4 - G - Aguila Variable Stress Analysis

4 - VARIABLE STRESS ANALYSIS ME 418
TOPIC NO. 4
VARIABLE STRESS ANALYSIS
This topic includes the following:
3.1 Variable Stress analysis with stress

concentration
3.2 Variable Stress analysis without stress
concentration
3.3 Definite life design
3.4 Indefinite life design
where
VARIABLE STRESSES. Many machines and Smax + Smin

Sm = (mean or average stress)
structural members are subjected to loads that 2
are not static but vary in magnitude. This type
of loading induces cyclic or fatigue stresses in Smax - Smin
Sa = (alternating stress)
the members. With the increase in 2
mechanization, design to resist fatigue failure
has become of increasing importance in many
areas of engineering. For example, many
factories employ heavy machinery operating at
high speeds, new means of rapid transportation
are being developed with corresponding
sources of vibration and cyclic stresses, and
improvements in design efficiency require
component parts to operate at higher static
and dynamic-stress levels.
SINUSOIDAL STRESS VARIATIONS
a. alternating c. repeated
b. reversed d. fluctuating Soderberg Equation
(for Ductile Materials)
1 Sm Sa
= + Kf
N Sy Sn
Goodman Equation
( From Paul H. Black and O. Eugene Adams, Jr.,
“Machine Design” 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill (for Brittle Materials)
Kogakusha, Ltd.,1968)
1 Sm Sa
= + Kf
N Su Sn
G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 2

where
N = factor of safety
Smax = maximum induced stress
Smin = minimum induced stress
Sm = mean or average stress
Sa = alternating stress
Sy = material’s yield point
Su = material’s ultimate point
Sn = endurance strength
Kf = fatigue strength reduction
factor
Kf = 1 + q ( Kt – 1)
Kt = stress concentration factor
q = notch sensitivity factor
1
q=
1 + a
r
a = factor dependent upon material’s Su
r = radius of the stress raisers

using hollow shaft. Outside diameter of the

hollow shaft is 100mm.
Practical Problems in Machine Design
Solution:
I. Variable Stresses
Equating:
Problem 1.0
Calculate the factor of safety

resulting from the following stress values;
yield strength, Sy = 60 ksi; endurance
strength, Sn = 20 ksi, average stress, Sm = 15
and alternating stress, Sa 10 ksi.
Solution:
Assume, Kf = 1 ( )
FS =
1.33 ( )
Problem 2.0
A link has a load factor of 0.8, the

surface factor of 0.92 and the endurance
strength of 28 ksi. Compute the alternating
stress of the link if it is subjected to a
Problem 4.0
reversing load. Assume a factor of safety of
28 ksi. What power should short shaft, 50mm
in diameter, transmit at 750 rpm?
Solution:
Solution:
Sa
= 5.6 ksi
II. Shafting
Problem 5.0
Problem 3.0
What should be the diameter of a
A 76mm solid shaft is to be replaced main power transmitting shaft to transmit
by a hollow shaft of equal torsional strength. 150 kW at 500 rpm?
Determine the percent savings in weight by
Solution:
.78 mm
IV. Coupling
Problem 6.0
Problem 8.0
A short shaft transmits 200 hp at 300
A flange bolt coupling has ten steel
rpm. Determine the diameter of the shaft in
25.4 mm diameter bolts evenly tighten
inches.
around a 415 mm bolt circle. Determine the
Solution: torque capacity of the connection if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolt is 50
MN/m2.
Solution:
III. Key
Problem 7.0
A 76.2 mm diameter shafting of SAE

1040 grade, cold rolled, having a yield point
of 50 ksi and with a ¾ x ¾ x 5 inch key.
Compute the minimum yield point in the key
in order to transmit the torque of the shaft.
The factor of safety to use is 2 and σd =
0.5σy.
Solution:
V. Thick-wall Cylinders
Problem 9.0
Determine the bursting pressure of a

steel shell with diameter of 10 inches and
made of ¼ inch thick plate. The joint

efficiency is at 70% and the tensile strength

is 60 ksi.
Solution:
( )
Problem 10.0
Determine the safe wall thickness of

a 30 inches steel tank with internal pressure
of 7.82 MPa. The yield stress of material is at
275.48 MPa. The factor of safety to use is
2.0.
Solution:
Equating:

VI. Threaded Members
Problem 11.0
A 12 cm x 16 cm air compressor is
operated with maximum pressure of 10
kg/cm2. There are 5 bolts with yield strength
of 64ksi holding the cylinder head to the
compressor. Determine the tensile stress of
the bolt.
Solution:

4 - G - Aguila Variable Stress Analysis

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4 - VARIABLE STRESS ANALYSIS ME 418

This topic includes the following:

3.1 Variable Stress analysis with stress

VARIABLE STRESSES. Many machines and Smax + Smin

SINUSOIDAL STRESS VARIATIONS

G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 2

a = factor dependent upon material’s Su

r = radius of the stress raisers

G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 3

using hollow shaft. Outside diameter of the

Calculate the factor of safety

A link has a load factor of 0.8, the

A 76.2 mm diameter shafting of SAE

Determine the bursting pressure of a

G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 5

efficiency is at 70% and the tensile strength

Determine the safe wall thickness of

G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 6

VI. Threaded Members

G_AGUILA MACHINE DESIGN 1 Page 7

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