Lecture 2- Contents

• View point of design

• Design thinking
• Features of Design Thinking
• Use of Design Thinking
• Professional designers/ Application
• Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method
• Design paradox
• Road map to Engineering design
• 5 STAGES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
PROCESS
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View point of design

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Design thinking
• Design thinking is a methodology that designers use to brainstorm and
solve complex problems related to designing and design engineering. It
is also beneficial for designers to find innovative, desirable and never-
thought-before solutions for customers and clients
• Design thinking is a blend of logic, powerful imagination, systematic
reasoning and intuition to bring to the table the ideas that promise to
solve the problems of the clients with desirable outcomes. It helps to
bring creativity with business insights.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/design_thinking/index.htm

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Features of Design Thinking
• Finding simplicity in complexities.
• Having a beautiful and aesthetically
appealing product.
• Creating innovative, feasible, and
viable solutions to real world
problems.
• Improving clients’ and end user’s
quality of experience.
• Addressing the actual requirements
of the end users.
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 Use of Design Thinking
• Design thinking helps you learn the
following.
• How to optimize the ability to innovate?
• How to develop a variety of concepts,
products, services, processes, etc. for
end users?
• How to leverage the diverse ideas of
innovation?
• How to convert useful data, individual
insights and vague ideas into feasible
reality?
• How to connect with the customers and end-users by targeting their actual
requirements?
• How to use the different tools used by designers in their profession for solving your
customers’ problems? 5
 Iterative approach
• As design thinking is an iterative
approach, intermediate solutions in
the process of developing the larger
solution to achieve the end goal can
also act as prospective starting points
for chalking out alternative paths.

• This can, at times, also lead to

redefinition of the problem
statement
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Professional designers

• Graphic designers take information and find ways to present it in a way

that efficiently engages people in understanding that information.
• Interaction designers envision new kinds of interactions with interactive
technologies, usually as part of design consultancies. Some work on
contract, helping other companies envision new products, others work
“in-house”, designing for their company
• User experience (UX) designers design and prototype user interfaces,
defining the functionality, flow, layout, and overarching experiences that
are possible in a product. In many bigger companies, UX designers
determine what software engineers build.

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Professional designers
• User experience (UX) researchers understand problems deeply so
that designers can envision solutions to those problems or improve
existing products.
• Product designers/managers investigate market opportunities and
technical opportunities and design products that capitalize on those
opportunities in a competitive landscape. A product designer.
• Software engineers do many kinds of design. They design data
structures, algorithms, and software architectures. Front end
developers occasionally help with interaction design, unless they
work in an organization that has dedicated interaction designers.

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Application Across Professions
Business

Information Technology

Education

Healthcare

Engineering etc

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Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method
• The design thinking approach is altogether different from the scientific
method.
• The scientific method begins with rigorously defining all the parameters
of the problem, so as to arrive at a solution.
• But a design thinker is supposed to identify both the known and the
ambiguous facets of the problem statement along with the current
situation.
• This method of thinking helps to unearth hidden parameters and open
alternate paths to reach the solution.

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Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method

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 Design paradox
• There is a paradox inherent in the design process between the accumulation of
problem (domain) knowledge and freedom to improve the design.
• When one is creating an original design, very little is known about its solution. As the
design team proceeds with its work; it acquires more knowledge about the
technologies involved and the possible solutions.
• The team has moved up the learning curve. However, as the design process proceeds,
the design team is forced to make many decisions about design details, technology
approaches, perhaps to let contracts for equipment, and so on.
• Thus the freedom of the team to go back and start over with their newly gained
knowledge (experience) decreases greatly as their knowledge about the design
problem grows.

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Design paradox

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Road map to Engineering design

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Define problem
• The product design specification (PDS) is a document created
during the problem definition activity very early in the design
process. ... The document lays the groundwork for
all engineering design activities and ensures that all relevant
factors are accounted for and all stakeholders are heard from.
• The House of Quality (HOQ) is defined as a product planning
matrix that is built to show how customer requirements relate
directly to the ways and methods companies can use to achieve
those requirements. ... HOQ is considered the primary tool used
during quality function deployment to help facilitate group
decision making.

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Evaluate and select concept
• The Pugh chart is a tool used for
evaluating multiple options against
each other.
• Rather than basic consideration of
the pros and cons of each funding
option, the Pugh chart gives a
holistic overview of the needs, goals
and other important criteria for the
team versus the available
alternatives.

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Evaluate and select concept
• A decision matrix is a list of values
in rows and columns that allows
an analyst to systematically
identify, analyze, and rate the
performance of relationships
between sets of values and
information.
• Elements of a decision matrix
show decisions based on certain
decision criteria

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Evaluate and select concept
• The analytic hierarchy process is a
structured technique for organizing
and analyzing complex decisions,
based on mathematics and
psychology.
• It was developed by Thomas L. Saaty
in the 1970s who partnered with
Ernest Forman to develop Expert
Choice in 1983, and has been
extensively studied and refined since
then

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Parametric design
• DFA is a tool used to assist the design teams in the design of products
that will transition to productions at a minimum cost, focusing on the
number of parts, handling and ease of assembly.
• DFM is the method of design for ease of manufacturing of the
collection of parts that will form the product after assembly.
• Design for the Environment (DfE) is a design approach to reduce the
overall human health and environmental impact of a product, process
or service, where impacts are considered across its life cycle. Different
software tools have been developed to assist designers in finding
optimized products or processes/services

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Product architecture
• Modular design (or modularity) is an approach used to design various
products or applications – by breaking it down into separate or
independent parts. These individual parts (for example, a laptop
battery) can then be used for the same functionality in different
systems or products.

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5 STAGES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN PROCESS
• PRE-DESIGN (PD)
• SCHEMATIC DESIGN (SD)
• DESIGN DEVELOPMENT (DD)
• CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS (CD)
• CONSTRUCTION

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PRE-DESIGN (PD)
In this phase, we carry out
•Client consultation
•Existing conditions survey and
documentation
•Photographs
•Measurements
•Compile existing drawings if any
•Prepare high-level base drawings
•Statement of probable build/construction
cost
•Code review

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SCHEMATIC DESIGN (SD)
• At the end of this phase, we
deliver
• Floor plans of all levels with
generic openings and
plumbing fixtures
• Exterior building elevations
with representative
openings and finishes
• Building cross-section
• Typical wall section

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 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT (DD)
At the end of this phase, we deliver

• Floor plans with a proposed basis of design

openings and plumbing fixtures
• Overall dimensions
• Interior wall dimensions
• Exterior elevations with a proposed basis of
design openings and finishes
• Additional building sections
• Wall sections at all typical conditions
• Additional details to establish a basis for
design products

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CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS (CD)
In this phase, we deliver
• Floor plans fully annotated
• All dimensions
• Room, wall, door, and window
identification
• Section and detail indicators
• General notes and detailed notes
• Exterior elevations fully annotated
• All building sections required for
construction
• Wall sections at all conditions

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CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS (CD)
• Structural plans, details, and
notes
• Plumbing plans, schedules,
details, and notes
• Electrical power and lighting
plans, schedules, details, and
notes
• And we move to the final phase

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CONSTRUCTION
• During this phase, we will build
as per the design intent.
• Also if there are any changes,
we discuss changes and
options with the owner.
• It ensure that alterations are
compatible with owner’s vision
for the project.
• This is the last phase and at
the end of this phase, a project
is ready for the use/occupancy.

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Thank you

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