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Semi Lab 1

The document describes a lab session on demonstrating oscilloscopes, function generators, digital multimeters, breadboards, and using color coding to find resistor values. It defines these tools, shows their parts, and explains how to use them and find resistances based on color bands.

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Fatima Amjad
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43 views7 pages

Semi Lab 1

The document describes a lab session on demonstrating oscilloscopes, function generators, digital multimeters, breadboards, and using color coding to find resistor values. It defines these tools, shows their parts, and explains how to use them and find resistances based on color bands.

Uploaded by

Fatima Amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Session: 1

Demonstration of Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi-meter, Bread Board and


Color Coding Technique.

Objective
Our objective is to describe the function of oscilloscope, function generator, digital multi meter and
breadboard. Using color coding technique to find resistance of resistors.

Oscilloscope:
An Oscilloscope, previously called an Oscillograph, and informally known as a scope or o-scope, CRO,
or DSO, is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying signal voltages, usually
as a calibrated two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.

Fig: 1.1 Oscilloscope.

Types of Oscilloscope:

The following are various types of Oscilloscopes.


 Cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO).
 Dual-beam oscilloscope.
 Analog storage oscilloscope.
 Digital oscilloscopes.
 Mixed-signal oscilloscopes.
 Mixed-domain oscilloscopes.
 Handheld oscilloscopes.
 PC-based oscilloscopes.
Parts of Oscilloscope:

Fig: 1.2 Oscilloscope Parts.

Display:
The main feature of an oscilloscope is its display (Fig:-1.2 A). On modern digital scopes, the display
is typically divided into various areas. The signal graph is the largest, overlaid with horizontal and
vertical reference lines, called the graticule. Usually to the right of the graticule are the context menu
key (Fig:-1.2 B) mappings or other data, which, in general can be changed depending on what menu
button is pushed.

Probes:
The voltage signals that are to be measured must be transferred to the oscilloscope. This is done using
oscilloscope probes. Probes are specially designed to minimize noise and interference, while also
creating a known load effect on the circuit (so it can be accounted for). Some probes also have
protective features to prevent any damage a signal may cause to the oscilloscope (such as overvoltage).
Probes, through a cable, are attached to the channel inputs (Fig:-1.2 E) on the oscilloscope using a
connector (usually a BNC).

Channels:
An oscilloscope channel generally refers to the input (Fig:-1.2 E) of a signal (kind of like tuning in a
TV channel, except that you can see more than one channel at a time on a scope). It can also refer to
the path of the signal through the oscilloscope. An oscilloscope can have 1 or more channels, and it is
common to have 2 or 4. Channel waveforms can be removed from the display using the off button
(Fig:-1.2 D).

Controls:
The controls of an oscilloscope can be used to adjust almost any aspect of the scope from display
parameters to advanced mathematical functions. The controls themselves consist of dials, toggles,
buttons, and switches as seen in Fig:-1.2.

Signal Generator:
A signal generator is one of a class of electronic devices that generates electronic signals with set
properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for
electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic
or electroacoustic devices, though it often has artistic uses as well.
Fig: 1.3 Signal Generator
Types of Signal Generator:
 Arbitrary waveform generator.
 Audio signal generator.
 Function generator.
 Pulse generator.
 RF signal generator.
 Vector signal generator.
Parts of Signal Generator:
The following fig. shows the parts of Signal Generator.

Fig: 1.4 Signal Generator Parts.


Digital Multi-meter:
A digital multi-meter, also called DMM, is a test instrument used to measure electrical values including
voltage, current and resistance, although modern DMMs often make many more measurements.

Fig: 1.5 DMM Fig: 1.6 DMM.


A digital multi-meter or DMM is one of the most widely used pieces of test equipment today. They are
almost invaluable in any electronics laboratory, for the home, hobbyist and professional electronics
engineer.
Parts of Digital Multi-meter:
Parts of DMM can be easily understand through this fig.

Fig: 1.7 DMM Parts.

Steps to use Digital Multi-meter:


When using the meter it is possible to follow a number of simple steps.
 Turn the meter on.
 Insert the probes into the correct connections, this is required because there may be a number
of different connections that can be used.
 Set switch to the correct measurement type and range for the measurement to be made. When
selecting the range, ensure that the maximum range is above that anticipated. The range on the
DMM can then be reduced as necessary. However by selecting a range that is too high, it
prevents the meter being overloaded.
 Optimize the range for the best reading. If possible enable all the leading digits to not read zero,
and in this way the greatest number of significant digits can be read.
 Once the reading is complete, it is a wise precaution to place the probes into the voltage
measurement sockets and turn the range to maximum voltage. In this way if the meter is
accidentally connected without thought for the range used, there is little chance of damage to
the meter. This may not be true if it left set for a current reading, and the meter is accidentally
connected across a high voltage point!

Fig: 1.8 Steps of using DMM.


Bread Board:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit designs.
Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate.

Fig: 1.9 Bread Board


Holes Connection:
Most breadboards have holes which are organized in rows of five. The holes in each row are connected
electrically. That is, if you insert terminals of electrical components in two holes in the same row, you
have “connected” those two terminals to one another. The holes in different rows are isolated
electrically.

Fig: 1.10 Holes Connection in Bread Board.

Wires connected in Breadboard

Fig: 1.11 Wires Connection.


Color Coding Technique:
Procedure:
Color Coding is a method of finding Resistance of Resistors by Color strips on its coverings. In a color-
coding technique, the resistors value is marked on the resistors body by using colors. The colors painted
on the resistors body are called color bands. All the color bands painted on the resistor body are used
to indicate the resistance value and tolerance.

Fig: 1.12 Color band Resistor

The Following table shows the codes of different colors.

Table: 1.1 Color Coding of 4 band Resistors


Table: 1.2 Color Coding of 5 band Resistors
The resistor color codes can be remembered with the help of mnemonic device “BB ROY of Great
Britain had a Very Good Wife,” the capital letters represent the first letters of the colors and their
positions the digit values.
Conclusion:
In this lab, we learnt how to use oscilloscope, function generator, DMM and bread board. We also
learnt that how to calculate resistance value by using color coding technique.

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