Department of Aviation Engineering Technology

Superior University

Digital Techniques
AT-2226

Experiment No.4
Realization of Gates using Universal Gate (NOR Gate)

Prepared for

Sir Shoaib Ahmad

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 Digital Techniques Lab 4
Realization of Gates using Universal Gate (NOR Gate)
Objective:

To check the operation of Universal NOR gate according to their truth tables, using proper IC chips.

Equipment:
1. Digital Logic Trainer
2. IC 7402
3. Connecting wires

Theory:
Digital circuits are more frequently constructed with NAND or NOR gates than with
AND and OR gates. NAND and NOR gates are easier to fabricate with electronic
components and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

NOR GATE:
The NOR gate is a contraction of OR-NOT. The output is high when both inputs are low. The output
is low when one or both inputs are high.

Logic eqn. Y = (A+B)’

Logic Symbol:

A
Y
B

Figure 4.1: Logic Symbol of NOR Gate

Pin Configuration & Truth Table:

7402 Table 4.1: Truth Table of NOR Gate

1 Y 14
Inputs Outputs
VCC

2 A Y 13

A B Y = (A.B)’
B B 12
3

0 0 1
4 Y A 11

A
0 1 1
5 Y 10

B
1 0 1
6 B 9

1 1 0
7 A 8
GND

21
NOR Gate Implementation

Task 1:
NOR Gate as AND Gate:
From De Morgan’s theorems:
(A+B)’ = A’. B’

Similarly,
(A’+B’)’ = A’’. B’’ = A.B
So, give the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, obtain AND operation at output.
A

Figure 4.3: Logic Circuit of NOR Gate as AND Gate

 Verify AND gate operation using NOR gates (See Figure 4.3)
 Show your results to the lab instructor.

Table 4.2: Truth table of NOR Gate as AND Gate

Inputs Output
Desired
A B Observed
Q=A.B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
Task 2:
NOR gates as OR gate:
A NOR produces complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted, overall output
will be that of an OR gate.

Q = ((A+B)’)’= (A+B)

A
Q

Figure 4.4: Logic Symbol of NOR Gate as OR Gate

 Verify OR gate operation using NOR gates (See Figure 4.4)

Table 4.3: Truth table of NOR Gate as OR Gate

Inputs Output
Desired
A B Observed
Q=A+B
0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

Task 3:
NOR gates as NOT gate:
A NOT produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs of a NOR gate
together. Now it will work as a NOT gate. Its output is

Q = (A+A)’ = (A)’

A Q

Figure 4.5: Logic Circuit of NOR Gate as NOT Gate

 Verify NOT gate operation using NOR gates (See Figure 3.13)
 Show your results to the lab instructor.
Table 4.4: Truth table of NOR Gate as NOT Gate

Inputs Output
A Desired Observed
Q=A'
0 1 1

1 0 0
Task 4:
NOR gates as EX-NOR gate:
The output of two input EX-NOR gate is given by: Y = AB + A’B’. EX-NOR gate can be
implemented using four NOR gates as follows.

Gate No. Inputs Output

Now the output from gate no. 4 is the overall output of the configuration.

Y = ((A + (A+B)’)’ (B + (A+B)’)’)’

So Y = AB + A’B’

Figure 4.6: Logic Circuit of NOR Gate as EX-NOR Gate

 Verify EX-NOR gate operation using NOR gates (See Figure 3.14)
 Show your results to the lab instructor.
 Table 4.5: NOR Gate as Ex-NOR

Inputs Output
Desired
A B Observed
Q = AB + A’B’
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1

Procedure:
1. Insert the IC 74xx on the trainer’s breadboard.
2. Use any two Logic Switches (S2 to S9) of the trainer for Input and any one of the LEDs
(L0 to L15) of the trainer for Output indication.
3. Connect +5V to pin 14 (Vcc) and Ground to pin 7 (GND) of the IC.
4. By setting various combinations of the two switches verify that the output of the
gate is in accordance with the Truth Table shown above.
5. Record your observation.
 Conclusion:

We learn from this lab that how to perform logic gates. I use NOR gate to perform AND, OR,
Not and EX-OR gate by using IC 7402. It’s a NOR gate.