SUST

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering (B.Tech.)
4th Class – 8th Semester – 2018

Design of Steel Structures

British Standards (BS 5950-1:2000)

Lecture No. (4)

Beams (Universal Beam)

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
1. introduction:
The beam is a member that carries the loads by bending and shear which spans between
supports or between connections to other members. Beams may be cantilevered, simply
supported, fixed ended or continuous. The beams in the steel structures are mainly used to
support floors and columns, or to carry roof sheeting and side cladding such as purlins and
sheeting rails, which considered the simplest form of beams.
2. Cross-sections of beam members:
The beam section could be any section shape depending on the bending axis and resistance
required. When uniaxial bending is applied, universal beam (UB) where the material is
concentrated in the flanges is the most efficient section. The universal column (UC) may be
used where the depth is limited, but it is less efficiency. Compound beam consisting of a
universal beam and flange plates is used where the depth is limited and the universal beam
itself is not strong enough to carry the load. Crane beam consists of a universal beam and
channel is used when the beam needs to resist bending in both horizontal and vertical
directions. Beams sections may generally be strengthened in regions of maximum moment by
adding cover plates or haunches. Single angles, double angles, tees and channel sections are
commonly used for flexural due to light weight load such as roof sheeting and side cladding.
And lattice girders are usually used for large spans or roof loads. Plate and box girders are
used for both large spans and heavy loads such as supporting or carrying column loads.

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
3. Types of beam loads:
The types of beam loads are concentrated loads from secondary beams and columns; or
distributed loads from self-weight and floor slabs. The figure below shows these types.
The loads are further and for the purpose of design are classified into dead loads from self-
weight, slabs, finishes; or imposed loads from people, fittings, snow on roofs; or wind loads,
mainly on purlins and sheeting rails.

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
4. Design of beams (UB-section): (Clause 4.2)
Generally, the beam members subjected to a varying combined bending moment and shear
force due to both concentrated and uniformly distributed loads and deform by deflection, local
buckling and lateral torsional buckling. However, the code of practice states that all members
subject to bending should be checked for the following:
a) At critical points for the combination of the maximum moment and co-existent shear, and
the combination of maximum shear and co-existent moment.
b) Critical deflection at the service conditions.
c) Unless the member is fully restrained against the lateral-torsional buckling, its resistance
to lateral-torsional buckling should be checked.
d) For class 4 (slender) sections, local buckling should be taken into account.
e) When loads or reactions are applied through the flange to the web, the web bearing and
buckling resistance should be checked.

In this lecture, a and b conditions will only be considered (other conditions are out of scope
of this course).

4.1 Classification of the section: (Clause 3.5.2)

To evaluate the bending moment capacity of the beam section (universal beam) based on
its susceptibility to local buckling, the beam section should be classified as sets out in Table-
11 of the code. The section is classified to determine whether local buckling influences their
capacity, without calculating their local buckling resistance. The sections are classified in their
weakest order to plastic (class1), compact (class2), semi-compact (class3) or slender (class4).
4.2 Moment capacity of the section (𝑀𝑐 ): (Clause 4.2.5)
To obtain the moment capacity of the section, two cases are stated in the code of practice,
Low-shear case when the shear force 𝑉 does not exceed 60 % of the shear capacity 𝑃𝑣 ,
(𝑉 ≤ 0.6𝑃𝑣 ) in this case:
− 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐) 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡):
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑝𝑦 𝑆 ≤ 1.2𝑃𝑦 . 𝑍
− 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 3 (𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡):
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑝𝑦 𝑍 𝑂𝑟 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑝𝑦 𝑆eff
− 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 4 (𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟):
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑝𝑦 𝑍eff
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

And in the case of High-shear (𝑉 > 0.6𝑃𝑣 ) this moment capacity should be reduced to take the
account of the co-existed high shear as stated in 4.2.5.3 of the code.

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 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
4.3 Shear capacity of the section (𝑃𝑣 ): (Clause 4.2.3)
The shear force (𝑉) in the steel rolled I-section is assumed to be resisted by the web area
(𝐴𝑣 = 𝑡𝐷). The calculation of the shear capacity (𝑃𝑣 ) is set out in clause 4.2.3 of the code as
follows:
𝑃𝑣 = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝐴𝑣
4.4 Deflection: (Clause 2.5.2)
In general, the deflection under serviceability loads should not weaken the strength or
efficiency of the structure or its components, nor cause damage to the finishings. And when
checking for deflections, the most adverse realistic combination and arrangement of
serviceability loads should be assumed, and the structure may be assumed to behave
elastically. However, Table-8 of the code gives the suggested limits for the calculated
deflections of beams and columns and can be used for the deflection verifications.
The following figure shows the formulas for the maximum moment and deflection:

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
Example 1

A simply supported universal beam carries uniformly distributed dead load of 40 kN/m and live
load of 26 kN/m from a floor deck slab. The floor slab is a reinforced concrete and provides the
beam with fully effective restraint against the lateral torsional buckling throughout its whole
length (beam span) of 6 m. Select a suitable steel section of steel grade S275 considering the
bending moment, shear force and defection (if the beam is to be carrying brittle finishing).
[𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 205 𝐺𝑃𝑎]

Solution:

1) Design moment and shear:

→ 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
→ 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑; 𝑤 = 1.4𝑑𝑙 + 1.6𝑙𝑙 = 1.4 × (40 + 1) + 1.6 × 26 = 99 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑙2 99×62
→ 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡; 𝑀 = = = 445.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑤𝑙 99×6
→ 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟; 𝑉 = = = 297 𝑘𝑁
2 2

2) Selection of the section: (Green-book)

→ 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇 ≤ 16 𝑚𝑚); 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆275 → (𝑃𝑦 = 275 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑀 445.5×103
→ 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑥 = 𝑃 = = 1620 𝑐𝑚3
𝑦 275

Try 457 × 191 UB 74

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.74 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝐼𝑥 = 33300 𝑐𝑚4 = 333 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐷 = 457 𝑚𝑚 𝑍𝑥 = 1460 𝑐𝑚3 = 1460 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑡 = 9 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑥 = 1650 𝑐𝑚3 = 1650 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑇 = 14.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑏/𝑇 = 6.57
𝑑/𝑡 = 45.3
→ 𝑃𝑦 = 275 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

3) Classification of the section: (Table-11)

→ 𝜀 = √275
𝑃𝑦
= √275
275
= 1.0

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [ (𝑏/𝑇 < 9𝜀) ⇛ 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)

𝑏/𝑇 = 6.57
9𝜀 = 9

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 Design of Steel Structures Universal Beam
𝑊𝑒𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑏 [ (𝑑/𝑡 < 80𝜀) ⇛ 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝑑/𝑡 = 45.3
80𝜀 = 80
⇛ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐).

4) Moment capacity of the section (𝑀𝑐 ): (Clause 4.2.5)

− 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐):

→ 𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 𝑃𝑦 . 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 1.2𝑃𝑦 . 𝑍𝑥 (𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒)

= 275 × 1650 × 10−3 𝑉. 𝑆 1.2 × 275 × 1460 × 10−3
= 453.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 481.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 _____ 𝑜𝑘
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
⇛ (𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 453.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚) > (𝑀 = 445.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚) _____ 𝑜𝑘 ( 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 )
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

5) Check for shear: (Clause 4.2.3)

→ 𝑃𝑣 = 0.6𝑃𝑦 𝐴𝑣
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝐼 - 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑡𝐷 = 9 × 457 = 4113 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑣 = 0.6(275)(4113) × 10−3
= 678.65 𝑘𝑁 > (𝑉 = 297 𝑘𝑁) _____ 𝑜𝑘

( 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 )

6) Check for defection: (Clause 2.5.2)

→ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 8)
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 6000
( )= = 16.6 𝑚𝑚
360 360
→ 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
5𝑤𝐿4 5 × 26 × 60004
𝛿= = = 6.4 𝑚𝑚
384 𝐸𝐼 384 × (205 × 103 ) × (333 × 106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
⇛ ( 360 = 16.6 𝑚𝑚) > (𝛿 = 6.4 𝑚𝑚) _____ 𝑜𝑘 ( 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Example 2

Determine the ultimate uniformly distributed load that can be carried by the simply supported
steel beam 533 × 210 UB 92 of steel grade S 355. The beam spans 7 m and carries plaster finishes
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

and effectively restraint against the lateral torsional buckling. Assume that the service-imposed
load is equal to 30 % of the total ultimate load.

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Solution:

1) Section properties: (Green-book)

533 × 210 UB 92

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.92 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝐼𝑥 = 55200 𝑐𝑚4 = 552 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐷 = 533.1 𝑚𝑚 𝑍𝑥 = 2070 𝑐𝑚3 = 2070 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑡 = 10.1 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑥 = 2360 𝑐𝑚3 = 2360 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑇 = 15.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑏/𝑇 = 6.71
𝑑/𝑡 = 47.2
→ 𝑃𝑦 = 355 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

2) Classification of the section: (Table-11)

→ 𝜀 = √275
𝑃𝑦
= √275
355
= 0.88

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [ (𝑏/𝑇 < 9𝜀) ⇛ 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝑏/𝑇 = 6.71
9𝜀 = 7.92
𝑊𝑒𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑏 [ (𝑑/𝑡 < 80𝜀) ⇛ 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝑑/𝑡 = 45.3
80𝜀 = 70.4
⇛ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐).

3) Moment capacity of the section (𝑀𝑐 ): (Clause 4.2.5)

− 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 (𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐):

→ 𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 𝑃𝑦 . 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 1.2𝑃𝑦 . 𝑍𝑥 (𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒)

= 355 × 2360 × 10−3 𝑉. 𝑆 1.2 × 355 × 2070 × 10−3
= 837.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 881.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 _____ 𝑜𝑘

⇛ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤) 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:

𝑤𝑙 2
(𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 837.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚) > (𝑀 = )
8
8𝑀𝑐𝑥 8 × 837.8
𝑤= = = 136.7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑙2 72
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

4) Shear capacity of the section: (Clause 4.2.3)

→ 𝑃𝑣 = 0.6𝑃𝑦 𝐴𝑣 = 0.6𝑃𝑦 𝑡𝐷 = 0.6 × 355 × 10.1 × 533.1 × 10−3 = 1146.8 𝑘𝑁

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⇛ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤) 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝑤𝑙
(𝑃𝑣 = 1146.8 𝑘𝑁) > (𝑉 = )
2
2𝑃𝑣 2 × 1146.8
𝑤= = = 327.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑙 7
5) Defection: (Clause 2.5.2)
→ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 8)
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 7000
( )= = 19.4 𝑚𝑚
360 360
→ 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
5𝑤𝐿4 5 × (0.3𝑤) × 70004
𝛿= = = 0.0829𝑤
384 𝐸𝐼 384 × (205 × 103 ) × (552 × 106 )
⇛ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤) 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠:
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
( = 19.4 𝑚𝑚) > (𝛿 = 0.0829𝑤)
360
19.4
𝑤= = 234 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
0.0829
− 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤) 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠:

𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 136.7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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