being applied are shallower
that thermal efficiency of the pilot and have lower pressures, Oman was at the
was satisfactory, despite the high forefront of technological application.
reservoir pressure (Fig. 5). Although most of the problems with well
completions and production facilities
Direct pilot performance extrapolation were solved, the producer/steam injector
from the anisotropic central valley Al design and operation have not been proven
Khlata sands to other fields or even to with respect to mechanical integrity,
other locations within the Al Khlata gross rate control, mitigating scale
was difficult. Nevertheless, in all of formation and prevention of steam coning.
the Al Khlata, Steam Flooding was
considered either unattractive or less 3.3 Polymer Flooding
attractive than Polymer Flooding
(Section 3.3). However, indirect The Marmul Al Khlata formation was also
inference of performance showed that in considered a good candidate for testing
some homogenous well connected the application of Polymer Flooding.
reservoirs, Steam Flooding was Hence, a Polymer Flood Pre-Pilot
potentially much more attractive. consisting of an unconfined 5-spot on a
200 m spacing was initiated in 1986.
Steam injection continued till the end
of 1989 for gathering additional An area with relatively simple geology on
necessary information on pilot the South-eastern flank (Fig. 3) was
objectives viz. oil productivity selected. Unlike the central valley
improvement under various hot well sands, the target Zone II Al Khlata sand
temperatures, controlling hot well is a fairly homogeneous sandpack.
after steam breakthrough etc.
The full evaluation of the pilot is
Steam breakthrough in a central well of detailed in,a paper by Koning and
the pilot area was observed in Mentzer 4 and only a brief summary of
October-November 1989. At lBO-C, well results is highlighted herewith.
productivity and well-head temperature
(WHT) increased rapidly. But, In general, the objectives of the pilot
subsequently, when the WHT rose further were achieved and the test was considered
to 190-C, the production rate very successful. Polymer Injection
suddenly dropped with a corresponding resulted in a sharp increase in oil-cut
decrease in well-head temperature. This in all four producers and polymer
was attributed to the formation of degradation was insignficant. A pattern
carbonate scale inside the tubing after Polymer Flood in the pilot region offered
the steam breakthrough. Currently, scope for increasing Ul tima,te Recovery
research is ongoing to identify the in the order of 25 to 351. of STOIIP
parameters that influence the scale

601
 STATUS AND SCOPE FOR EDR DEVELOPMENT IN OMAN SPE 21407

compared to primary production with 3.5 Hot Water Injection

aquifer support. This was based on a
satisfactory history match of the oil- The Qarn Alam field (Fig. 6) has been on
cut response and of polymer production production since 1975. Relatively heavy
obtained by numerical simulations to- oil (density 956 kg/m~, viscosity
gether with the analytcial 220 mPa.s) is produced from an
calculations. extensively fractured oil-wet carbonate
(Shuaiba/Kharaib) reservoir with a strong
Due to favourable reservoir and fluid aqUifer support. Early performance
properties (high permeability, fairly indicated a rapid rise of oil-water
high oil viscosity, moderate reservoiF contact in the high permeability fissure
temperature, low salinity formation and system with corresponding sharp increases
injection water), the Al Khlata was in the producing water-cut and a concern
considered suitable for Polymer of leaving the low permeability matrix
Flooding. Consequently, a Pilot blocks virtually unswept CFig. 6). Given
Extension Project in an unconfined the early performance, the large STOIIP
5-spot on the original 600 m Marmul (221 million m~) and the rather high
well spacing was started end-1989. This oil viscosity, research effort was put
project is expected to continue for during 1977-1980 to carry out feasibilty
five years as an intermediate step to studies 6 • 7 of various thermal methods
gain further information, particularly, such as In-situ Combustion, Steam
on the polymer stability and on Injection and Hot Water Injection for
possible cost reduction by polymer improving the recovery from Qarn Alam.
grading prior to a full scale project. Based on a balance between extra oil
Scouting Simulation Studies of the reward, technical viability and
Polymer Pilot Extension have predicted preliminary economic ranking, Hot Water
very encouraging results with sweep Injection was favoured for pilot testing.
efficiency of the same order as in the
pre-pilot test. Consequently, a single-well Hot Water
Injection Test was carried out during
:::;.4 Steam Soak 1985-1987. Based on very encouraging
laboratory results the Hot Water
Two Steam Soak Projects, one using Injection process was expected to enhance
mobile facilities in four fields (Amal, oil recovery in three ways: Ca) reducing
Mukhaizna, Nimr and Rahab) and the oil viscosity and thereby accelerating
other using the steam plant in the the gravity drainage rate, Cb) activating
Marmul field were undertaken during water imbibition as a displacement
1986-1988. The chosen candidate wells mechanism for oil from the matrix by
included various reservoir drive possibly changing the rock wettability
mechanisms viz. depletion, edge and and (c) thermally expanding the oil.
bottom water, the main sand-body types
of Gharif, Al Khlata and Haima and the The test results were rather
range of oil viscosities from 80 to discouraging w • The predicted
4500 mPa.s. wettability reversals by capillary
imbibition at elevated temperature were
Field performance and understanding of not observed. Any wettability changes
the Steam Soak Process in South Oman were masked by saturation changes due to
reservoirs have been described in viscous flooding, which occurred as a
detail in a paper by Rice e . In result of the less intensely fractured
summary, Steam Soak operations were reservoir around the test well. However,
successful and oil production under matrix water flooding was accelerated and
certain conditions was significantly a significant decrease in oil saturation
accelerated. Average stimulated to 46% was measured across the perforated
production rate twice that prior to interval, which if achievable on field
stimulation was achieved (Table 3). scale would represent a major increase in
However, acceleration was less marked recovery efficiency.
in wells where reservoir energy was
limited (limited pressure support) or Thermally CSteam) Assisted Gas-Oil
which had water-cut in excess of 30% Gravity Drainage at present is considered
(strong edge water influx/bottom water more attractive than Hot Water Injection.
coning). At water-cuts in excess of Furthermore, the potential benefits of
50%, no increase in oil production was Hot Water Injection can be improved with
observed e.g. Nimr. The improved higher heat efficiency and displatement
understanding of the process enabled stability of steam.
identification of the most important
factors influencing performance and 3.6 REVIEW OF THERMAL CASING DESIGN
aided in optimization of the process AND WELL COMPLETIONS
and field operations. Based on these
results, a small-scale nine well Steam In the initial EOR programme, thermal
Soak Project in the Amal field is wells were cased with 9.5/8" L-80-VAM and
planned for 1991.

602
SPE 211f07 M.S. AL-ADAWY & N. MADHAVA 5

cemented with Class 'G' cement blended review, which included laboratory tests,
with 40% silica flour. Most of them torture tests with thermal cycles of
were completed with gravel packs. In different cycle times etc., alternative
Marmul, due to gas availability, a materials and geometries were tried on
simpler and more reliable gas S8MS and finally the Inconel S8MS with
blanketing system was selected to cladding inside the tubing hanger neck
provide annUlar protection. This system was selected for application in Amal
has operated satisfactorily to-date. In Eastern High Steam Soak Project 11.
most of the wells a packer type
completion with insulated tubing and a Although the economic environment is not
downhole expansion joint was run. yet conducive to carry out any major
Thermal Project till the next decade, in
Failure of a few wells in the Pilot major fields where there is possible
Steam Flood Project in Marmul and loss future thermal application, the invest-
of annular seal integrity in the steam ments are made in completing the wells
soak wells prompted a review of Thermal with thermal casing. The additional
Completions. This review resulted in a expenditure for a thermal well is about
simplified steam soak completion which $ 50,000-60,000/well for casing, cement,
has currently been adopted for Amal well-head and gravel pack equipment. This
Eastern High Steam Soak Project~. practice is, however, currently being
revielo'Jed.
The main areas that were addressed
during the review were la) Well Design 4. MEDIUM TERM EOR SCOPE AND ACTIVITY
lb) Well-heads and X'Mas tree and lc)
Completion Design. 4.1 Development Strategy

a. The initial Thermal Well standard In view of limited expectation of both

of 9.5/8"- L-80-VAM casing was lower cost conventional reserves and the
replaced with a more reliable and contribution from future discoveries
cost effective K-55 - 9.5/8" Oman's Long Term Production Forecast
casing. indicate a requirement for 10000 to
15000 m~/d of EOR Scope Oil by the year
Based on stress evaluations and 2010. Polymer augmented water floods.
maximum temperature explosure Steam Soaks and Steam Floods have been
1300 0 C) I this was found to be identified as the most promising EOR
suitable for use upto 1250 m10 • processes. particularly, for the South
Oman heavy oil fields. Over 80% of EOR
Current practice to cement the Scope Oil is related to eithe~ Thermal
production casing to surface will or Polymer processes 12 IFig. 7). The
be continued to give the casing techniques have been field tested with
the necessary support against favourable results during the initial
buckling and to provide programme ISection 3.0). With the
temperature resistance. successful completion of this programme
and the current oil business climate, the
b. At various stages of implemen- challenge for future EOR development
tation of thermal projects, the gives enough confidence to retain EOR
well-head configuration had been development as a major strategic option
modified. The initially adopted at the same time satisfying the short
moving well-head concept was sub- term needs to produce low cost oil.
sequently eliminated due to
observed casing growth in a few The baSic strategy adopted for the
steam injectors. Presently a development of EOR Scope Reserves
fixed thermal well-head and X'Mas involves an incremental expansion of
tree will be installed in the projects from pilot scale to full field
Amal Steam Soak Pilot Project. development. This strategy ensures that
process understanding, reservoir
c. TUbing insulation by gas definition and reservoir specific
blanketing will be continUed. implementation guidelines are developed
in a timely fashion While minimizing
During the steam Soak operations, capital exposure and technical risk.
leakage of SBMS IStraight Bore Metal
Seal) was also observed. Typical 4 . ..::.
'" Activi ty Plan
exposure conditions encountered during
these operations were 70~100% steam Extensive technical screening
quality at 12,500-16,500 kPa lupto studies12.1~ based on stringent
355 6 C). Differential heating, screening criteria with cost and economic
permanent deformation and corrosion indicators, have identified high ranking
were found to be the main Causes for EOR targets which, in the short term,
these seal failures, offer potential for undertaking
small-scale commercially attractive EOR
After conducting a detailed design projects. These projects are crucial for

603
6 STATUS AND SCOPE FOR EOR DEVELOPMENT IN OMAN SPE 21'107

firming-up Long Term EOR Development to to the main oil line. Additionally, in
meet the required production levels. one of the wells in the Amal Eastern High
Steam Soak Project, Electromagnetic
The short/medium term (1990-2010) EOR heating of the reservoir will be tried in
Scope is some 112 million m~ purely place of Steam Injection.
from Thermal and Polymer processes. The
target fields (Table 4) are Marmul (28 4.2.3 Thermally Assisted Gas-Oil Gravity
million m~), Qarn Alam (40 Drainage
million m~), Amal Eastern High (11
million m~) and Mukhaizna The carbonate reservoir in the Qarn Alam
(33 million m~). field is oil-wet and is densely
fractured. Extensive studies e , 1 4 have
4.2.1 Polymer Flooding shown that the only process likely to
accelerate net oil production and
Pending successful completion of the significantly improve Ultimate Recovery
Marmul Al Khlata Polymer Pilot in this reservoir is promotion of Gas-oil
Extension Project, which is expected to Gravity Drainage. Development of Cold
last for five years (1989-1994), the Gas-oil Gravity Drainage has a potential
large-scale Polymer Flooding Phase I to increase Ultimate Recovery by some
in this reservoir is notionally planned 7 million m~ (3% STOIIP). This
for 1995 (Fig 8). The Unit Technical process, however, depends on proving the
Cost for this project is estimated to feasibility of reservoir pressure
be $ 7-8/bbl. Studies are underway to depletion by aquifer depressurization.
resolve the polymer supply options of Some 20,000 m~/d off-take from the
either onsite polymerisation or aquifer would be required to deplete the
purchase of ready made polymer. reservoir and lower the gas-oil contact
(GOC) to the original oil-water contact
Meanwhile, a Water Injection scheme to (OOWC) thereby promoting solution gas
arrest the declining reservoir pressure drive and gas-oil gravity drainage over
in the Al Khlata is planned to start in the entire oil column.
1991. As a pre-cursor to Polymer
Flooding, the Water Injection Project Further potential exists to increase
results will significantly reduce recovery to approximately 40 million m~
geological uncertainties concerning by a process of thermally assisted (Steam
water flood movement and expected flood Injection) gas-oil gravity drainage. It
performance. Hence, it will be possible is expected that by heating the reservoir
to have a better definition of the the oil viscosity will drop thereby
merits of the large-scale Polymer increasing the gravity drainage rate.
Flood. Furthermore, elevated temperatures may
result in a wettability change hence,
4.2.2 Steam Soak promoting water-oil imbibition in the hot
steam condensate zone.
Based on the successful results of the
Steam Soak Pilot Tests mentioned in As a precursor to field implementation of
Section 3.4, Amal Eastern High and both Cold and Thermally Enhanced Gas-oil
Mukhaizna (Figs. 1, 9 and 10) are the Gravity Drainage a Cold Gas-oil Gravity
highest ranked fields in South Oman Drainage Pilot Test is planned to start
for development using Steam Soak and in 1993. The project consists of seven
later conversion to Steam Flood. aquifer producers at an estimated offtake
rate of 10,000 m3 /d. The reservoir
The Steam Soak to be initiated in the pressure is predicted to drop by 880 kPa
early 1990's is envisaged to take 7-10 (Fig. II) and the GOC to be lowered by
years and conversion to Steam Flood in 35 m, exposing some 25 million m3
the early 2000·s. STOIIP to gas-oil gravity drainage,
resulting in an oil rim build-up of
Due to the availability of production approximately 10 m/yr. The GOC and oil
facilities an"d infrastructure, Amal rim build-up would be monitored using
Eastern High is currently economically gradiomanometer surveys in open hole. The
more attractive than Mukhaizna. A nine oil rim producers are notionally planned
well Steam Soak Project (Fig. 9) which to be drilled in 1995.
has a Unit Technical Cost of around
$ 7/bbl is planned for start-up in 4.2.4 Steam FloQding
early 1991. A similar strategic project
is foreseen for Mukhaizna in 1995. In the short term (1990-1995) there is no
However, due to the remoteness of the Steam Flood Project envisaged. Potential
field the Unit Technical Cost could exists to Steam Flood the Marmul
potentially be in the order of Northern-Rim Gharif Reservoir in the late
$ 15-20/bbl. Furthermore, studies are 1990's (Fig. 8). This project would
ongoing to investigate the most suit- require crestal Steam Injection and
able/economic technique of transporting aquifer production. The merits of this
this heavy crude from Mukhaizna field type of a project in a reservoir which

604
 SPE 21401 M.B. AL-ADAWV & N. MADHAVA 1

would most likely be p~oducing at Indi~ect infe~ences of performance

wate~-cuts above 90% would have to be showed that scope exists to Steam
~e-assessed. Flood some homogenous well
connected ~ese~voi~s.
Steam Flood P~ojects following Steam
Soak P~ojects in Amal Easte~n High and Polyme~ Injection in the Al Khlata
Mukhaizna a~e envisaged fo~ the ea~ly ~esulted in a sha~p inc~ease in
2000's (Fig. 8). oil-cut in all pilot producers.
Polyme~ deg~adation was
LONG TERM EOR SCOPE insign i f icant.

Long Te~m EOR Scope is some 257 million A patte~n Polyme~ Flood in the
m~ of which 85% is f~om pilot ~egion offe~ed scope fo~
The~mal/Polyme~ application and 15% inc~easing Ultimate Recove~y in the
f~om miscible ca~bon dioxide flooding o~de~ of 25 to 35% of STOIIP
and dilute su~factant flooding compa~ed to p~ima~y p~oduction with
(Fig. 7). In pa~ticula~, The~mal aquife~ suppo~t. Based on the
Recove~y alone cont~ibutes successful results, a Polyme~ Pilot
app~oximately 72% of the total EOR Extension P~oject was undertaken in
Scope indicating the impo~tance of the 1989 and is expected to continue
p~ocess in imp~oving ~ecove~y fo~ five yea~s. La~ge-scale Polymer
specifically in the South Oman fields. Flooding Phase I is notionally
planned to sta~t in 1995.
Miscible dioxide flooding
ca~bon
p~ovides the only p~ospec:tive EOR Steam Soak ope~ations we~e
p~ocess fo~ the light oils in the la~ge successful and unde~ favqu~able
Shuaiba ~ese~voi~s in No~th Oman. conditions oil production was
Howeve~, this EOR p~ocess is cur~ently significantly accele~ated.
uneconomical (estimated Unit Technical Accele~atiqn was less ma~ked in
Cost $ 30-60/bbl) due to lack of a Steam Soak wells whe~e reservoir
cheap sou~ce of ca~bon dioxide. energy was limited o~ which had
P~ovision of such ~esou~ces, howeve~, wate~-cut in excess of 30%. At
constitutes a majo~ ta~get fo~ both wate~-cuts in excess of 50% no
explo~ation and ~esea~ch functions. inc~ease in oil production was
obse~ved.
Dilute Su~factant Flooding (DSF) has
been sc~eened as p~ospective fo~ some Based on the successful test
Gha~if ~ese~voi~s, but implementation results, Amal Easte~n High and
of this technique appea~s limited as a Mukhaizna have been identified as
result of both ~eservoir cont~aints and the highest ~anked fields fo~
process costs. Scope for DSF needs to development using Steam Soak and
be re-assessed once several candidate late~ conversion to Steam Flood. A
fields have matured sufficiently to small-scale nine-well Steam Soak
determine the potential recovery P~oject in Amal is planned fo~
bene·fits. 1991, whereas, a simila~ p~Dject is
envisaged for Mukhaizna in 1995.
6. SUi'1MqF:Y AND CONCL.US I ONS_
L.arge-scale Steam Soak/conversion
The objectives of the Initial EOR to Steam Flood is foreseen for the
Development Programme were basically early 2000's.
achieved. The~mal efficiency of the
Steam Flood Pilot was satisfacto~y The Hot Water Injection Test in
despite the high reservoir pressure. Qarn Alam did not provide the
Valuable field expe~ience has been predicted wettability reve~sal at
gained on how to plan, implement and elevated temperature fo~ field-wide
operate a Thermal P~oject. application. At p~esent The~mally
Assisted Gas-Oil Gravity Drainage
Low vertical permeability and process is considered mo~e
anisotropic horizontal permeability in att~active fo~ Qarn Alam. Thus, as
the Al Khlata led to poo~ sweep a precu~sor of both Cold and
efficiency of the Steam Flood and hence Thermally Enhanced Gas-Oil G~avity
low achievable Ultimate Recovery. Due Drainage, a Cold Gas-Oil G~avity
to the anisotropic nature of the Al Drainage Pilot Test is planned to
Khlata, Steam Flooding is considered start in 199~:::.
either unattractive or less attractive
than Polyme~ Flooding. Thermal and Polyme~ applications
are most important p~ocesses fo~
Most problems with well completions and recovery of the Long Te~m EOR Scope
production facilities were solved, Oil, especially for the South Oman
though as yet there is no proven design heavy oil fields.
for producers to operate at 280 a C
under steam coning conditions.
605
o STATUS AND SCOPE FOR EOR DEVELOPMENT IN OMAN

Although miscible carbon dioxide 9. Zijlker, V.A., Completion Design of

flooding provides the only prospective Amal Eastern High Steam Soak Wells;
EOR process for the light oil fields in unpublished report of POD LLC.,
North Oman, it is uneconomical due to Dec., 1988.
lack of a cheap carbon dioxide source.
Application of Dilute Surfactant 10. Zijlker, V.A., Review of Thermal
Flooding ".. ppeal~s 1 imi ted as a r"esul t o·f Casing Design in POD - Past,
both reservoir constraints and process Present and Future, unpUblished
costs. report of POD LLC., Apr.,1989.

{·lCK!'.IOl»LEDGEMENTS 11. Zijlker, V.A., Vanderweide, H.,

Thermal Well Design - S8MS Seal
The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Project, unpublished report of POD
Petroleum and Minerals (MPMI of Sultanate LLC., Nov., 1989.
of Oman for permission to publish this
paper. We wish to thank our colleagues at 12 .. Hadjitofi, M., van de Vijver, W.,
MPM for their stimulating discussions and and Steed, I.C., Medium Term EOR
useful suggestions during the preparation Scope and Activity, unpublished
of the paper. Also we wish very much to report of PDO LLC., March 1988.
thank those many individuals in POD and the
Shell Organization in The Hague (SIPM and 13. Hadijitofi, M. Development of
KSEPL) whose efforts have led to our Enhanced Oil Recovery in PDO: A
understanding of the South Oman heavy oil review of strategy and plans,
fields. The information in this paper was unpublished report of PDO LLC.,
developed from many reports and many January 1989.
discussions with our fellow professionals
in these organizations. The names and 14. Hadjitofi, M., The Qarn Alam Field;
reports are too numerous to mention Field Performance Review and
individually. Development Scheme to Exploit
(Cold) Gas-Oil Gravity Drainage,
REFERENCES Part 1 and Part 2, unpublished
reports of PDO LLC., September
1. Haines, M.R., The design and 1988.
construction of a Pilot Steamdrive
Project for Recovery of Heavy Oil in a
Remote Desert Environment, SPE 13720,
presented in Bahrain, March 1985.
*************
2. Boutkan, V.K., Design and Initial
Performance of a Steam Flood Pilot in
the Marmul Field, Oman, SPE 15735
presented in Bahrain, March 1987.

3. Rice, S.A., The Marmul Steam Pilot: A

performance Review and Interpretation,
Unpublished report of Petroleum
Development Oman (PDO), LLC, May 1989.

4. Koning, E.J.L. and Mentzer, E.,

Evaluation of a Pilot Polymer Flood in
the Marmul Field, Oman, SPE 18092
presented in Houston, TX, October 1988.

5. Rice, S.A., Steam Soak Performance in

South Oman, SPE 18004 presented in
Bahrain March 1989.

6. Improved recovery in Qarn Alam Field,

Oman, Progress reports 1-10 and Summary
Report, unpublished KSEPL Reports
EP-48358-1 to EP-48358-11, April 1977 -
July 1980

7. Allahwala, S.A., Qarn Alam Field: A

Review of Production Performance and
Methods for Enhancing Oil Recovery,
unpublished report of POD LLC.,
September 1982.

8. Maas, J.G., Scope for EOR in Qarn Alam

Field, unpublished report of PDO LLC.,
August 1987.
606
SPE 21LJ07 M.S. AL-ADAWY (;. N. MADHAVA [ADDENDUM] 9

4. MEDIUM TERM EOR SCOPE AND ACTIVITY 4.2.3 Thermally Assisted Gas-Oil Gravity
Drainage
4.1 General Remarks
Recent work on the promotion of Gas Oil
Based on a recently updated EOR Gravity Drainage (GOGO) in the Qarn Alam
strategy review in Oman, Polymer and Field has been focused on choosing
Thermal processes remain as the most between the implementation of "Cold"
promising EOR processes, particularly GOGO by Aquifer Pump-off and "Hot" GOGO
for the South Oman heavy oil fields by Crestal Steam Injection. It is now
(Fig. 1>' believed that, while both routes result
in similar field life UTCs, the "Hot"
In terms of development costs, Polymer route will lead to both lower cash-out
Flooding and Thermally Assisted Gas Oil prior to process proving and less
Gravity Drainage give fairly attractive ambiguous interpretation of production
Unit Techical Costs (UTC's $ 7-11 and performance.
$ 5-12/bbl respectively) which make
large scale projects of these processes It is envisaged that the development of
compete favourably with some GOGO in Qarn Alam can be divided into
conventional projects in the three phases. Phase I development will
short-medium term. On the other hand, be a Thermal Pilot Test planned to start
although, Steam Soak is estimated to in 1993. The project consists of two
have UTC's of $ 10-15/bbl and appears steam injectors at the crest of the
reasonable for the early/mid 2000's field into the existing gas cap at a
Steam Flooding UTCs are potentially total Steam Injection rate of some
$ 15-30/bbl, thus making conversion of 1000 tid. This project is intended to
large-scale Steam Soak to Steam investigate the effectiveness of steam
Flooding unfavourable within the next on enhancement of GOGO in the present
twenty years under the current oil gas cap. Monitoring of the thickening of
price scenario. the oil rim and the response of
neighbouring producers will enable
4.2.2 Steam Soak evaluation of the process. The project
is expected to last for two to three
The 9-well Steam Soak Project in Amal years. Concurrently, other studies such
Eastern High (Fig. 9) has been as 3-D Seismic, Reservoir Geological
commissioned and running. However, a Studies, 3-D Reservoir Simulation, Core
similar strategic project for Mukhaizna Studies, Aquifer Pump-off Trials etc.
(Fig. 10) previously foreseen for 1995 will be carried out. If results of this
appears unattractive based on the trial are found encouraging then, the
current economic evaluation. In general project is planned to be extended to
thermal development costs for Mukhaizna Phase II.
appear prohibitive for the medium and
possibly, long term. Nevertheless, for Phase II project will most likely be an
this large STOIIP (265 million m3) expansion of Steam Injection to a
there is strong incentive to capacity of some 5000 tid complemented
concentrate on Primary Development by aquifer pump-off from several aquifer
options which appear to be feasible at producers at a total rate of 20000 m3/d.
UTCs between $ 6 and $ 12/bbl. This will enable lowering of the
However, considering the large size of fracture gas-oil contact by some 105 m
the field and the scarcity of well data exposing a larger part of the STOIIP to
there is a considerable amount of GOGO. The GOC and oil rim build-up will
uncertainty concerning reservoir be monitored using gradiomanometer.
development/ continuity, STOIIP
estimation, pore compressibility and Based on the successes of both Phase
reservoir drive mechanism which govern and Phase II projects, the Phase III
well/reservoir performance. project will implement the full-field
Furthermore, reduction on drilling large-scale GOGO to recover the Long
costs will be key to any future Term EOR Scope Oil.
development.

On this basis, it is now considered

appropriate to initially carry out a
programme of further appraisal
addressing long term well productivity,
pore compressibility, drilling costs
and alternative thermal methods such as
electromagnetic heating. And only when
sufficient critical data becomes
available, can the EOR prospectivity in
Mukhaizna be reviewed.

607
 TAILE 1

AESERVlIIR RND OIL CHRRACTERISTICS Of

FIELDS IN DIIRN NHERE EDR PROJECTS HAY!: lEER CRRRIED OUT

:--------------- :---------------: ----------- :--------------- :---------- :----~---- :------ :---- ----- :------ :--..-------: -------- :---------: -------- :--------: ---------:
EOR FIELD: FORNATION : AESERYOIR iRESERYOIR i Pi : Tm: ,t : Soi: k : Hn.t : ('.. : 14.....: ,..., ~~: Rsi
PROCESS TYPE : DEPTH kP. :o.g. Ci I : I U.'2 i kg/.'3 : .P••s : .P••s : .'3/.'3 :

:STEAN FLOOD iNARlIIIL iRL KHLATA :SAND STONE 610: 9310 i 46 i 25-35 170-80: O.H.O I 30-85: 9201221: 80-110: 45-90: 22.0:
: :: : : : :
:===============: =1:==:1=========: ===::Ul:lllll:::===: ============= :==========: =======;::: :=:====: =========:===r:== :11========= :======.:: 1:===:1::11==== :========= : *:lll::===ll:IUl: : ==1:=======
I ' " t I ,
t I I I " I

:POLYNER FLOOD I"ARNUL :AL KHLATA iSAND STONE 610 i 9310: 46: 30: 10: 15: 15-20: 9201221 i 80-110: 45-90: 22.0:
,, ,,
:::illJ::IIZ=====:Z=== ::r.I::U:lI:=a:z==== :=========_: =====z==c====== :=========:========= : ======:=="'1:==1:== :==== : =======,._ :::::::::::::: :========== :.='*=~==== :========= :=In:::=:z=== :
: : : : : l
ISTEAK SOAK iA"AL E. HIGH IGHRRIF :SAND STDtlE moo I 52 I 30 i 80 i 7i 16 i 9601161 3500 : 1.0 :
iHAINA I 900-1200 i !l010 : 55 : 25 I 95 : 3: 150 : 9651151 1500 : 1.0 I

iNINR IAL KHLATA : 700-1000 : 10290 : 51 25 : 70 : 2: 31 : 9271211 : 600 : 200-300 : 0.6 :

: lHAIKA i 700-1000 : 10290 : 51 30 : 70 : I : 77: 9271211 : 600 i 200-300 i 0.6 i

:"UKHAIINA :GHRRIF 700 : 9600 I 50 : 30 i 70 : 7 i 14 : 967ll5) : 1717 : 1520 i 4.0 :

:RAHAl iGHARIF 610 : 9240 : 46 i 30 i 70 i 3i 8 : 9311101 : 600-900 : 0.7 :
iAL KHLATA 732 i 10428 i 48 i 30-35 170-80 : 1.5-6 : 15-20 i 921-938 : 1300 : 0.7 i
m-211 :
:NARNUL IAL KHLATA : 610 : 9310 : 46 i 25-35 :70-80 : 0.05-0.1 : 30-15 : 9201221 : 10-110 I 45-90 : 22.0 :
:===1:=======:11 :';1:===::==========: :11::==1111::&:===: =======:1:=•••== :========= :===::=;:=:z= :====== :========= :====== :==~======: ===_==== :========= :========11: ::1======== :========= :
I : : I : : :
IHDT NATER INJ. IOARN ALAN ISHUAIIAI iFRACTURED 335: 4110: 51: 25-30: 95: 0.01-500 I 53: 956116) : 220 : 205: 10.0:
iKHRRAII lUNESTDNE
==~.====::========s:===;:==:==:r.==============\1===========
===;:::=:::::===================2::=::==================:::===============:::====;;:=:::=======:I==============:===*:r.======

KEY

Pi : Initial Reservoir Pressure Hnet : Net Pay Thickness

Tns : Reservoir T!lperatun E>. : Oil Density
I : Porosity P_k$. : Insitu Oil Yisc~ity
Soi : Initial Oil Saturation
k : PerlRabi Ii ty P.~i P., ~ ~~:u~~:~O:~:~o~i :~~~~e Point Pressure

TABLE 2

STEAM FLOOD PROJECTS WORLDWIDE - CUMULATIVE OIL-TO-STEAM RATIO

AND RECOVERY @

PROJECT COSR INCREMENTAL UTC

RECOVERY
(7.> (S/BBL)

SOUTH BELRIDGE 0.25 70

MOUNT POSO 0.25 22 +

MIDWAY-SUNSET 0.50 70

PEACE RIVER 0.18 19

TIA JUANA 0.38 8 +

SCHOONEBEEK-450 0.70 12 +

GEORGSDORFF 0.30 10 +

MARMUL STEAM FLOOD * 0.26 + 0.02 20 + 10 15

NOTE: @ - FROM "RESERVOIR ENGINEERING SEMINAR ON THE DEVELOPMENT

OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS, SIPM, THE HAUGE, 12-16 NOV. '84".

*- TAKING PRIMARY RECOVERY TO BE 207. OF STOIIP.

608
 Table 3

sunwnary of steam 30ak' well perforntance

llELL CXCLE CUM -CUM SOAK CYcLE COLD PI CUM

NO. NO. S7EAM OIL DURATION DURATION RAU IMPROVED OSR

AL-15 1 696.9 69·f.7 5 202 12 0.29 1.00

2 1173.0 3884.0 4 232 ' 12 1.40 3.31
3 1552.5 1508.7 5 89 12 1 .. 41 0.97

AL-20 1 . 612.5 1196.1 8 113 -5 2.12' 1.95

2 1315.9 "1559.0 11 195 5 1.60 1.19
3 1394.0 2500.3 4 198 5 2.53 1. 79
- 4 1384.0 2911.1 9 218 5 2.67 2.10

AL-26 1 1468.7 2836.9 9 118 12 1.33 1.93

2
3
2103.7
2660.6
2626.7
3764.3 •
1
182
219
12
12
1.20
1.12
1.25
1.41

HKN-4 1 1330.0 2142.6 5 ., 120

i
1.76 1.~1

HM-188 1 3001.0 10151.9 9 340 30 1.00 3.38

MM-191 1 2910.0 21745.2 10 " 464 30 1.56 7.47

2 4168.0 2710.4 1 '2 30 1.46 0.65

HH-202 1 5730.0 3866.2 9 531 3 2.43 0.67

2 844.5 1456.2 5 199 3 2.44- 1. 72

~-203 1 3114 .0 4953.9 21 523 4 2.37 1.59

2 840.0 1110.9 2 ; 168 4 1.65 1.32

HH-207 1 1522.0 1635.5 3 324 4 1.26 1.07

NM-49 1 2697.0 6505.7 11 218 30 0.99 2.41

2 2722.0 10262.6 4 331 30 1.03 3.71

NM-53 1 2682.0 6270.4 5 205 45 0.68 2.34

-2 2844 .0 5751.7
• 308 45 0.41 2.02

RA-18 1 1683.2 1426.8 5 122 10 1.17 0.85

2 2114.3 5632.0 15 134 10 0.77 2.66

RA-19 1
2
4199.1
2949.2
9537.8
3179.• 2
3
4 -
510
321
11
11
1. 70
. 0.88
-- 2.21
1.08

RA-20 1 6183.0 51989 ~6 5 448 10 1.66 8.41

2 4748.0 18030.0 -8 351 10 0.73 3.80

TABLE 4

SHORT/MEDIUM TERM EOR ACTIVITIES - POLYlIER AND THERMAL

[ ----------------------------- :--------------- :---------------:--------------- :--------------------------------------------- :

: Discounh~d : Proiett SizE' :Possible Start: COllents
:Scoae Reserves: U'Pdate
: lIlillion 1"3: 1"3/d
:----------------------------- :--------------- : ---------------: --------------- :--------------------------------------------- :
:1. POLYNER FLOOD

"arlul Al Khlata 24 5000 IlargE' Scale Polyer Pbiil5e I pending

:succusful cO'Dlehon of PolYler Pilot
lEx tension Project started in 1'18'1.
lProiect !ntails a further 6 five-spot
:patterns.

:1. THERMAL RECOVERY

Garn Alai, Shuaiba 40 lPriurv Cold Gas-oil Gravity DrainaQe

:(based on pr!ssure depletion) by aquifer
lproduction with pOtential for therlally
[assisted gravity drainagl! bv crestal
lShal Injection

Aui Eastern Hiqh. Haila II 200 1991 llow CapeJl:-existing facilities, 9 Mells
Iss/sf I lSteal Soak Mith conversion to Steal
IFlood end 1990's.

tfukhaizna. Gharif Iss/sfl II 200 1995 lUncDnnected. An initial .contract· oaeration

lwith 'barebones' facilities, 9 Steam Soak
:Mells Mith trucking could potentially be
1< f 15/bbl. Conversion to Steal Flood
:and Steal Soak expansion late 1'1110's.

"arlul-Sharif Northern Rill 1000-2000 late ISteal Flood develo'Pllent in the Gharif
(sfl 1990'S lNorthern Rit. Initial develDPlent
lneeds to be revieMed.

:-----------------------------: ---------------: ---------------: ---------------:---------------------------------------------:

TOTAL 112
:----------------------------------------------.----------------------------------------------------------------------------:

609
 SPE 2 1 "0 1~
I
--1-
(
(
( • ,eo,..,••
( aMATAl-MILK

/ OHAlA_lrn
" Ta.. 'Dah~ •.__- ....-Ic..:slL"..Bii.A14

(
(
(
...,,....
KAIU"AI"AM

N.GHV~~"
(

j.
,'SAM~·.J.
1
'(
, (
I
(

--
I
(

--- --- -- --

/
/.-- .----------~
.
. 1 LEGEND
.
I
I • \2l!tG.", l,i'ld!
__, oil 'Pti>illnt'
_'_ GOI plp~i.ln~~ .
• Boolter Stollon

_01'.101
_.....-,
(~) l..~ . ~..';.. C~r
.
'\
(' KUIlIA MUftlA ISLANDS

......
' SA~ALAH
_. ..
.....- /'~
/'

F~g. 1 Central and South Oman Oil Fields

HI' SE

r--~------:---:--~--~_-:!-_....!!-_....!~_..!.-'-_..!.":"_...!....!._---~~....!L--T':~

Q o U"OI,nlt(lIItl"'IO

•
C\.""ST~(S

.1110.
If·::~
OIL .I:AaII'_
USllltvOII

F:'Y.'1 ,A/lfDS'OliU 0'

~ . , .ISI .....OI11

Fig·. 2 Marmul.Structural Cross Section

610
 PROOUCER PRODUCER PRODUCER

INJEiTOR 'NJYTOR

-
II I

II
--.-

- I
lJl

IV -
Original sleom flood plan. showing completion inlervols.

......
0)

,"OOUC!ft PROOUCU f1ROOUCEIt 'RODUe;ER P. . . . . . . PRODUCER

IN.liCTOfl INJECTOfI IN.lI:CTOfI INtliClQft

PRE-PILOT AREA m

o .!tClOVC1:1I
1~··. IV

A ..ne~'»I t~' 6~
.. ".:W":", ..
7:'

a t·
A
~.m / ' ,. PHASE I PHASE n
".J' ,..
~-

Modified steem flood pion wah steam rise inla zone UI ( Phose I 1
followed by re-completion of injeclion ( Phose II l

Fig. 3 Marmul Field Structure Map Showing Steam and Fig. 4 Marmul Steam Flood Completion
Polymer Pilot Areas Intervals
en
"'tJ
rt1

I'\)
....
~
Q
~
 S11!AU"""""
- GAOlS PRClDUCTOC
oJ
NET OIl.. JII'IJI:llJClDI
oJ

t
~
i
I
I~
I ..........
TOP .........

-
I' , , , I , , ! I , I , , ! I , J , , , I I , J I , , , , J , , , , ! , , , I , , , J , , , , , , 't I.....--l""
~'MAY" of A I OHO .. , ..... N'" of A JOM. of UU,M .... A' Oil' 0" 'WAM of.lAo, 0" 0 of' NAM .... "
1985 1986 1981 1989 SQtEMATIe PROCESS

"! zoo ec
HOT .,.,TEIl
··.r----~

al
~ Pressure Measurements In MM-76 !.-
I\) ;....~
<lIlaer4tlon WeI In St.... Plot Ar••
',' .t.
-.It........
!!I .m
"", ; m "

',~t
.L:::.
"l:'
:~~~::!
FIU<.... ...,

y.
"
,;: " :...·II:.•. ~ An<ClU ....
. tDllOO[ j.., i i 1\.'1,.1 '1!JI~'

....~~-- I nY~
'.'
~'t~~1f;&!-~TOfXowe
"r:;.,~,,:~ .• ~
}:-
.:.:tl'}..

£
J Fig. 6 Qarn Alam Hot Water Injection Test
(j)
"\J
rn
N

.. ....
.. .. -
5OOOt! , I , ! , , , ! , , , , , I , I , , ! , , , t , , , , , , , , ' , , ! , , , ' ! , , , , I , , , I ! , , , I
JFNAMJJAtONDJFNAMJJASOHOJ#MAMJJASOHDJFMANJJASOHDJ~MAWJJA

.... .s:-
O
Fig. 5 Marmul Steam Flood Pilot Performance
=-t
~;:-
 SPE 2 1 4071
EOR PROCESSES - 257 MILLION m3

Fig. 7 EaR Scope Oil Distribution

RESERVOIR PROJECT
FIELD lSCCIP£ MIL1JONnf PROCESS
RfSER'IEl TYPE

AL KlLATA I rP;OL~YI.IE~R~_-j~EX~T~ENS~I~ON~t-~aoo;'_f't/'~./.~'/~'/~.7=;;=;;:=n::p========~
(24) l: FULL FIELD - - -
POLYMER (PHASE 1) soo1f mJ/d P""7"i"/////J
GfiARIF (4) STEAM FLOOD b~[~MENT 2400-7200
STEAM SOAK SMALL SCALE UP TO ISO Ir'r'/////////////// //////J
gWEuS
AMAL EASTERN HAlMA (11)
HIGH
STEAM FLOOD FULL FIELD 1600-4800 lZ'Zzzt?//l///IIl1I2I

MUKHAIZNA
COLD GAS/OIL ,rrr,.,//////////////////////////,'///,'/)'// /.
GRAVITY DRAINAGE
QARN ALAM SHlJAIBA
(40)
Il~~~~tlf(STf no APPRAISAL 1000-3500 '//{/// //.
lJP TO 40000 2011

• WATER EQUIVALENT _________ • CONTINUITY TO BE MAINTAINED

BY fURTHER EXTENSIONS

Fig. B EaR Development Programme

613
 SPE 21 4071

B 6
f---+

!
I

Fig. g Amal Field Structural Map

614
 SPE 2 1 40 ~
}

~
....-
................. n: _"**"* .
. IB_e,

Fig. 10 Mukhaizna Field Structural Map

I
, . I
.~ <000
~ Hblcty P edlctJoJ • ImJtdG~.. oN Iak.
I
x :'0,... _
~ 4QlQ
~ ~V ,
,
--- --- - I
~ I'. , ..

!;(
5
31100

'000
\
\

\
--- --- --. I.~~

\
\
~ 3400
,,
37DO
,
-- - -- I
21100
--. 2‫סס‬oo I I

liME WEARS!

Fig. 11 Qarn Alam Material Balance Calculation

615