SUST

College of Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
3rd Class (Semester 6) – 2020

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

British Standards (BS 8110)

Section-5:

Two-way Spanning Slab

(Supported on Four Sides)

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

Design of Two-way Spanning Slab

1) Introduction:
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings, which normally carry uniformly
distributed loads. Slabs are usually supported on their sides by beams, walls, or supported
directly on columns. Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports.
When rectangular slabs are supported on their four sides (e.g. by beams or walls), they
effectively span in two directions provided that the long side (𝒍𝒚 ) is not greater than twice

the short side (𝒍𝒙 ), or mathematically, 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 ≤ 2 . And it is often more economic to design

slabs on this basis and to provide the bending reinforcement in both directions. And in this
case, the magnitude of the bending moment in each direction is dependent on the ratio of the
two spans and the support conditions (simple or restrained). In square slabs (𝑙𝑦 = 𝑙𝑥 ), when
the support conditions are similar in both directions, the load is distributed equally in both
directions and hence the bending moment. And in rectangular slabs (𝑙𝑦 > 𝑙𝑥 ), the shorter span
is stiffer and resists a higher amount of bending moment than the longer span. If the longer
span is much longer (more than twice) than the shorter span, a large portion of the load will
be carried in the short direction and the slab may as well be designed as spanning in only one
direction (short span direction), and the bending reinforcement (main reinforcement) may
only be provided in the short span direction.

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

2) Analysis methods of two-way spanning slab:

Two-way spanning slabs with their variation in loading and support conditions may generally
be analysed using one of the following methods:
a) Elastic Plate Analysis: elastic solutions for standard cases based on the theory of plates.
b) Finite Element Method: numerical method used to analyse slabs with any shape, support
conditions, and pattern of loading.
c) Yield Line and Hillerborg Strip Methods: limit design or collapse loads methods based on the
theory of plasticity.
d) Moment and Shear Coefficients of the Code: given in the code of practice (BS 8110-1) for
rectangular slabs supported on four sides (spanning in two directions at right angles) and
carrying uniformly distributed loads. it has been obtained from the yield line analysis.
Only the Moment and Shear Coefficients method will be considered here in this subject.
3) Analysis of two-way spanning slab using the coefficients of the code (BS 8110-1):
This method also could have been called “Direct Analysis Method” because it essentially
prescribes values for moments and shear-forces in various parts of the slab panels without
the need for a structural analysis. It should be noted that, this method was introduced in an
era, when most engineering calculations were made with slide rules, and computer software
programs were not available to do the repetitive calculations required. Now it is introduced
here as the simplest method (for common cases of two-way slab) stated in the code of practice
and complying with the design requirements in it. Thus, for continuous two-way slab with
relatively uniform spans and subjected to distributed load, a series of moment and shear
coefficients were developed that would lead to a safe flexural design. According to this
method, and based on the support conditions of the slab, there are two types of two-way slab
to be considered when using the coefficients:
a) Simply supported slab:
A slab simply supported on its four sides will deflect about both axes under load, and the
corners will tend to lift and curl up from the supports causing torsional moments. The code of
practice [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.3] states that, when no provision has been made to prevent this lifting
or torsion, the maximum design moments per unit width to prevent lifting and to resist the
ultimate applied moments, are given by the following equations:
𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛼𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑥 )
𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑦 )

𝑛 is the design ultimate load per unit area, given by: 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 .
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝛼𝑠𝑥 and 𝛼𝑠𝑦 are the moment coefficients given in [Table 3.13] of the code depending on the
long-span to short-span ratio (𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 ).

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

b) Retrained slab:
Retrained slabs in which the corners are prevented from lifting and provision for torsion is
made, the code of practice [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.4] states that, in this case, the Equations 1 and 2
(shown below) may be used to calculate the maximum design moment for both the continuous
and discontinuous slabs provided that the following conditions are met (for continuous slabs):
1) The characteristic dead and imposed loads on adjacent panels are approximately the same as
on the panel being considered.
2) The span of adjacent panels in the direction perpendicular to the line of the common support
is approximately the same as the span of the panel considered in that direction.
Then, the following equations give the maximum design moments per unit width:
𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 __ (1) (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑥 )
𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 __ (2) (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑦 )

𝑛 is the design ultimate load per unit area, given by: 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 .
𝛽𝑠𝑥 and 𝛽𝑠𝑦 are the moment coefficients given in [Table 3.14] of the code depending on the
type of panel and the ratio 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 . The figure below shows the different nine types of panel of
the two-way spanning slab as described in [Table 3.14] of the code.

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

(𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.14] 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒)

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

In some cases, the moments at support calculated from the Equations 1 and 2, may differ
significantly for adjacent panels of continuous slab. The code of practice sets out in
[𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.6] some procedures to adjust these moments.
The shear resistance of the two-way spanning slab may be evaluated in accordance with
[𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]. And the following equations give the maximum design shear per unit width:
𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑥 )
𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑦 )

𝛽𝑣𝑥 and 𝛽𝑣𝑦 are the shear coefficients given in [Table 3.15] of the code depending on the type
of panel and the ratio 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 .

Rules of reinforcing restrained slab: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.5]

o Retrained slab is considered as divided in each direction into middle strip and edge strip
as shown in the figure:

The resulting reinforcement from the maximum design moments (𝑚𝑠𝑥 , 𝑚𝑠𝑦 ) should be
provided in the middle strip only. The reinforcement in edge strip (parallel to the edge)
need not exceed the minimum area of tension reinforcement (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ).

o Discontinuous edges of slab should be provided by top reinforcement to control cracking.

This reinforcement should be equal to one-half of the bottom reinforcement at mid-span.

o Torsion reinforcement should be provided at any corner where the slab is simply
supported on both edges meeting at that corner. Torsion reinforcement should be
consisting of top and bottom reinforcing bars in both directions, and placed parallel to the
sides of the slab, and extending from the edge of the slab to a minimum distance equal to
one-fifth (1/5) of the short span. The reinforcement area of each of these four layers should
be three-quarters (3/4) of the area required for the maximum mid-span design moment.

o Half of the torsion reinforcement (described in the preceding paragraph) should be

provided at the corner if the slab has only one edge discontinuous at that corner.
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

o When torsion reinforcement is provided at a corner, it should cover the minimum area of
tension reinforcement required at the edge strip, but not added to it.

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

4) Notes to be considered when designing two-way spanning slab:

▪ Two-way spanning slab is reinforced in both directions, and since the short span resists a
higher bending moment, it is better to place the bottom reinforcing bars in the direction of
short span first, so that it has a greater effective depth and bending resistance than the long
span. For the top reinforcement, the short span reinforcement is placed at topmost.
▪ Regarding the deflection of two-way spanning slab, it is stated [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7] that, in normal
cases, it is sufficient to check the span-to-effective depth ratio of the unit strip spanning in the
direction of short span against the limitation of deflection given in [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.4.6] as for beams.
Only reinforcement in the direction of short span (at the centre) should be considered to
influence the deflection, and it should be used in the calculation of deflection.
5) Summary of design steps of two-way spanning slab:

1 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈: [𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ]
→ 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 24 × 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝐺𝑘 ) { → 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠
→ 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑄𝑘 ) [𝐵𝑆 6399 − 1]

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑛) = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘

2 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝒎𝒔𝒙 , 𝒎𝒔𝒚 ) & 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 (𝒗𝒔𝒙 , 𝒗𝒔𝒚 ):

𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡: 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡:
→ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.13 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏. → 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑.
→ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 3.14 & 3.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏.
3 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏:

𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒙) 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒚)

3.1 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏: 3.3 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏:

a) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (+𝑚𝑠𝑥 ). 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (+𝑚𝑠𝑦 ) 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦.
b) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7]
3.2 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕: 3.4 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕:
a) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (−𝑚𝑠𝑥 ). a) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (−𝑚𝑠𝑦 ).
b) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑣𝑠𝑥 ). [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5] b) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑣𝑠𝑦 ). [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]
3.5 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠). [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.5]

4 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏

A solid concrete 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 with the dimensions 5 𝑚 × 6 𝑚 . The panel forming a part of
continuous slab with 15 𝑐𝑚 thickness and carries floor live load of 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 and finishes dead
load of 2.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 . Design the required reinforcement for the panel using concrete grade 𝐶30 ,
reinforcing bars grade 460 , clear concrete cover of 20 𝑚𝑚 , and 10 𝑚𝑚 bar diameter.

Solution:
1) Panel type:
𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 6/5 = 1.2 < 2 → 𝑇𝑤𝑜-𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
2) Loading:
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓-𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: 𝑠. 𝑤 = 𝛾𝑐 ℎ = 24 × 0.15 = 3.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝐺𝑘 = 3.6 + 2.5 = 6.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑄𝑘 = 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
- 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 = 1.4 × 6.1 + 1.6 × 5 = 16.54 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
3) Design moment (𝒎) & shear (𝒗):
- The panel is Restrained (interior panel of continuous slab); And given that the characteristic
dead load (6.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) and imposed load (5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) are uniform for the slab and hence for
interior panel; And assuming that the spans of the interior panel and adjacent panels to it
are the same in the both directions; and thereby, [Tables 3.14 & 3.15] of the code may be
used for evaluating the bending-moment and shear-force coefficients for the interior panel.
- 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔:
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠
→ 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 1.2
−𝑣𝑒: 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.042
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.14 → 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) {
+𝑣𝑒: 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.032
−𝑣𝑒: 𝛽𝑠𝑦 = 0.032
→ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) {
{ +𝑣𝑒: 𝛽𝑠𝑦 = 0.024

−𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.042 × 16.54 × 52 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

→ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) {
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 +𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.032 × 16.54 × 52 = 13.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) −𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.032 × 16.54 × 52 = 13.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
→ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) {
{ +𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.024 × 16.54 × 52 = 9.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

- 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔:
→ 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
→ 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 1.2
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.15
→ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) → 𝛽𝑣𝑥 = 0.39
{→ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) → 𝛽𝑣𝑦 = 0.33
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 → 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) → 𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.39 × 16.54 × 5 = 32.3 𝑘𝑁
{
(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) → 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) → 𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.33 × 16.54 × 5 = 27.3 𝑘𝑁

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

4) Short span (𝒙):

∅ 10
- Effective depth: 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 2 = 150 − 20 − = 125 𝑚𝑚
2

- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑑 = 3(125) = 375 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

→ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒

- Minimum reinforcement area: 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⇛ 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.25 { → 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
→ 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13×1000×150
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 195 𝑚𝑚2
100 100

4.1) Section at midspan: (+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 13.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

a) Design for moment:
- Area of reinforcement:
𝑀 13.2×106
𝐾=𝑓 2
= 30×1000×1252 = 0.028 < (𝐾 ′ = 0.156)
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑

𝑍
𝑍 = 0.95𝑑 = 0.95(125) = 118.75 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≤ 0.046 →
𝑑
= 0.95)

𝑀 13.2×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460×118.75 = 255 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘
𝑦 𝑍

- Reinforcement:
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 262 𝑚𝑚2 )

b) Check for deflection: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7]

- Actual span/effective depth ratio:

𝑙 5000
(𝑑) = = 40
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 125

- Allowable span/effective depth ratio:

𝑙 → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
(𝑑) ⇛ 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.9 { ⇛ 26
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 → 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 2×460×255
𝑓𝑠 = = = 298.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 3×262

𝑠 477−𝑓 477−298.5
𝑀𝐹𝑡 = 0.55 + 120(0.9+𝐾𝑓 )
= 0.55 + 120(0.9+0.028×30) = 1.40 < 2 ___ 𝑜𝑘 [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.10]
𝑐𝑢

𝑀𝐹𝑐 = 1.0 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.11]

𝑙
(𝑑) = 26 × 1.4 × 1 = 36.4 < 40 ___ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
40
𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≥ 26 = 1.54 (𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≤ 2)

𝑓𝑠 = 477 − 120(0.9 + 𝐾𝑓𝑐𝑢 )(𝑀𝐹𝑡 − 0.55)

2𝑓𝑦
= 477 − 120(0.9 + 0.028 × 30)(1.54 − 0.55) = 270.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑓𝑠 ≤
3
= 307 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 2×460×255
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = = = 290 𝑚𝑚2

3𝑓𝑠 3×270.3

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 314 𝑚𝑚2 )

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

4.2) Section at support: (−𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 & 𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 32.3 𝑘𝑁)
a) Design for moment:
- Area of reinforcement:
17.4×106
𝐾 = 30×1000×1252 = 0.037
𝑍
𝑍 = 0.95𝑑 = 118.75 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≤ 0.046 →
𝑑
= 0.95)
17.4×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×118.75 = 336 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

- Reinforcement:
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 393 𝑚𝑚2 )
b) Check for shear: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]
𝑉 32.3×103
- Shear stress: 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 = 1000×125 = 0.26 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5.2]
1 1 1
0.79 100𝐴𝑠 3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
- Shear resistance: 𝑣𝑐 = 1.25 ( ) ( ) ( 25 ) [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.8]
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
100𝐴𝑠 100×393
= 1000×125 = 0.31 < 3 __ 𝑜𝑘
𝑏𝑑
1 1
400 4 400 4
(𝑑 ) = (125) = 1.34 > 0.67 __ 𝑜𝑘
1
1
0.79 30 3
𝑣𝑐 = 1.25 (0.31) × 1.34 ×
3 (25) = 0.61 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
- 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒-3.16: (𝑣 = 0.26 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) < (𝑣𝑐 = 0.61 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) __ 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝑇𝑜𝑝)
5) Long span (𝒚):
∅ 10
- Effective depth: 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ∅ − 2 = 150 − 20 − 10 − = 115 𝑚𝑚
2
- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑑 = 3(115) = 345 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

5.1) Section at midspan (design for moment): (+𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 9.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

- Area of reinforcement:
9.9×106
𝐾 = 30×1000×1152 = 0.025
𝑍
𝑍 = 0.95𝑑 = 0.95(115) = 109.25 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≤ 0.046 →
𝑑
= 0.95)
9.9×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×109.25 = 208 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

- Reinforcement:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 262 𝑚𝑚2 )

5.2) Section at support: (−𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 13.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 & 𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 27.3 𝑘𝑁)
a) Design for moment:
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

- Area of reinforcement:
13.2×106
𝐾 = 30×1000×1152 = 0.033

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab
𝑍
𝑍 = 0.95𝑑 = 109.25 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≤ 0.046 →
𝑑
= 0.95)
13.2×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×109.25 = 277 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 195 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

- Reinforcement:
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 314 𝑚𝑚2 )
b) Check for shear: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]
𝑉 27.3×103
- Shear stress: 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 = 1000×115 = 0.24 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5.2]
1 1 1
0.79 100𝐴𝑠 3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
- Shear resistance: 𝑣𝑐 = ( 𝑏𝑑 ) ( 𝑑 ) ( 25 ) [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.8]
1.25
1
1
0.79 30 3
= 1.25 (0.27) × 1.37 ×
3 (25) = 0.59 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
- 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒-3.16: (𝑣 = 0.24 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) < (𝑣𝑐 = 0.59 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) __ 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝑇𝑜𝑝)

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐

A 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 supported on four sides and carries a live load of
2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 and dead load including the slab self-weight of 5.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 . The slab dimensions are
4 𝑚 × 8 𝑚 and 16 𝑐𝑚 thickness. Design the 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 for the concrete
slab using 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete characteristic compressive strength, 460 𝑀𝑝𝑎 reinforcement
characteristic strength, 25 𝑚𝑚 concrete cover for rebars, and 10 𝑚𝑚 bar diameter.

Solution:
1) Slab type:
𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 8/4 = 2 ≯ 2 → 𝑇𝑤𝑜-𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
2) Loading:
𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝐺𝑘 = 5.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑
)
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑄𝑘 = 2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
- 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 = 1.4 × 5.5 + 1.6 × 2 = 10.9 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
3) Design moment (𝒎):
- The slab is Simply supported, the moment coefficients may be obtained from [Table 3.13].
- 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔:
→ 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 2
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.13 {→ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) → 𝛼𝑠𝑥 = 0.118
→ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) → 𝛼𝑠𝑦 = 0.029
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

2
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 → 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) → +𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛼𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.118 × 10.9 × 42 = 20.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
{
(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) → 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) → +𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.029 × 10.9 × 42 = 5.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

4) Short span (𝒙): (section at midspan) (+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 20.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

∅ 10
- Effective depth: 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 2 = 160 − 25 − = 130 𝑚𝑚
2

- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑑 = 3(130) = 390 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13×1000×160
- Minimum reinforcement area: 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 208 𝑚𝑚2 [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.25]
100 100

a) Design for moment:

- Area of reinforcement:
20.6×106
𝐾 = 25×1000×1302 = 0.049

𝑍 0.049
= 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.94 < 0.95 ___ 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 0.9

𝑍 = 0.94 × 130 = 122.2 𝑚𝑚

20.6×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×122.2 = 386 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 208 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

- Reinforcement:
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 393 𝑚𝑚2 )
b) Considering deflection: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7]
𝑙 4000
(𝑑) = = 30.8
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 130

𝑙 → 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

(𝑑) ⇛ 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.9 { ⇛ 20
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 → 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
30.8
𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≥ = 1.54 (𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≤ 2)
20

𝑓𝑠 = 477 − 120(0.9 + 𝐾𝑓𝑐𝑢 )(𝑀𝐹𝑡 − 0.55)

2𝑓𝑦
= 477 − 120(0.9 + 0.049 × 25)(1.54 − 0.55) = 224.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑓𝑠 ≤
3
)
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 2×460×386
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = = = 528 𝑚𝑚2
3𝑓𝑠 3×224.6

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 628 𝑚𝑚2 )

5) Long span (𝒚): (section at midspan - design for moment) (+𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 5.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)
∅
- Effective depth: 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ∅ − 2 = 130 − 10 = 120 𝑚𝑚
- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑑 = 3(120) = 360 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

- Area of reinforcement:
5.1×106
𝐾 = 25×1000×1202 = 0.014

𝑍 = 0.95𝑑 = 0.95(120) = 114 𝑚𝑚 (𝐾 ≤ 0.046)

5.1×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×114 = 103 𝑚𝑚2 < (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 208 𝑚𝑚2 ) → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

- Reinforcement:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑇 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 262 𝑚𝑚2 )

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑

The figure below shows a concrete slab is to be casted monolithically with the supporting
beams shown. The slab is 20 𝑐𝑚 thickness and carries a design ultimate load of 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (the
slab self-weight is included). Using concrete grade 𝐶35 , reinforcing bars grade 460 , concrete
cover of 20 𝑚𝑚 , and bar diameter 12 𝑚𝑚 , determine the 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
for each specified panel only:
1) At the Support (continuous edge) of panel 𝑃1 in the direction of long span.
2) At Midspan of panel 𝑃2 for the reinforcement in the direction of short span.
3) At the Support of panel 𝑃3 for the reinforcement in the direction of short span.
4) At Midspan of panel 𝑃4 for the reinforcement in the direction of long span.
5) At Midspan of panel 𝑃5 for the reinforcement in the direction of short span.

Solution:
1) Panels type:
𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 = 7/5 = 1.4 < 2 → 𝑇𝑤𝑜-𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

2) Loading:
- 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 = 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑)

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

3) Design moment (𝒎) & shear (𝒗):

- The slab is Restrained (casted monolithically with the supporting beams); And given that the
design load is uniform for the slab (and hence the characteristic dead and imposed loads
accordingly); The spans of all panels are the same, and thereby, the [Tables 3.14 & 3.15] of
the code are allowed to use.
- 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 & 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ):
(𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 & 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 3.14 & 3.15)
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙,
( )
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.3.6] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟏 (𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠
−𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.058 × 40 × 52 = 58 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 )
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) { 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.45 × 40 × 5 = 90 𝑘𝑁

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟐 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃2 ≡ 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔

( )
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) {+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.051 × 40 × 52 = 51 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟑 (𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃3 ≡ 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡
−𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.060 × 40 × 52 = 60 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ( )
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) { 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.48 × 40 × 5 = 96 𝑘𝑁

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟒 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃4 ≡ 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠

2 2 ( 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 )
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑦) {+𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.044 × 40 × 5 = 44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟓 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃5 ≡ 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

( )
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) {+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.055 × 40 × 52 = 55 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠

4) Short span (𝒙):

∅ 12
- Effective depth: 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 2 = 200 − 20 − = 174 𝑚𝑚
2

- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑑 = 3(174) = 522 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13×1000×200
- Minimum area of reinforcement: 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 260 𝑚𝑚2 [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.25]
100 100

4.1) 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟐 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) (+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 51 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

a) Design for moment:
51×106
𝐾 = 35×1000×1742 = 0.048

𝑍 0.048
= 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.94 < 0.95
𝑑 0.9

𝑍 = 0.94(174) = 163.56 𝑚𝑚
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

51×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×163.56 = 714 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

Reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 𝑚𝑚2 )

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab

b) Considering deflection: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7]

𝑙 5000
(𝑑) = = 28.7
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 174

𝑙
(𝑑) = 26 [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.9]
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
28.7
𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≥ = 1.10 (𝑀𝐹𝑡 ≤ 2)
26

𝑓𝑠 = 477 − 120(0.9 + 𝐾𝑓𝑐𝑢 )(𝑀𝐹𝑡 − 0.55)

2𝑓𝑦
= 477 − 120(0.9 + 0.048 × 35)(1.10 − 0.55) = 306.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑓𝑠 ≤
3
)
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 2×460×714
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = = = 714 𝑚𝑚2
3𝑓𝑠 3×306.7

c) Required reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 𝑚𝑚2 )

4.2) 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟑 (𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) (−𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 60 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 & 𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 96 𝑘𝑁)

a) Design for moment:
60×106 𝑍
𝐾 = 35×1000×1742 = 0.057 & = 0.93 < 0.95
𝑑
60×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×0.93(174) = 849 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

Reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 905 𝑚𝑚2 )

b) Check for shear: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]
𝑉 96×103
𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 = 1000×174 = 0.55 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5.2]
1 1 1
0.79 100𝐴𝑠 3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
𝑣𝑐 = ( 𝑏𝑑 ) ( 𝑑 ) ( 25 ) [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.8]
1.25
1
1
0.79 35 3
= 1.25 (0.52)3 × 1.23 × (25) = 0.70 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒-3.16: (𝑣 = 0.55 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) < (𝑣𝑐 = 0.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) __ 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
c) Required reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝑇𝑜𝑝)

4.3) 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟓 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) (+𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 55 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

a) Design for moment:
55×106 𝑍
𝐾 = 35×1000×1742 = 0.052 & = 0.94 < 0.95
𝑑
55×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×0.94(174) = 770 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

Reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 905 𝑚𝑚2 )

b) Considering deflection: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.7]
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝑀𝐹𝑡 = 1.10 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑃2 )

2𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 477 − 120(0.9 + 0.052 × 35)(1.10 − 0.55) = 297.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑓𝑠 ≤
3
)

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Two-way Spanning Slab
2×460×770
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = = 794 𝑚𝑚2
3×297.5

c) Required reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 905 𝑚𝑚2 )

5) Long span (𝒚):

- Effective depth: 𝑑 = 174 − 12 = 162 𝑚𝑚
- Maximum bar spacing: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3(162) = 486 𝑚𝑚 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.11.2.7]

5.1) 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟏 (𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) (−𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 58 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 & 𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 90 𝑘𝑁)

a) Design for moment:
58×106 𝑍
𝐾= = 0.063 & = 0.92 < 0.95
35×1000×1622 𝑑
58×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×0.92(162) = 891 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

Reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 __ (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 905 𝑚𝑚2 )

b) Check for shear: [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5]
90×103
𝑣 = 1000×162 = 0.56 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 [𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.5.5.2]
1 1 1
0.79 100𝐴𝑠 3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
𝑣𝑐 = ( 𝑏𝑑 ) ( 𝑑 ) ( 25 ) [𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 3.8]
1.25
1
1
0.79 35 3
= 1.25 (0.56)3 × 1.25 × (25) = 0.73 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒-3.16: (𝑣 = 0.56 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) < (𝑣𝑐 = 0.73 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) __ 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
c) Required reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝑇𝑜𝑝)

5.2) 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝟒 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) (+𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚)

a) Design for moment:
44×106 𝑍
𝐾 = 35×1000×1622 = 0.048 & = 0.94 < 0.95
𝑑
44×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95×460×0.94(162) = 662 𝑚𝑚2 > (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260 𝑚𝑚2 ) ___ 𝑜𝑘

b) Required reinforcement: 𝑇 12 𝑚𝑚 @ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 𝑚𝑚2 )

(𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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