Instructor:

Dr J. Shanbehzadeh
[email protected]
 Table of Contents
 6.1 Color Fundamentals
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 6.2 Color Models

 6.3 Pseudocolor Image Processing
 6.4 Basics of Full-Color Image Processing
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.6 Smoothing and Sharpening
 6.7 Image Segmentation Based on Color
 6.8 Noise in Color Images
 6.9 Color Image Compression

1
6.1 Color Fundamentals

2
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Light

ends abruptly
no color in the spectrum
Infrared

3
  Three basic quantities to describe the quality of a
chromatic light source are:
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

radiance : total amount of energy that flows from the

light source.

luminance : measure of the amount of energy an

observer perceives from a light source.

brightness : a subjective descriptor that is practically

impossible to measure. It embodies the achromatic notion
of intensity .

4
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Absorption of Light in Eye

5
 Primary & Secondary Colors of Light
 Additive primary colors: RGB
use in the case of light sources
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

such as color monitors.

 RGB add together to get white

 Subtractive primary colors: CMY

use in the case of pigments in
printing devices

 White subtracted by CMY to get

Black

6
 Characteristics of Colors
 The characteristics generally used to distinguish one
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

color from another are:

Brightness

saturation Hue

7
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Brightness(Intensity)
 Brightness embody the achromatic notion of intensity.

8
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Hue
wavelength of mixture light wave
 dominant color corresponding to a dominant

9
 Saturation
 Relative purity or amount of white light mixed with a
hue.
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 inversely proportional to amount of white .

10
 Radiance, Luminance, Brightness
 Three basic properties used to describe the quality of
chromatic light source:
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 Luminance
 Radiance
 Brightness

11
 Chromaticity
 Saturation + Hue = chromaticity
 amount of red (X), green (Y) and blue (Z) to form any particular color
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

is called tristimulus.
CIE Chromaticity Diagram Trichromatic coefficients:
X
x 
X Y  Z

Y
y 
y X Y  Z

Z
z
X Y  Z
x  y  z 1

Points on the boundary are

fully saturated colors

x 12
 Chromaticity
 CIE chromaticity diagram
• Has superior performance over other color transforms
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

especially in clustering of color distribution and estimate of

color difference.
• Shows color as a function of x (red) and y (green)
• Useful for color mixing
• Boundary of the diagram shows fully saturated . As a point
leaves the boundary and approaches the point of equal energy,
more white light is added to the color and it becomes less
saturated .
 CIE color models include CIE XYZ, CIE x,yY, CILE La*b*, and
CIE Lu’v’. Derivatives of the CIE XYZ space include CIELUV,
CIEUVW, and CIELAB.

13
Color Gamut of Color Monitors and Printing Devices
A triangle with vertices at any three fixed colors cannot enclose the entire color region
it shows that not all colors can be obtained with three single, fixed primaries.

Color
Monitors
Printing
devices

14
 6.2 Color Models
 6.2.1 The RGB Color Model
 6.2.2 The CMY and CMYK Color Model
 6.2.3 The HSI Color Model

15
 Color Space or Color System
 Purpose of color models: to facilitate the specification of colors
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

in some standard.
 A specification of a coordinate system and a subspace within that
system where each color is represented a single point
 Two applied directions for color models:
 Hardware
 Applications where color manipulation(color graphics)

 Color Models:
 RGB models: color monitors
 CMY (CMYK): color model for color printing
 YIQ: Color model for color television
 HIS: a color model for humans to describe and to interpret color;
decouple the color and gray-level information.

16
 6.2 Color Models
 6.2.1 The RGB Color Model
 6.2.2 The CMY and CMYK Color Model
 6.2.3 The HSI Color Model

17
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

each pixel in RGB space .

RGB Color Model
 pixel depth : the number of bits used to represent

18
 6.2 Color Models
 6.2.1 The RGB Color Model
 6.2.2 The CMY and CMYK Color Model
 6.2.3 The HSI Color Model

19
 CYM & CYMK Color Models
 Color printer and copier
 Deposit colored pigment
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

on paper
 Relationship with RGB
model:

 C  1  R  C = Cyan
 M   1  G  M = Magenta
     Y = Yellow
 Y  1  B  K = Black

Example :surface coated with pure cyan does not contain red (C = 1 — R)
20
 6.2 Color Models
 6.2.1 The RGB Color Model
 6.2.2 The CMY and CMYK Color Model
 6.2.3 The HSI Color Model

21
 HSI Color Model
 RGB, CMY models are not good for human interpreting
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 Hue: Dominant color

 Saturation: Relative purity (inversely proportional Color carrying
to amount of white light added) information
 Intensity: Brightness

22
 Conceptual relationships between
RGB & HSI models
 extract intensity from an RGB image : the line (intensity
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

axis) joining the black and white vertices is vertical.

 pass a plane perpendicular to the intensity axis and containing
the color point. The intersection of the plane with the intensity
axis give a point with intensity value in the range [0,1].
The boundaries defined by the intersection of each plane with
the faces of the cube have either a triangular or hexagonal shape.

23
 Conceptual relationships between
RGB & HIS models
 saturation : increases as a function of distance from the
intensity axis .
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 Hue : all colors generated by three colors lie in the

triangle defined by those colors.( black ,white ,color point).

 points on the triangle would have the same hue(black and

white cannot change the hue ).

 By rotating the shaded plane about the vertical intensity

axis, we would obtain different hues.

24
 Conceptual relationships between
RGB & HIS models
white yellow
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

cyan green

saturation

red

blue
black
The triangle is hue

intensity

25
 HSI & Saturation on Color Planes
 Hue is an angle from a red axis. Origin is defined by the
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

intersection of the color plane with the vertical intensity

axis.
 Saturation is the length of the vector from the origin to the
point.

26
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

RGB
HSI
Relationship Between RGB and HSI Color Models

27
 Converting Colors from RGB to HSI
 if B  G
H  RGB
360   if B  G
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 

1
( R  G )  ( R  B )  
  cos1  2
1/ 2 

 ( R  G )  ( R  B )(G  B ) 
2
 Hue
 
3
S  1
RG B
saturation
1
I  ( R  G  B)
3
Intensity

28
Converting Colors from HSI to RGB
RG sector: 0  H  120 GB sector: 120  H  240
H  H  120
 S cos H 
R  I 1   R  I (1  S )
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
B  I (1  S )  S cos H 
G  I 1  
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
G  1  ( R  B)
B  1  ( R  G)
BR sector: 240  H  360
H  H  240
 S cos H 
B  I 1  
 cos( 60 
 H ) 
G  I (1  S )

R  1  (G  B) 29
 Example: HSI Components of RGB Cube
every pixel in the intensity is the average of the RGB
values at the corresponding pixel in Fig. 6.8.
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

The saturation shows darker values toward the white

vertex of the RGB cube, colors become less saturated
as they approach white.

RGB Cube

Hue Saturation Intensity 30

 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

RGB
Image

Saturation
Hue

Intensity

31
Example: HSI Components of RGB Colors
 Example: Manipulating HSI Components
RGB
Image Hue Hue Saturation
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Saturation Intensity Intensity RGB

Image
Hue : changing to 0 the pixels corresponding to the blue and green regions

Saturation : reduced by half the saturation of the cyan region in component image S

Intensity : reduced by half the intensity of the central white region in the intensity image
32
6.3 Pseducolor Image Processing
 6.3.1 Intensity Slicing
 6.3.2 Intensity to Color Transformations

33
 Color Image Processing
 There are 2 types of color image processes:
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 1. Pseudocolor image process: Assigning colors to gray

values based on a specific criterion. Gray scale images to
be processed
 may be a single image or multiple images such as multi-
spectral images
 false-color image :depicts a subject in colors that differ from
those a full-color photograph would show.

 2. Full color image process: The process to manipulate

real color images such as color photographs.

34
 Pseudocolor Image Processing
 Differentiate the process of assigning colors to monochrome images
from the process associated with true color images.
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

 Difference between Pseudo-color & false-color : pseudo color

images made from only one original gray-scale image, rather than
two or three.
 true-color image : is an image that appears to the human eye just
like the original subject would be.
 Assign colors to monochrome images from the process associated
with true color images.

 Question: Why we need to assign colors to gray scale image?

 Answer: Human can distinguish different colors better than
different shades of gray.

35
6.3 Pseducolor Image Processing
 6.3.1 Intensity Slicing :
used in analysis of remotely sensed imagery to enhance the information
gathered from an individual brightness band.
is done by dividing the range of brightnesses in a single band into
intervals, then assigning each interval to a color
 6.3.2 Intensity to Color Transformations

36
Intensity Slicing or Density Slicing
Formula:
 C1 if f ( x, y )  T C1 = Color No. 1
g ( x, y )  
C2 if f ( x, y )  T C2 = Color No. 2

Color
T C2

C1

0 T L-1
Intensity
A gray scale image viewed as a 3D surface.
37
Intensity Slicing Example

If the exact intensity value or range

of Values is known, intensity
slicing is a simple , powerful aid in
visualization

An X-ray image of a weld with cracks

After assigning a yellow color to pixels with

value 255 and a blue color to all other pixels.

38
Multi Level Intensity Slicing
g ( x, y )  Ck for lk 1  f ( x, y )  lk

Ck = Color No. k
lk = Threshold level k
Color

Ck

Ck-1

C3

C2
C
1
0 l1 l2 l3 lk-1 lk
L-1
Intensity
39
Multi Level Intensity Slicing Example
Ck = Color No. k
g ( x, y )  Ck for lk 1  f ( x, y )  lk lk = Threshold level k

An X-ray image of the Picker After density slicing into 8 colors

Thyroid Phantom.

40
Color Coding Example
A unique color is assigned to
each intensity value.

Gray-scale image of average

monthly rainfall.

Color
map

Color coded image South America region

Blue = low values of rainfall
41
6.3 Pseducolor Image Processing
 6.3.1 Intensity Slicing
 6.3.2 Intensity to Color Transformations

42
Gray Level to Color Transformation

Assigning colors to gray levels

based on specific mapping
functions

Red component

Gray scale image

Green component

Blue component

43
Gray Level to Color Transformation Example
An X-ray image An X-ray image of a
of a garment bag garment bag with a
simulated explosive
device

Transformations

Color
coded
images

44
Gray Level to Color Transformation Example

Changing the phase and

frequency of each sinusoid can
emphasize (in color) ranges in
the gray scale

Color
Transformations coded
images

45
Pseudocolor Coding

Used in the case where there are many monochrome

images such as multispectral satellite images.

46
Pseudocolor Coding Example
Visible blue Visible green
= 0.45-0.52 mm = 0.52-0.60 mm
Max water penetration Measuring plant Color composite images
1 2

3 4 Red = 1 Red = 1
Green = 2 Green = 2
Blue = 3 Blue = 4

Visible red Near infrared Washington D.C. area

= 0.63-0.69 mm = 0.76-0.90 mm
Plant discrimination Biomass and shoreline mapping 47
Pseudocolor Coding Example

Psuedocolor rendition
of Jupiter moon Io

Yellow areas = older sulfur deposits.

Red areas = material ejected from
active volcanoes.

A close-up

48
 6.4 Basics of Full-Color
Image Processing
2 Methods:
1. Per-color-component processing: process each
component separately.
2. Vector processing: treat each pixel as a vector to be
processed.

Example of per-color-component processing: smoothing an image

By smoothing each RGB component separately.

49
Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

 we are interested in image processing techniques formulated in spatial

domain
For per-color-component= vector-based processing needs conditions:
1- the process has to be applicable to both vectors and scalars.
2- the operation on each component of a vector must be independent
of the other components

50
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

51
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

52
 Formulation
Use to transform colors to colors.
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Formulation:
g ( x, y )  T  f ( x, y )
f(x,y) = input color image, g(x,y) = output color image
T = operation on f over a spatial neighborhood of (x,y)

When only data at one pixel is used in the transformation, we

can express the transformation as:
si  Ti ( r1 , r2 ,, rn ) i= 1, 2, …, n

Where ri = color component of f(x,y) For RGB images, n = 3

si = color component of g(x,y)
53
Example: Full-Color Image and Variouis Color Space Components

Color image

CMYK components

RGB components

HSI components

54
Example: Color Transformation
Formula for RGB:
sR ( x, y )  krR ( x, y )
sG ( x, y )  krG ( x, y )
sB ( x, y )  krB ( x, y )

Formula for HSI: k = 0.7

sI ( x, y)  krI ( x, y)

Formula for CMY: I H,S

sC ( x, y )  krC ( x, y )  (1  k )
sM ( x, y )  krM ( x, y )  (1  k ) These 3 transformations give
sY ( x, y )  krY ( x, y )  (1  k ) the same results.
55
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

56
Color Complements
Color complement replaces each color with its opposite color in the
color circle of the Hue component. This operation is analogous to
image negative in a gray scale image.

Color circle

57
Color Complement Transformation Example

58
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

59
Color Slicing Transformation

We can perform “slicing” in color space: if the color of each pixel

is far from a desired color more than threshold distance, we set that
color to some specific color such as gray, otherwise we keep the
original color unchanged.

  W
0.5 if  rj  a j   Set to gray
si    2  any 1 j n
 ri otherwise Keep the original
i= 1, 2, …, n color
or


0.5 if  rj  a j   R0
n
2 2 Set to gray
si   j 1
 ri otherwise Keep the original
color
i= 1, 2, …, n
60
Color Slicing Transformation Example

After color slicing

Original image

61
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

62
Tonal Correction Examples
In these examples, only
brightness and contrast are
adjusted while keeping color
unchanged.
This can be done by
using the same transformation
for all RGB components.

Contrast enhancement

Power law transformations

63
 Color Balancing Correction Examples
Color imbalance: primary color components in white area
are not balance. We can measure these components by
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

using a color spectrometer.

Color balancing can be

performed by adjusting
color components separately
as seen in this slide.

64
 6.5 Color Transformations
 6.5.1 Formulation
 6.5.2 Color Complements
 6.5.3 Color Slicing
 6.5.4 Tone and Color Corrections
 6.5.5 Histogram Processing

65
 Histogram Equalization of a Full-Color Image
 Histogram equalization of a color image can be
performed by adjusting color intensity uniformly
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

while leaving color unchanged.

 The HSI model is suitable for histogram equalization

where only Intensity (I) component is equalized.

66
Histogram Equalization of a Full-Color Image
Original image

After histogram After increasing

equalization saturation component

67
6.6 Smoothing and Sharpening
 6.6.1 Color Image Smoothing
 6.6.2 Color Image Sharpening

68
6.6 Smoothing and Sharpening
 6.6.1 Color Image Smoothing
 6.6.2 Color Image Sharpening

69
Color Image Smoothing

2 Methods:
1. Per-color-plane method: for RGB, CMY color models
Smooth each color plane using moving averaging and
the combine back to RGB

1 
  R ( x, y ) 
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 1 
c ( x, y )   c( x, y )  
K ( x , y )S xy
 G ( x, y )
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 
 K ( x , B ( x , y ) 
 y )S xy 

2. Smooth only Intensity component of a HSI image while leaving

H and S unmodified.
Note: 2 methods are not equivalent. 70
Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)

Color image Red

Green Blue

71
Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)

Color image

HSI Components

Hue Saturation Intensity

72
Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)

Smooth all RGB components Smooth only I component of HSI

73
Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)

Difference between
smoothed results from 2
methods in the previous
slide.

74
6.6 Smoothing and Sharpening
 6.6.1 Color Image Smoothing
 6.6.2 Color Image Sharpening

75
Color Image Sharpening
We can do in the same manner as color image smoothing:
1. Per-color-plane method for RGB,CMY images
2. Sharpening only I component of a HSI image

Sharpening all RGB components Sharpening only I component of HSI

76
 Color Image Sharpening Example (cont.)

Difference between
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

sharpened results
from 2
methods in the
previous
slide.

77
6.7 Image Segmentation Based on
Color
 6.7.1 Segmentation in HIS Color Space
 6.7.2 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
 6.7.3 Color Edge Detection

78
Color Segmentation

2 Methods:
1. Segmented in HSI color space:
A thresholding function based on color information in H and S
Components. We rarely use I component for color image
segmentation.

2. Segmentation in RGB vector space:

A thresholding function based on distance in a color vector space.

79
6.7 Image Segmentation Based on
Color
 6.7.1 Segmentation in HIS Color Space
 6.7.2 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
 6.7.3 Color Edge Detection

80
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space
Color image Hue

1 2

3 4
Saturation Intensity
81
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space (cont.)
Binary thresholding of S component Product of 2 and 5
with T = 10%

5 6

Red pixels

7 8
Histogram of 6 Segmentation of red color pixels 82
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space (cont.)

Color image Segmented results of red pixels

83
6.7 Image Segmentation Based on
Color
 6.7.1 Segmentation in HIS Color Space
 6.7.2 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
 6.7.3 Color Edge Detection

84
Color Segmentation in RGB Vector Space

1. Each point with (R,G,B) coordinate in the vector space represents

one color.
2. Segmentation is based on distance thresholding in a vector space

1 if D (c( x, y ), cT )  T
g ( x, y )  
0 if D (c( x, y ), cT )  T

cT = color to be segmented.
D(u,v) = distance function c(x,y) = RGB vector at pixel (x,y).
85
Example: Segmentation in RGB Vector Space

Color image

Reference color cT to be segmented

cT  average color of pixel in the box

Results of segmentation in
RGB vector space with Threshold
value
T = 1.25 times the SD of R,G,B values
In the box

86
6.7 Image Segmentation Based on
Color
 6.7.1 Segmentation in HIS Color Space
 6.7.2 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
 6.7.3 Color Edge Detection

87
Gradient of a Color Image
Since gradient is define only for a scalar image, there is no concept
of gradient for a color image. We can’t compute gradient of each
color component and combine the results to get the gradient of a color
image.
Red Green Blue We see
2 objects.

We see
4 objects.

Edges

88
Gradient of a Color Image (cont.)
One way to compute the maximum rate of change of a color image
which is close to the meaning of gradient is to use the following
formula: Gradient computed in RGB color space:
1
1
 
F ( )   ( g xx  g yy )  ( g xx  g yy ) cos 2  2 g xy sin 2 
2

2 

1 1  2 g xy 
  tan  
2 
 xx
g  g 
yy 

2 2 2
R G B R G B
2 2 2

g xx    g yy   
x x x y y y

R R G G B B
g xy   
x y x y x y
89
Gradient of a Color Image Example
2

Original Obtained using

image the formula
in the previous
slide

Sum of
gradients of Difference
each color between
component 22 and 33

90
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Red
Green

Gradients of each color component

Blue
Gradient of a Color Image Example

91
6.8 Noise in Color Images

92
 Noise in Color Images
Noise can corrupt each color component independently.
R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

AWGN sh2=800 AWGN sh2=800

Noise is less
noticeable
AWGN sh2=800 in a color
image

93
 R. C. Gonzalez, and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3 rd edition, 2008.

Hue
Saturation
Noise in Color Images
Intensity

94
Noise in Color Images
Salt & pepper noise Hue
in Green component

Saturation Intensity

95
6.9 Color Image Compression

96
Color Image Compression
Original image

JPEG2000 File

After lossy compression with ratio 230:1 97